Download Homeostasis Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards
1.
What is the science that is concerned with Physiology
the function of the living organism and its parts,
and of the physical and chemical processes
involved?
2.
What is the study of disordered body
Pathophysiology (“Path” means disease)
function (i.e. disease), which is the basis for
clinical medicine?
3.
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
4.
Why is homeostasis important to proteins?
• Prevent denaturation of proteins (keeps them
5.
Why is homeostasis important to cells?
from unraveling so they function properly)
• To keep cells under optimum conditions for
function and survival
• To keep the plasma within normal limits
6.
Who coined the term “homeostasis”?
• Claude Bernard
7.
What are the two main body fluid
• Intracellular fluid compartment
compartments?
• Extracellular fluid compartment
8.
What body fluid compartment was Claude
• Extracellular fluid compartment
Bernard referring to when he used the term
homeostasis?
9.
What is the largest body fluid
• Intracellular fluid
compartment?
10. What three compartments are contained
• Interstitial fluid
within the Extracellular fluid compartment?
• Plasma
• Transcellular
11. What is interstitial fluid?
• Fluid between cells
12. What is intracellular fluid?
• Fluid inside cells
13. What is transcellular fluid?
• Fluid elsewhere: joints, mucus, cerebrospinal
fluid around the brain, digestive juices, etc
14. What compartment within the
• Plasma
extracellular fluid compartment did Claude
Bernard emphasize the need for homeostasis?
15. Where does interstitial fluid (between
• Plasma. The plasma leaks out of the blood
cells) come from
vessels and surrounds the cells. It is now
called interstitial fluid. Some of it enters the
cells and becomes intracellular fluid. When it
is reabsorbed back into the blood vessel, it is
called plasma again.
16. When interstitial fluid returns to the
• Carbon dioxide and other waste products
plasma, what does it bring with it?
17. What happens to these waste products?
• We exhale the CO2 and the other wastes are
excreted in the urine
18. When plasma leaks out of the blood vessel
• Oxygen and nutrients, which is passed along
and becomes interstitial fluid, what does it bring
to the cells that need it.
with it?
19. What needs to be within a stable range or
• Ions such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca++)
dysfunction will occur?
potassium (K+)
20. Should K+ be in high or low
• K+ should be high on the inside of a cell and
concentration inside of the cell?
low on the outside
21. Should it be in high or low concentration
outside of the cell?
1
Homeostasis Flashcards
22. Should Na+ be in high or low
concentration inside of the cell?
23. Should it be in high or low concentration
outside of the cell?
24. Which ion has to be strictly regulated so it
stays within a narrow range?
25. What converts glucose into usable
energy?
26. What makes sure potassium
concentrations stays high inside of the cells?
27. What is responsible for replicating,
transcribing, and translating DNA?
28. What does the work of the body?
29. What are the monomers (building blocks)
of proteins?
30. What is the primary structure of a
protein?
31. What is the secondary structure of a
protein?
32. What is the tertiary structure of a
protein?
33. What is the quaternary structure of a
protein?
34. What does it mean when a proteins
becomes denatured?
35.
What denatures a protein?
36. Why does our body temperature need to
be kept from overheating?
37. When proteins are too cold, do they
function?
38. What is a variable?
39. What are some examples of variables in
the body that can be measured by a doctor?
40. What assures proper function of the body?
41. What is a set point?
42. Is the set point one specific point?
43. What are two ways to correct deviations
that are outside of the acceptable range?
44. Which feedback mechanism promotes
stability?
45. What is negative feedback?
46.
What is an example of negative feedback?
Na+ should be high on the outside of a cell and low on
the inside
Potassium (K+)
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Amino acids (AA)
The sequence of amino acids, like beads on a
necklace.
When this string folds into beta pleats (looks like
stairs).
When the protein folds onto itself and forms links to
keep it in that shape.
When two or more proteins link to each other.
When it loses its bonds that keep it in its secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary structure. That will cause it to
lose its function.
Mainly heat, but also pH disturbances (acids and
bases). Cold does NOT denature proteins
So our proteins do not become denatured.
No, but when they warm up, they will return to
function. When they are too hot, they will never return
to proper function.
anything that changes and can be measured
levels of calcium, glucose, hormones, liver enzymes,
blood pressure, force of heart contraction, temperature
Maintaining variables within their set point
The optimum range for each variable in the body
No, it is a range.
Negative feedback and positive feedback
Negative feedback
When the variable deviates from the set point, the
correction is opposite in direction to the deviation to
return the variable toward the set point
When the deviation and correction go in opposite
directions. For example, if you are too hot, you need
to cool down. If your blood sugar is too high, it needs
2
Homeostasis Flashcards
47.
What does insulin do?
48.
What is glycogen?
49. What is the most common feedback
mechanism in the body: positive or negative
feedback?
50. Which mechanism promotes instability
and disease, and is progressive?
51. How does positive feedback work?
52. How is positive feedback stopped?
53. What are three examples of positive
feedback that are normal?
54. Which feedback mechanism is rare?
55. Which feedback mechanism needs to be
carefully controlled?
56. How are deviation and compensation
related?
57. What is a synergistic relationship?
58. What is an antagonistic relationship?
59. Are the body’s organs synergistic or
antagonistic to each other?
60. Which system works faster: the nervous
system or endocrine (hormone) system?
61. Which system’s effects last longer: the
nervous system or endocrine (hormone) system?
62. What is the cost of homeostasis?
63. How does equilibrium differ from
homeostasis?
64. Is a reptile a poikilotherm or a
homeotherm? Which one is a human?
65. What is a poikilotherm and a
homeotherm?
66.
How does our body make heat?
67.
What are the four main ways to lose heat?
68. Which method of heat loss is the most
predominant?
to be pulled down with insulin.
Pulls sugar from the blood and puts it into the cells. It
lowers blood sugar.
It is the storage form of glucose; stored in the liver.
When it is broken down (between meals, when blood
sugar gets too low), it raises blood sugar.
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
When the variable deviates from the set point, positive
feedback makes it deviate even farther from the set
point
Negative feedback has to kick in
Pregnancy
Blood clotting
Luteinizing hormone during ovulation
Positive feedback
Positive feedback
The greater the deviation, the greater the
compensation.
When one works with the other, both are trying to
accomplish the same thing; both benefit
When one works against the goals of the other
They are synergistic at one moment and antagonistic
another moment. They are constantly trying to keep
homeostasis in the body
Nervous system starts to work faster
Endocrine system starts to work slower
Nervous system effects wear off fast
Hormones effects last longer
ATP (energy)
Equilibrium is when substances such as potassium, are
in equal proportions in two nearby areas. Equilibrium
of ions on the inside and outside of a cell membrane
would cause death.
a reptile is a poikilotherm (cold blooded)
a human is a homeotherm (warm blooded)
A homeotherm can regulate their own body
temperature, a poikilotherm needs sunlight to warm up
and shade to cool down.
It is a byproduct of metabolism. When we use food
and oxygen, heat is generated and must be eliminated
when it is in excess.
radiative, conductive, convective, and evaporative heat
losses
Radiative heat loss accounts for 60% of the way we
normally lose heat.
3
Homeostasis Flashcards
69.
What is radiative heat loss?
70.
What is conductive heat loss?
71.
What is convective heat loss?
72.
What is evaporative heat loss?
73.
When does evaporation occur?
74.
What causes heat stroke?
When your body loses heat into the cooler
environment around you.
Heat loss from your body to a solid object that you
are touching.
Heat loss from your body to a fluid around your
body (humidity in air or if you are in water).
When water on skin surface becomes a gas; it leaves
the body and goes into the air, pulling off more water
off with it by cohesion. The result is that you become
cooler.
When the air temperature is high but humidity is low
(less than 10%).
When the air temperature is high AND humidity is
high. Because the air is humid, evaporation is less so
you cannot cool down, so your body gets too hot.
75. Most heat is lost from the body at
Radiation
room temperature by which mechanism?
Shivering
76. When the hypothalamic set-point
temperature is greater than the body
temperature, what happens to the body?
77. What mechanism causes heat loss
Evaporation
from a person when the environmental
temperature is hot (like 106F) and the
relative humidity is dry (like less than 10%)?
78. When you are in a hot bath, do you lose or
gain heat?
79. What is the term for being too hot?
80. What is the term for being too cold?
81. What is the #1 environmental cause of
hyperthermia?
82. What is the #1 environmental cause of
hypothermia?
You do not lose heat; you gain heat
83. When someone is in icy cold water,
what might they die from, and by what
mechanism?
Hypothermia through convection heat loss
84. What do peripheral (skin) receptors
detect?
85. What do central (brain) thermal receptors
detect, and what part of the brain are they in?
Changes in coldness only; they fire more when cold.
86. What does the brain tell the body to do
when it is too cold?
87. What does the brain tell the body to do
when it is too hot?
88. What does a fever-causing substance do to
the set point in the hypothalamus?
89. Why are high fevers dangerous, especially
in children?
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
prolonged exposure to heat and high humidity
prolonged immersion in cold water
Changes in heat and cold
These receptors are in the hypothalamus portion of the
brain
Too cold: shiver
Too hot: sweat
Raises the set point so the body thinks it is too cold.
The body responds by shivering to warm up. The body
then heats up more, and a fever results.
High temperatures denature proteins in the brain.
Children’s brains are not fully developed.
4
Homeostasis Flashcards
90. What does the body do to compensate for
being too cold?
91. What effect does vasoconstriction (blood
vessels clamp down) have on temperature?
92. What does the body do to compensate for
being too hot?
93.
How does a person die from heat stroke?
94.
95.
96.
97.
What is exercise-induced hyperthermia?
Does the hypothalamic set point change?
What is fever-induced hyperthermia?
Does the hypothalamic set point change?
98. In which hyperthermia condition does a
person sweat more: exercise or fever?
99. What is a pyrogen?
100. What is an antipyretic?
101. Do pyrogens (like bacteria) alter the
hypothalamic set point?
102. Do antipyretics (like Tylenol) alter the
hypothalamic set point?
Shivering (generates heat)
Vasoconstriction
It slows blood flow to the skin so less heat is lost.
Overall effect is to warm the core body temperature,
although fingers might feel cold.
Sweat (evaporation cools body)
Vasodilation (allows heat to escape
The person is too hot, so vasodilation occurs.
However, this causes blood pressure to drop.
That leads to hypoxia (low oxygen), then anoxia (no
oxygen), in the brain, heart, and kidneys. This leads to
organ failure and death
When your temperature goes up because you are
exercising. The set point does NOT change.
When your temperature goes up because you are
exposed to a bacteria or chemical that causes a fever.
The set point DOES change.
Exercise
Anything that resets the thermal set point to a higher
temperature (usually bacterial infection)
A medicine that returns an elevated set point back to
normal
Yes; they raise the set point so the body becomes
hotter.
Yes; they reduce the set point so the body becomes
cooler.
103. What are four examples of an
antipyretic?
Aspirin
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Ibuprophen (Advil)
Naproxen (anti-inflammatory medicine)
104. How is a prostaglandin made?
Cell membranes are made of phospholipids. One
phospholipid is arachidonic acid. The enzyme called
COX cuts the arachidonic acid into pieces called
prostaglandins.
Decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins
105. What is the effect of a medicine that is a
COX inhibitor?
106. What effect does a prostaglandin have on
body temperature?
107. What effect do bacteria have on
prostaglandin (PG) synthesis?
108. What effect does Tylenol have on PG’s?
109. What is an NSAID?
It increases the set point so the body temperature
elevates
Bacteria increase PG synthesis. That is why we get a
fever during infection
Tylenol and other antipyretics are PG inhibitors.
That’s how they lower body temperature during a
fever
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is a group of
medicines that reduce inflammation (and therefore
pain) and reduce fever. There are also steroidal antiinflammatory drugs like cortisone.
5
Homeostasis Flashcards
110. What are three advantages of having a
fever?
111. When a fever has "broken" and the
core temperature is falling, what two effects
does it have on the body?
112. What happens in the body during the
induction phase of a fever when the core
temperature is rising?
– Increased metabolism
– Increased vasodilation (more blood flow)
– Increased T-cell proliferation
Sweating and cutaneous vasodilation (blood vessels
open up in the skin and gives a red appearance)
Shivering and cutaneous vasoconstriction
6