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APES STUDY GUIDE
Chapter 9: Population Dynamics
You will be quizzed on information provided on this handout.
VOCABULARY: see next page
Study Objectives: THIS IS NOT A HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT!!
1. Be familiar with all material from previous chapters.
2. What does it mean to say populations are dynamic? Name at least three major ways in which populations
demonstrate they are dynamic.
3. In general, what are the four factors that determine the size of a population?
4. Be able to name at least three common characteristics of populations that have a high intrinsic rate of
increase.
5. Explain how exponential growth and intrinsic growth are different and be able to draw a simple graph of
each.
6. Explain the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors on a population’s size.
Be able to give at least two examples of each.
7. Be able to describe and draw each of the four common patterns of population fluctuation.
8. Explain how bottom-up and top-down methods of population control are related to predator-prey
relationships.
9. Name at least four characteristics of r-selected populations and K-selected populations.
10. What factors is the most important in determining the size of a population?
11. Be able to interpret the various types of survivorship curves.
12. What fundamental questions are associated with the field of Conservation Biology? What are the three
fundamental principles of conservation biology?
13. Be able to name at least 5 ways technology has been used to extensively modify ecosystems.
14. Describe at least four lessons we can learn from nature in order to preserve ecosystems.
LAWS, FORMULAS, AND CHEMISTRY REVIEW:
Sulfur Air Pollution Equations
4FeS2 + 11O2 -- 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Impurities such as pyrite or iron pyrite are found in coal, when we burn coal it interacts with atmospheric
oxygen to form iron oxide and sulfur dioxide (a primary air pollutant).
2SO2 + O2 ---- 2SO3
SO3 +H2O --- H2SO4
SOX
The generalized representation of sulfur oxides, whether it be sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide. The Sulfur oxides are
considered primary air pollutants.
Vocabulary: You will have a vocabulary quiz on these terms. You may be required to provided
examples for some terms.
A Word Wall must be made from one of these words (vocabulary list) for this Chapter's Quiz. Due on the
date of the quiz.
1. Population dynamics
2. biotic potential
3. environmental resistance
4.
intrinsic rate of increase (growth)
5. minimum viable population
6. asexual reproduction
7. sexual reproduction
8.
carrying capacity
9.
r-selected
10.
K-selected
11.
Bioinformatics
12.
fragmentation.
13. Survivorship curve
APES: Chapter 9
Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, Conservation Biology
EQ: What are the characteristics of dynamic populations.
INTRODUCTION: 9-1 Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity
Populations are________________, constantly undergoing changes in_____________,
__________________, and age distribution due to ____________________stress and changing
environmental conditions.
In general there are four factors that influence the size of a population:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Different populations vary in their ability to grow (________ ____________). The
Define intrinsic rate of increase:
Organisms with high intrinsic rates of increase typically have the following characteristics:
1. _______________________________________________
2. _______________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________
The intrinsic rate of increase of many species depends upon having a certain
_____________________________________________________(minimum viable population).
Define Environmental resistance: _______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Define carrying capacity:__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Populations with unlimited access to resources grow slowly at first and at a faster rate with time (exponential
growth). When graphed this yields a_______________________
_________________.
As populations experience environmental resistance the rate of growth begins to slow as the carrying capacity is
reached (______________________________growth). When graphed this yields an ____________________ curve
(see Fig. 9-4).
At times a population may overshoot the carrying capacity and eventually suffer a population crash or
________________(See Fig. 9-6).
Human populations are not exempt from dieback although __________________and _______________ changes
have increased the carry capacity of the earth for our species.
Mini HW #1: page 201: #’s 2, 5, 6 (all parts), 7, 8.
EQ: What are the major patterns associated with population change and what reasons have been
proposed to explain them?
DENSITY FACTORS
Some controls on populations have an impact independent of the population’s density (density independent
controls):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Other controls have a greater impact if the density of the population is large (density dependent controls):
1.
2.
3.
Overall there are four common patterns of population fluctuations:
1. stable: the population stays pretty close to the carrying capacity.
2. Irruptive: populations explode to high levels then return to a stable level or crash.
3. Chaotic: irregular fluctuations that are not predictable
4. Cyclic: population’s size varies on a fairly regular basis.
Draw examples of each below:
Predation and Population Size
The role of predators in ecosystems has been studied extensively.
At one time most biologists accepted the top-down control hypothesis. Explain:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
This idea was used to explain the cycling of hare and lynx populations studied since the 1800’s (see Fig 9-8).
It is now believed the size of some populations might be better explained using the bottom-up control hypothesis.
Explain: ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Although some bottom-down controls are still believed to exist, the size of predator-prey populations are probably a
combination of both factors.
Mini HW #2: page 201 #’s: 9, 10, 11, 12.
EQ: How are different patterns of reproduction utilized by organisms to maximize their Darwinian Fitness?
9-3 Reproductive Patterns
All organisms are constantly struggling for____________________________ __________________________.
Remember, Darwinian Fitness is a measure of the ________________________success of an organism or
population.
There is not however one reproductive strategy that is always better than another
Asexual reproduction involves no exchange of ______________________information and the offspring are genetic
_____________________of the original cell.
Binary Fission
Budding
Sexual reproduction involves an exchange of _____________information between organisms and is estimated to occur
in _______% of all life.
There many costs associated with sexual reproduction (research at least two of them in your textbooks) but these are
outweighed by the advantage of generating genetic diversity.
Scientists have identified two fundamental reproductive patterns:
r- selected (opportunists): put most of their energy and resources into reproduction.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
early successional species
generalist niche
K- selected: tend to do well in competitive situations when their population is near the carrying capacity.
1. Few, large ___________________
2. ______________reproductive age
3. extensive parental care
4. typically follow a ______________________growth pattern
5.
because the intrinsic rate of growth is low they are prone to ____________
No matter what pattern organisms used their ultimate population size is determined by available
___________________________ _______________________________.
Survivorship Curves
Survivorship curves indicate the number of individuals alive in a population during a given time. There are three
generalized patterns:
Late loss curves: ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________(most die late)
Early loss curves: __________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________(most die early)
Constant loss curves: _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Mini HW #3: page 201 #’s: 13, 14, 15, 16.
EQ: How have humans utilized technology to impact the natural world and what solutions have been proposed to
minimize future damage.
9-4 Conservation Biology
Conservation biology began in the 1970’s in attempt to use science to preserve species and ecosystems. There are
several fundamental questions that ask:
-
__________________________________________________
what is the status of functioning _________________and the services they provide
what actions can be taken to ________________________________ecosystems, their services, and their
populations?
Conservation biology is heavily dependent upon ____________________________research and focuses upon three
essential principles:
1. ______________________________is essential to all life and should be preserved
2. humans should not ____________________the extinction of species or ____________________ ecological
processes
3. the best way to preserve biodiversity and ecological functions is to _____________
____________________________________________.
The new discipline of bioinformatics has contributed enormously to the field of Conservation Biology by providing access
to key biological information through databases.
Human Impacts on Nature
Humans have used technology to modify nature extensively in numerous ways:
1.
fragmentation and degradation of habitats
2.
3.
_________________________________________
use and/or waste an increasing percentage of the planet’s net primary productivity
4.
strengthen some __________________________species
5.
6.
7.
8.
eliminate ________________________
introduce ______________________________species
over-harvest natural resources
interfere with the normal __________________________of chemicals and the flow of energy in ecosystems
Solutions
Many biologists now believe the best way for us to live more sustainably is to learn how nature
________________________________________________________________. These lessons include:
1. we are totally ______________________upon the earth and sun
2. everything is _______________________
3. we can never merely do one thing
4. we should _______________________the damage we are doing to nature and heal some of the ecological wounds we
have caused
5. we should use care, restraint, humility, and cooperation with nature as we alter it to meet our needs.
End of Chapter Reading Assignment Due:
Videos on Populations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U10PSZETLY0 population dynamics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEINq3-9Tu0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_9SutNmfFk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSVbdaubxxg
APES: Homework Assignment
Name:_________________________________
Due Date: ___________
Directions: complete each of the following questions by the due date. Your answer must be hand written.
You will be held responsible for them in class on the due date and on future tests and quizzes. Any
questions left unanswered may also cost you extra credit points.
READ THE ENTIRE CHAPTER!!!!
Section 9-1 (page 191)
1. Name AND briefly describe four ways populations demonstrate they are dynamic.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2. Write the equation that includes the four variables that determine population change:
3. List four characteristics of populations with high intrinsic rates of growth (r):
1.
2.
3.
4.
4. Make a list of three density-independent population controls:
1.
2.
3.
5. Make a list of three density-dependent population controls:
1.
2.
3.
9.3 Reproduction Patterns
6. What types of organisms typically go through asexual reproduction?
7. Describe three costs associated with sexual reproduction?
1.
2.
3.
8. Make a list of 5 characteristics associated with r-selected species.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What type of growth curve is associated with these organisms?
9. Make a list of 5 characteristics associated with K-selected species.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What type of growth curve is associated with these organisms?
9.4 Conservation Biology
10. What are the three underlying principles of conservation biology?
a.
b.
c.
9.5 Human Impacts on Ecosystems
11. Make a list of 5 ways humans have altered nature using technology.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
12. Describe all three principles that scientists have learned by studying the natural world that
should help humans achieve a more sustainable lifestyle.
1.
2.
3.
Connections (page 200).
13. Outline the important steps that occurred in the “Ecological Surprise” that occurred as a result of
humans attempting to address the issue of malaria in Borneo. I have done the first and last one
for you.
a. W.H.O. sprays dieldrin to control mosquito populations.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f. roofs begin to collapse because of an exploding caterpillar population
Which of the 5 principles you listed in question 12 is illustrated by this example?