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I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda 1. 2. THE ACTUAL MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE WARMING UP Your teacher will show you a film: It is a quick journey through our known universe http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17jy mDn0W6U&feature=related - Is the sun the centre of the universe? - Where is the centre of the universe? - Where are we? - Is the universe as small as Nicholas Copernicus believed? You are here! No one knows the exact size of the Universe, but we know it is incredibly huge. It includes living things, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, dust clouds, light, energy and even time PRE-TASK Match the name to the right picture: nebulae living things, planets, galaxies, stars, dust clouds, light, energy time I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda 1.2.1. THE BIG BANG THEORY Now we know that the universe is very complex and it is always changing. Edwin Hubble discovered that galaxies are moving away from Earth and the distances between galaxies are bigger and bigger, so the universe is expanding. Hubble thought that these galaxies were together in a common point in the past. This idea is the origin of the Big Bang theory, which is represented in the picture below. It is also explained in this film http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nVsHjnY-o9s&feature=related http://ssscott.tripod.com/BigBang.html * Choose the correct answers: - When the universe had cooled down after the Big Bang, the first stars, galaxies and clusters of galaxies were formed. - The universe has not evolved. It does not change. - The universe is extremely hot. - The universe is bigger and bigger because it is expanding. - The stars we see in the night never change. - The universe is empty. I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda TASK * Wall-e is in a bit of a mess. He does not know the correct order of these sentences. Can you help him? A) The universe was contained in a single point in space. All of the matter and energy of space was then contained at this point. What existed prior to this event is completely unknown. About 13.73 billion years (13.730.000.000 years) ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. B) When the universe is 1.000.000.000 years old, these atoms were attracted by gravity to form giant clouds that will become young galaxies. The hydrogen and helium gases began to condense and make the first stars. These stars die and new stars and planets are formed. C) 300.000 years later, the universe had a temperature of 10.000 ºC, and the first atoms were formed, mostly hydrogen and helium. D) After the Big Bang, the universe was tremendously hot. After 0,0000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds it was at 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 ºC, but it cooled as it expanded. Imagine…! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LeUcjqqhNxM&lr=1 To know more: http://www.esa.int/esaKIDSen/SEMSZ5WJD1E_OurUniverse_0.html I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda 1.2.2. TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS FOR OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE Scientists have developed several tools to observe and explore the universe: Ground-Based Telescopes are used to measure the light emitted by stars and to detect other celestial bodies. However, atmosphere produces distortion in the light coming from space, to avoid this fact we use Space-Based Telescopes and other instruments. Some tools used to collect information are shown in the pictures. We may use telescopes, astronomical observatories, planetary explorers like robotic rovers, artificial satellites, spatial stations and others. TASK Match the name to the definition and its picture. Space telescope Astronomical space observatory Radio telescope Man-made object that orbits the Earth or other planets, such as Venus or Mars Telescope Instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation likevisible light Planetary explorer A spacecraft capable of supporting a crew that studies the universe or do experiments for many days Artificial satellite Spatial station Antenna used in radio astronomy to study naturally occurring radio emission from stars, galaxies, quasars, and other astronomical objects Robot used in missions performing in situ exploration of the surface and atmosphere for any planet outside the Earth I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda 1.2.3. SCALES AND MEASURES IN THE UNIVERSE Astronomers use a variety of units in the measurement of distances in the universe. - The international unit: the meter, but also the kilometer, are used to describe the diameter of the Earth or the Earth-Moon distance, for example. Average Earth-Moon distance is about 400,000 km. The Apollo 11 astronauts were launched on July 16th 1969 from Kennedy Space Centre. They reached lunar orbit after only three days in space on July 19th 1969. a) How many kilometres did they travel a day? b) How many km an hour did they travel? If you want to measure the diameter of the Earth, is the km a good unit? a) Yes, it is a good unit because the value is not very big and it is not very small. b) No, it is not, because the value is too big c) No, it is not, because the value is very small To measure distances in the Solar System, is the km a good unit? a) Yes, it is. The numbers are not very big. b) No, it is a small unit, so that the numbers are very big - The Astronomical Unit (AU) = 149.600.000 km. This is the average Earth-Sun distance. It is useful for solar system distance measurements. a) What is the value of the AU in m? I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda Saturn is about 10 AU away from the sun. a) How far is it Saturn from Planet Earth? (Result in AU) b) How far is it from the Sun? (Result in kilometres) - Light year (ly) = 63240 AU. The distance that light travels in a year. The speed of light is the fastest thing there is. It travels at 300.000 km/s!. It is used for nearby stars. The nearest star to the Sun is Proxima Centauri. If we measure the distance in km, we obtain a really big number. If we use the light year, the result is that Proxima Centauri is 4,22 ly from the Sun. - Parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly. The distances in the universe are so high that this is the most commonly used unit in astronomy. We also use the kiloparsec (kpc) = 1000 pc; it is used for galactic distances The megaparsec (Mpc) = a million (1.000.000) pc is used for extragalactic distances. I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda 1.2.4. WHERE ARE WE IN THE UNIVERSE? Let´s begin the journey! http://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_132047&feature=iv&src_vid=J9UXfK5fxak&v=MLoN4MNv90A We live in Planet Earth, of course. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ev9oPUNaqXE&feature =related Our planet is part of the Solar System. It takes about 8 minutes for light from the Sun to reach Earth Our sun is not alone. In this pictures we can see our sun´s neighbourhood http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gf7HLOCZ7xQ I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda All these stars are in a group of stars and clouds of gas and dust that we called a galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy. Astronomers estimate that there are 200.000.000.000 to 400.000.000.000 stars contained within the Milky Way http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smucbDVyRU&feature=related The nearest galaxies are easily visible with the naked eye from the Southern hemisphere. They will be ‘eaten’ by our Galaxy in the future – galactic cannibalism! The Milky Way is surrounded by other galaxies. This map shows the nearest of these galaxies. There are at least 45 galaxies in the so called “local group”. http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=tLnupK8r5g8 I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda The Milky Way is one of the three largest galaxies of the Local Group. Most of the others are ‘dwarf’ galaxies. Andromeda galaxy (or M31) is bigger in size than the Milky Way. Triangulum galaxy (M33) is lower in size than the Milky Way Write them in order of size: ____________>_____________ >__________ Galaxies tend to cluster into groups, all of these groups of galaxies in the picture are known as the Virgo Supercluster. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b mmkKqHAVMs http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ Galaxies and clusters of galaxies are not uniformly distributed in the Universe. They may be grouped in “local superclusters”. The map below shows some of these superclusters including the Virgo supercluster. http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda Watch the video and answer the questions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu2-9omdXNc&feature=related All galaxies form part of a local group of galaxies perhaps … a) 20 galaxies b) 30 galaxies c) 40 galaxies If we look farther up, we are part of the … a) Virgo supercluster of galaxies b) Bingo hipercluster of galaxies c) Ringo Star cluster of galaxies The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has a mission that consist of telling us about a) the shape of the galaxies, their make up and how they are distributed b) the names of the galaxies c) the distribution of the planets. They have discovered that superclusters a) are connected into structures called filaments forming a web, like a sponge. b) are not connected c) were connected, but they are not now. All these structures form the visible universe http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhofN 1xX6u0&feature=related http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ To finish with: http://blog.recitdevoyage.fr/public/National_Geographic_-_The_Universe_Map.jpg I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda Buzz Lightyear wants to travel to from Planet Earth to places in the Universe never seen, but he does not know how to go from the closest celestial bodies to the outer places. They are disordered. Put them in order A < ____ < ____ < ____ < ____< ____< ____< H A D G B C E F H I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda KEY PRE-TASK nebulae living things, planets, galaxies, stars, dust clouds, light, energy time 1.2.1. THE BIG BANG THEORY * Choose the correct answers: - When the universe had cooled down after the Big Bang, the first stars, galaxies and clusters of galaxies were formed. - The universe has not evolved. It does not change. - The universe is extremely hot. - The universe is bigger and bigger because it is expanding. - The stars we see in the night never change. - The universe is empty TASK * Wall-e is in a bit of a mess. He does not know the correct order of these sentences. Can you help him The correct order should be: (A)- The universe was contained in a single point in space. All of the matter and energy of space was then contained at this point. What existed prior to this event is completely unknown. About 13.73 billion years (13.730.000.000 years) ago a tremendous explosion started the expansion of the universe. This explosion is known as the Big Bang. (D) - After the Big Bang, the universe was tremendously hot. After 0,0000000000000000000000000000000001 seconds it was at 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 ºC, but it cooled as it expanded. (C) - 300.000 years later, the universe had a temperature of 10.000 ºC, and the first atoms were formed, mostly hydrogen and helium. (B) - When the universe is 1.000.000.000 years old, these atoms were attracted by gravity to form giant clouds that will become young galaxies. The hydrogen and helium gases began to condense and make the first stars. These stars die and new stars and planets are formed. I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda 1.2..2. TOOLS AND INSTRUMETS FOR OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE Space Telescope Astronomical space observatory Radio Telescope Man-made object that orbits the Earth or other planets, such as Venus or Mars Telescope Instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation like visible light Planetary explorer A spacecraft capable of supporting a crew that studies the universe or do experiments for many days Artificial satellite Spatial station Antenna used in radio astronomy to study naturally occurring radio emission from stars, galaxies, quasars, and other astronomical objects Robot used in missions performing in situ exploration of the surface and atmosphere for any planet outside the Earth 1.2.3. SCALES AND MEASURES IN THE UNIVERSE Average Earth-Moon distance is about 400,000 km. The Apollo 11 astronauts were launched on July 16th 1969 from Kennedy Space Centre. They reached lunar orbit after only three days in space on July 19th 1969. a) How many kilometres did they travel a day? 400.000 : 3 = 133.333 km I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda b) How many km an hour did they travel? 133.333 km : 24 h = 5555,5 km/h If you want to measure the diameter of the Earth, is the km a good unit? a) Yes, it is a good unit because the value is not very big and it is not very small. b) No, it is not, because the value is too big c) No, it is not, because the value is very small To measure distances in the Solar System, is the km a good unit? a) Yes, it is. The numbers are not very big. b) No, it is a small unit, so that the numbers are very big The Astronomical Unit (AU) = 149.600.000 km. a) What is the value of the AU in m? 149.600.000 km x 1000 = 149.600.000.000 m Saturn is about 10 AU away from the sun. c) How far is it Saturn from Planet Earth? (Result in AU) 10 – 1 = 9 AU d) How far is it from the Sun? (Result in kilometres) 10 x 149.600.000 km = 1496.000.000 km 1.2.4. WHERE ARE WE IN THE UNIVERSE? - Andromeda galaxy (or M31) is bigger in size than the Milky Way. Triangulum galaxy (M33) is lower in size than the Milky Way. Write them in order of size: Andromeda galaxy (or M31) > Milky Way > Triangulum galaxy (M33) - Watch the video and answer the questions: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu2-9omdXNc&feature=related All galaxies form part of a local group of galaxies perhaps … d) 20 galaxies e) 30 galaxies f) 40 galaxies If we look farther up, we are part of the … d) Virgo supercluster of galaxies e) Bingo hipercluster of galaxies f) Ringo Star cluster of galaxies The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has a mission that consist of telling us about I.E.S. LA ARBOLEDA – CENTRO TIC - PLURILINGÜE C/ Padre Ellacuría, 13 - 11500 El Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz) Tfno: 956 243516 Corporativo – 490516 Fax: 956 243522 Corporativo - 490522 e-mail:[email protected] http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/ies_laarboleda d) the shape of the galaxies, their make up and how they are distributed e) the names of the galaxies f) the distribution of the planets. They have discovered that superclusters d) are connected into structures called filaments forming a web, like a sponge. e) are not connected f) were connected, but they are not now. Buzz Lightyear wants to travel to from Planet Earth to places in the Universe never seen, but he does not know how to go from the closest celestial bodies to the outer places. They are disordered. Put them in order The correct order is: A < E < B< D < F< G< C< H