Download Sections 4.5 to 4.13

Study Guide – 4.1 through 4.13 (pp.52 – 62)
Complete the study guide as you read through sections 4.1
through 4.13
Sections 4.1 to 4.4
How do microscopes help us study cells?
Cells are really, really small, DUDE. So you need to magnify them
in order to see them. Not visible to naked eye – need microscope
or lens.
Briefly describe 3 different kinds of microscopes and the
advantages/disadvantages of each:
1. light – relatively inexpensive, easy to use, can observe
living cells but limited to about 1000X, resolution gets
worse as you get higher power.
2. scanning electron microscope (SEM) – specimen must be
dead – has to be coated with metallic substance – 3-D –
surface images.
3. Transmission EM – more 2-D, but can look at slices of specimens – can’t view live specimens
State the cell theory:
All cells come from pre-existing cells, all living things are made of cells.
How are prokaryotes similar and different from eukaryotes (compare and contrasts)?
Prokaryotes are simple cells – no membrane bound nucleus or organelles – cell membrane (might also
have capsule and cell wall) that contains metabolic chemicals, DNA, and some ribosomes. All belong to
Domains of Bacteria and Archaea (old, primitive extremists)
Eukaryotes – have a membrane bound nucleus and organelles – compartmentalized which allows for
greater complexity and ultimately the ability to differentiate and become multi-cellular! The Domain
Eukarya includes Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungae, Protista
Using the vocabulary in section 4.3 – describe an “average” prokaryote
Has an interior plasma membrane, may have a cell wall for support, and may have a sticky capsule (cell
walls and capsules are nonliving secretions) – may have pili to allow to allow it to hold to stuff, may have
a flagella to help it move through liquids. One-tenth the size of a eukaryotic cell.
Label the diagrams using your book as a reference:
prokaryote
eukaryotic cell
nucleus
organelles
Flagella 
Pili 
capsule
Cell wall
Cell membrane
What is so important about eukaryotes having organelles?
Organelles allow compartmentalization – more efficient. Allows for greater complexity.
How are organelles related to the cytoplasm?
Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm (goo of the cell) – cytosol is just the fluid part, -plasm part is
the suspended particles, etc….
Where does the majority of cellular metabolism occur and what is metabolism?
Metabolism – is the building and breaking down of chemicals to release energy and provide raw
materials and molecules for living organisms. Most occurs in the cytoplasm.
Label the animal cell:
flagella
smooth ER
nucleus
rough ER
lysosome
Golgi Bodies
mitochondria
nucleus
cell wall
smooth ER
rough ER
vacuoles
mitochondria
plasma membrane
chloroplasts
Sections 4.5 to 4.13
What is important about the nucleus?
Contains the DNA – the master code for everything an organism is!!! Codes for proteins and proteins
build the organism.
Label the diagram of the nucleus –
Nuclear pores
Nucleolus (RNA made here) 
Chromatin (DNA)
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic
reticulurm
Describe the endoplasmic reticulum –
Endo means within, plasma is the cell plasma, reticulum means network. So the ER is a network of
membranes in the cytoplasm – it is connected to the nucleus and runs throughout the cell. Multiple
functions – making proteins, transporting, packaging, processing proteins and lipids.
What is the difference between the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic
reticulum?
Rough ER makes proteins and smooth ER makes lipids, repairs membranes, gets rid of toxins, stores and
releases calcium
Label the diagram showing both types of ER:
Smooth ER – site of
lipid synthesis,
membrane repair,
breaks down toxins
Study the diagram that shows the synthesis and packing of a protein by the rough ER.
What role does the Golgi apparatus play that is related to the rough ER?
Proteins made at the ribosomes on the rough ER are sent via vesicle to the Golgi apparatus for further
processing, trimming, modification. Once the editing is complete, the proteins are packaged again in
vesicles and sent to their final destination which may be inside or outside of the cell. Remember the
example of the cells lining your nasal cavity and their production of mucus (a protein) that is eventually
packaged and secreted outside the cell to moisten your nasal cavities.
Use words or bullets with descriptions to describe what is happening in the picture above – you are
tracing the digestion of a particle of food. How do the Golgi apparatus and rough ER interact with the
lysosome to digest the food?

The enzymes to breakdown particles are proteins and are manufactured in the rough ER – but
they are in their draft state and not ready for action.

The enzymes are sent to the Golgi to be further modified and eventually packaged in a vesicle
which due to its nature of digestion is now called a lysosome.

At the surface of the membrane, some particles have been engulfed by the cell in a process
called endocytosis that brings in particles now encased in a vesicle made from the cell
membrane.

The food vesicle will fuse with the lysosome and the digestive enzymes will break down the
particles of food to a form that is usable by the cell.

Other lysosomes may fuse with damaged cell parts and organelles to digest them back to raw
materials that can be used elsewhere in the cell.
What general role do vacuoles play in plants?
Vacuoles are a larger version of a vesicle that are found in plants. They serve as containers and may
store the products of photosynthesis like starch (think of potato cells being full of starch vacuoles) and
also can fill with water to help the cell maintain its structure (central vacuoles). When a plant starts to
wilt, it is because its vacuole is starting to collapse and the plant cannot stand upright. Give it water
which will be absorbed through the roots and transported to the cells – as the vacuoles fill up, the plant
becomes rigid again.
Label the diagram of the entire endomembrane system:
exocytosis
Rough ER
Golgi
vesicles
nucleus
Smooth ER
lysosomes
Sections 4.14 and 4.15
Use the table below to compare and contrast structure, location, and function of mitochondria and
chloroplasts.
Description
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
What types of cells have these?
Plant and animal
Plant only
What is their primary
function(s)?
Breaking down organic
molecules with the use of O2 to
capture usable energy in the
form of ATP
Trapping light energy and using
it to make carbon compounds
from CO2 and H2O and thereby
trap energy in the bonds of the
new organic chemicals
Describe their structure(s)
Double membrane, inner folded
membrane where reactions
occur, own DNA, own ribosomes
Double membrane, inner stacks
of membrane where reactions
occur, own DNA, own ribosomes
Section 4.16 – cytoskeleton
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of protein fibers that form scaffolding throughout the cell.
What does it do for the cell?
It provides support, “tracks” for movement.
Compare and contrast the following parts of the cytoskeleton:
Microfilaments – actin – rods (globular), involved in movement and a key component of muscles
(contraction)
Intermediate filaments – Long ropelike fibers – cell shape and anchoring
Microtubules – hollow tubes that can be disassembled and reassembled to change the cell shape. These
may also form attachments for organelles and are involved in moving chromosomes during cell division.
Section 4.17 –
Distinguish between cilia and flagella.
Cilia – numerous hairlike extensions that are used to either move a cell through a substance or move a
substance across a cell. Example, paramecium move with cilia and your respiratory passages are lined
with cilia. Flagella are few, elongated projections. Move with whiplike motion. Sperm have flagella.
Where would you tend to find one over the other?
Flagella allows more directional movement while cilia allow more generalized movement.
Section 4.18 –
Name
Location – in what kind
of cells and where?
Plasmodesmata
Plant cells
Description
Function
Rigid channels through
cell walls
allow communication
and transport across
cell walls
Extracellular matrix
Can be found around
any cell – but most
common in animal cells.
Stuff secreted between
cells
Provide a medium of
support or transport,
can also help regulate
cell functions.
Tight junctions
Animal cells
Tight seal between cells
Prevent leakage!
Tissues that line and
cover body are made of
cells held together by
tight junctions.
Anchoring junctions
Animal Cells
Strong buttons of fiber
connecting cells
Allow for some stretch
and extra hold where
there may be extra
stress. Reinforcement
Gap junctions
Animal cells
Channels between cells
– connecting through
cell membranes
Allow passage,
transport, and
communication among
neighboring cells.
Section 4. 19 –
Take the information from the chart on p. 67 and make a concept map either by hand or by computer
program showing the relationship among the organelles.