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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-1
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Viewing the Universe (pg. 659 – 660)
1. What is the purpose of studying Astronomy? _______________________________________
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Characteristics of the Universe
2. How and when did our universe begin? ________________________________________
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3. Describe how the universe is organized, beginning with the Earth and continuing with each
successively larger grouping.
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4. List and describe the units used to measure distances in space.
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Star Groups (pg. 789 – 792)
5. Read these pages and write down 3 things you learned that you find interesting.
A. ________________________________________________________________________
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B. ________________________________________________________________________
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C. _________________________________________________________________________
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6. The diagrams below represent a side view and a top view of our galaxy.
Use UPCO pg. 425 to label these diagrams. Be sure to locate our Sun
in the diagrams.
READING STUDY GUIDE 8-2
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Characteristics of Stars (pg. 775 – 776)
Analyzing Starlight
1. What information can be obtained from a star’s dark line spectrum? _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________
The Composition of Stars
2. What are the most common elements found in stars? _________________________________
The Temperatures of Stars
3. State the relationship between the color of a star and its temperature. _________________
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Structure of the Sun (pg. 755 - 757)
The Sun’s Energy
4. What is nuclear fusion? _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Complete the graphic organizer below with the steps of nuclear fusion.
Solar Activity (pg.761 – 762)
Sunspots
6. In your own words, what are sunspots? __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
The Sunspot Cycle
7. According to the graph, when will the next high
point in the cycle occur? _______________
THINK ABOUT IT!!!!
8. Why are the line in the graph so jagged?
__________________________________
_________________________________
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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-3
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Stellar Evolution ( pg. 781 – 788)
Classifying Stars
1. On the H-R diagram, most stars, including our Sun, are on the _________________________
2. Use Figure 1 to answer the following questions.
a. Of the stars listed, which is the hottest? ____________________________________
b. What type of star is Proxima Centauri? _____________________________________
c. Which star is a red supergiant? ___________________________________________
d. Which star is similar in temperature to our sun? _______________________________
The Main Sequence Stage
3. What kind of stars stay on the main sequence the longest? ___________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Leaving the Main Sequence
4. What causes a star to enter the third stage? _______________________________________
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5. Betelgeuse is not very hot, yet it is very bright. Explain. ______________________________
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The Final Stages of a Sunlike Star
6. Our Sun will eventually become a white dwarf. Describe a white dwarf in terms of size,
temperature and brightness. _________________________________________________
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7. Complete the graphic organizer with the stages in the life cycle of a main sequence star.
The Final Stages of Massive Stars
8. Describe, in your own words, the life cycle of a massive star. _____________________
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9. What is a black hole? _______________________________________________________
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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-4
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Viewing the Universe (pg. 661 – 662)
Observing Space
1. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? _________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What characteristic distinguishes the various forms of electromagnetic spectrum?
______________________________________________________________________
3. List the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not visible to humans.
_______________________________________________________________________
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 Use the Earth Science Reference Tables (pg. 14) to answer the questions
4 - 6.
4. Which type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? ___________________________
5. Which type of radiation has the longest wavelength? ___________________________
6. Between which two types of radiation are the visible wavelengths located?
____________________________________________________________________
The Big Bang Theory (pg. 793 – 796)
Hubble’s Observations
7. What important observation did Hubble make, and what conclusion did he draw?
_______________________________________________________________________
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The Big Bang Theory Emerges
8. State the big bang theory in your own words. _____________________________________
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9. How is the big bang theory related to red shift? _____________________________________
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10. What is believed to be the source of cosmic background radiation? _____________________
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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-5
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Stellar Motion ( pg. 777 – 780)
1. What causes the apparent motion of the stars? ____________________________________
2. When star trails are photographed overnight, Polaris does not appear to move. Why?
________________________________________________________________________
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3. Describe the apparent motion of the stars over the course of a year. ____________________
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4. What are circumpolar stars? ___________________________________________________
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5. If a star’s spectrum is shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum, (blue shift)
which way are the stars moving? ______________________________________________
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6. If a star’s spectrum is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, (red shift)
which way are the stars moving?_______________________________________________
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Distances to Stars
7. What is a light year? _________________________________________________________
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8. How can parallax be used to determine the distance of stars from the Earth? ______________
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Stellar Brightness
9. Explain the difference between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude.
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10. In Figure 6, Sirius is described as the brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of –1.46.
Explain why the Sun has a greater apparent magnitude (-25) than Sirius. ________________
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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-6
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Celestial Observations (UPCO pg. 445 - 448)
The Celestial Sphere
1. What is the celestial sphere? __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Label the zenith, altitude and horizon in the diagram below.
3. Describe how we use altitude and azimuth to locate celestial objects? ___________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Star Paths
4. Describe the apparent daily path of the sun in the U.S. ________________________________
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5. What is the difference between rotation and revolution? _____________________________
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Constellations
6. What is meant by the ecliptic? __________________________________________________
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Planetary Motions
7. What is the apparent daily motion of celestial bodies? ______________________________
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8. Describe the apparent motion of the planets relative to the stars over longer periods of time.
________________________________________________________________________
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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-7
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
The Seasons (pg. 672 – 674)
1. Describe the angle and direction of Earth's axis of rotation. ____________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. When the axis tilts toward the sun, the Northern hemisphere experiences ________________
daylight hours than the Southern hemisphere. What happens when the axis tilts away from
the sun? _________________________________________________________________
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3. Describe the relationship between the tilt of Earth’s axis and the angle of the sun’s rays.
________________________________________________________________________
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4. Explain why temperatures are colder in winter. Use the following words in your explanation:
angle, solar energy, daylight hours and sun’s rays
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5. Summer and winter begin on days called _________________________ What does the word
mean? _____________________________________________________
6. Complete the chart below: You may need to consult UPCO pg 469.
Autumnal
Equinox
Winter
Solstice
Vernal
Equinox
Summer
Solstice
Approximate Date
Latitude of Sun's Direct Ray
Where does it strike at 90?
Direction of
Sunrise and Sunset
Altitude of Noon Sun
(in New York State)
Period of Daylight
( in New York State)
7. State the number of hours of daylight and darkness at the Arctic and Antarctic Circles on
the summer solstice. _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
8. State the number of hours of daylight and darkness at the Arctic and Antarctic Circles on
the winter solstice. _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
9. Label each diagram below with the correct date, based on the clues in the diagram.
________________
________________
____________________
READING STUDY GUIDE 8-8
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Formation of the Solar System (pg. 685 – 690)
The Nebular Hypothesis
1. Describe the nebular hypothesis. _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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Formation of the Planets
2. How are the inner planets different from the outer planets? ___________________________
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3. Why are the Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) called the gas giants?
______________________________________________________________________
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4. An international group of astronomers recently decided that Pluto should not be classified as a
planet. Based on your reading, why do you think they made this decision?
________________________________________________________________________
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Formation of Solid Earth
5. Why is Earth’s core composed of iron and nickel? ___________________________________
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6. How is the composition of the mantle different from the composition of the crust?
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Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere
7. Explain how outgassing contributed to the formation of Earth’s atmosphere.
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8. How did green plants contribute to Earth’s present-day atmosphere? ___________________
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Formation of Earth’s Oceans
9. What do scientists believe to be the source of Earth’s water? ________________________
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10. Why was Earth’s early climate probably cooler than the global climate is today?
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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-9
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Models of the Solar System (pg. 691)
Early Models of the Solar System
1. The model of the universe in which all celestial bodies revolve around Earth is called the
_______________________________________ However, this model did not explain
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How did Ptolemy explain retrograde motion? ____________________________________
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3. Label the objects in the diagram below.
Movements of Earth (pg. 667 – 669)
The Rotating Earth
4.What is rotation? ______________________________________________________________
5. Fully describe Earth's rotation. ________________________________________________
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6. Explain why the Foucault Pendulum provides evidence that Earth rotates. _______________
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7. Describe the Coriolis Effect. ____________________________________________________
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The Revolving Earth
8. What is revolution? ___________________________________________________________
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9. What is the shape of Earth’s orbit? ______________________________________________
10. The ___________________________is the point in Earth’s orbit when it is closest to the Sun.
Earth is furthest from the sun at ____________________________________
READING STUDY GUIDE 8-10
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Models of the Solar System (pg. 692 – 694)
Kepler’s Laws
1. State Kepler’s law of ellipses _________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. What is eccentricity? __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the eccentricity of a perfectly circular orbit? ___________________________
4. State Kepler’s law of equal areas.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
5. How did astronomers use Kepler’s law of periods to determine the distances of planets from
the sun?________________________________________________________________
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Newton’s Explanation of Kepler’s Laws
6. In your own words, explain inertia. _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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7. How is gravity related to orbital motion? __________________________________________
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Orbital Forces (UPCO pg. 452 - 455)
8. The diagram illustrates energy transformation and orbital motion.
Use Figure 8-13 to label this diagram. Use the following terms:
High KE, low KE, High PE, Low PE, PE ---> KE, KE ---> PE
9. When does the planet's orbital speed increase? __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
10. When does the planet's orbital speed decrease? _________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
11. When does kinetic energy change to potential energy? ______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
READING STUDY GUIDE 8-11
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Earth’s Moon (pg. 719 – 724)
Exploring the Moon
1. Describe the temperature conditions on the moon. __________________________________
__________________________________________ Explain why these conditions exist.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
The Lunar Surface
2. Describe how the moon’s craters formed. ________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
The Formation of the Moon
3. Describe the giant impact hypothesis for the formation of Earth’s moon. _______________
_______________________________________________________________________
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4. Explain why the moon is a valuable source of information about the ancient solar system.
_______________________________________________________________________
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Phases of the Moon (pg. 730 – 732)
5. What causes the phases of the moon? ___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
6. Use Figure 8 to label each of the moon phases in the diagram below.
7. In each of the numbered circles below, draw the corresponding phase as seen from Earth.
(Color in the part that is not visible from earth.)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8. How long does it take the moon to revolve around the Earth? _________________ How long
does it take for a full cycle of phases? __________________ Why are these times
different? _______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
READING STUDY GUIDE 8-12
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Movements of the Moon (pg. 725 – 729)
The Earth-Moon System
1. The shape of the moons orbit is an ____________________. The near point in its orbit is the
_____________________. The far point is the _________________________________
2. Why does the moon rise about 50 minutes later each day? ____________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain why we see only one side of the Moon. ___________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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Eclipses
4. In the box below, draw and label the positions of the sun, moon and Earth during a total solar
eclipse.
5. During which phase does a solar eclipse occur? ___________________________________
6. Why are total solar eclipses so rare at any one location on Earth? ______________________
_______________________________________________________________________
THINK ABOUT IT!!!!
7. Why do the moon and sun appear to be the same size in the sky? ______________________
________________________________________________________________________
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8. What would cause an annular eclipse? ____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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9. In the box below, draw and label the positions of the Earth, sun and moon during a lunar
eclipse.
10. During what phase can a lunar eclipse occur? _____________________________________
READING STUDY GUIDE 8-13
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Unit: 8: Earth in Space
Tides (pg. 531 – 532)
The Causes of Tides
1. What causes tides? _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Why does the Sun have a smaller effect than the moon? _____________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe spring tides. ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. What causes spring tides? ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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5. Describe neap tides._________________________________________________________
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6. What causes neap tides? _____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
7. Use Figure 2 to label the diagram below.