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READING STUDY GUIDE 8-1 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Viewing the Universe (pg. 659 – 660) 1. What is the purpose of studying Astronomy? _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Characteristics of the Universe 2. How and when did our universe begin? ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe how the universe is organized, beginning with the Earth and continuing with each successively larger grouping. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. List and describe the units used to measure distances in space. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Star Groups (pg. 789 – 792) 5. Read these pages and write down 3 things you learned that you find interesting. A. ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ B. ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ C. _________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 6. The diagrams below represent a side view and a top view of our galaxy. Use UPCO pg. 425 to label these diagrams. Be sure to locate our Sun in the diagrams. READING STUDY GUIDE 8-2 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Characteristics of Stars (pg. 775 – 776) Analyzing Starlight 1. What information can be obtained from a star’s dark line spectrum? _____________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The Composition of Stars 2. What are the most common elements found in stars? _________________________________ The Temperatures of Stars 3. State the relationship between the color of a star and its temperature. _________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Structure of the Sun (pg. 755 - 757) The Sun’s Energy 4. What is nuclear fusion? _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Complete the graphic organizer below with the steps of nuclear fusion. Solar Activity (pg.761 – 762) Sunspots 6. In your own words, what are sunspots? __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ The Sunspot Cycle 7. According to the graph, when will the next high point in the cycle occur? _______________ THINK ABOUT IT!!!! 8. Why are the line in the graph so jagged? __________________________________ _________________________________ __________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-3 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Stellar Evolution ( pg. 781 – 788) Classifying Stars 1. On the H-R diagram, most stars, including our Sun, are on the _________________________ 2. Use Figure 1 to answer the following questions. a. Of the stars listed, which is the hottest? ____________________________________ b. What type of star is Proxima Centauri? _____________________________________ c. Which star is a red supergiant? ___________________________________________ d. Which star is similar in temperature to our sun? _______________________________ The Main Sequence Stage 3. What kind of stars stay on the main sequence the longest? ___________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Leaving the Main Sequence 4. What causes a star to enter the third stage? _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. Betelgeuse is not very hot, yet it is very bright. Explain. ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ The Final Stages of a Sunlike Star 6. Our Sun will eventually become a white dwarf. Describe a white dwarf in terms of size, temperature and brightness. _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Complete the graphic organizer with the stages in the life cycle of a main sequence star. The Final Stages of Massive Stars 8. Describe, in your own words, the life cycle of a massive star. _____________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 9. What is a black hole? _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-4 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Viewing the Universe (pg. 661 – 662) Observing Space 1. What is the electromagnetic spectrum? _________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. What characteristic distinguishes the various forms of electromagnetic spectrum? ______________________________________________________________________ 3. List the wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not visible to humans. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Use the Earth Science Reference Tables (pg. 14) to answer the questions 4 - 6. 4. Which type of radiation has the shortest wavelength? ___________________________ 5. Which type of radiation has the longest wavelength? ___________________________ 6. Between which two types of radiation are the visible wavelengths located? ____________________________________________________________________ The Big Bang Theory (pg. 793 – 796) Hubble’s Observations 7. What important observation did Hubble make, and what conclusion did he draw? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The Big Bang Theory Emerges 8. State the big bang theory in your own words. _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. How is the big bang theory related to red shift? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 10. What is believed to be the source of cosmic background radiation? _____________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-5 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Stellar Motion ( pg. 777 – 780) 1. What causes the apparent motion of the stars? ____________________________________ 2. When star trails are photographed overnight, Polaris does not appear to move. Why? ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the apparent motion of the stars over the course of a year. ____________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. What are circumpolar stars? ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 5. If a star’s spectrum is shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum, (blue shift) which way are the stars moving? ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 6. If a star’s spectrum is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum, (red shift) which way are the stars moving?_______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Distances to Stars 7. What is a light year? _________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. How can parallax be used to determine the distance of stars from the Earth? ______________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Stellar Brightness 9. Explain the difference between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude. __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 10. In Figure 6, Sirius is described as the brightest star, with an apparent magnitude of –1.46. Explain why the Sun has a greater apparent magnitude (-25) than Sirius. ________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-6 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Celestial Observations (UPCO pg. 445 - 448) The Celestial Sphere 1. What is the celestial sphere? __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. Label the zenith, altitude and horizon in the diagram below. 3. Describe how we use altitude and azimuth to locate celestial objects? ___________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Star Paths 4. Describe the apparent daily path of the sun in the U.S. ________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is the difference between rotation and revolution? _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Constellations 6. What is meant by the ecliptic? __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Planetary Motions 7. What is the apparent daily motion of celestial bodies? ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. Describe the apparent motion of the planets relative to the stars over longer periods of time. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-7 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space The Seasons (pg. 672 – 674) 1. Describe the angle and direction of Earth's axis of rotation. ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. When the axis tilts toward the sun, the Northern hemisphere experiences ________________ daylight hours than the Southern hemisphere. What happens when the axis tilts away from the sun? _________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe the relationship between the tilt of Earth’s axis and the angle of the sun’s rays. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. Explain why temperatures are colder in winter. Use the following words in your explanation: angle, solar energy, daylight hours and sun’s rays _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Summer and winter begin on days called _________________________ What does the word mean? _____________________________________________________ 6. Complete the chart below: You may need to consult UPCO pg 469. Autumnal Equinox Winter Solstice Vernal Equinox Summer Solstice Approximate Date Latitude of Sun's Direct Ray Where does it strike at 90? Direction of Sunrise and Sunset Altitude of Noon Sun (in New York State) Period of Daylight ( in New York State) 7. State the number of hours of daylight and darkness at the Arctic and Antarctic Circles on the summer solstice. _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 8. State the number of hours of daylight and darkness at the Arctic and Antarctic Circles on the winter solstice. _____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 9. Label each diagram below with the correct date, based on the clues in the diagram. ________________ ________________ ____________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-8 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Formation of the Solar System (pg. 685 – 690) The Nebular Hypothesis 1. Describe the nebular hypothesis. _______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Formation of the Planets 2. How are the inner planets different from the outer planets? ___________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Why are the Jovian planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) called the gas giants? ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 4. An international group of astronomers recently decided that Pluto should not be classified as a planet. Based on your reading, why do you think they made this decision? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Formation of Solid Earth 5. Why is Earth’s core composed of iron and nickel? ___________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. How is the composition of the mantle different from the composition of the crust? ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Formation of Earth’s Atmosphere 7. Explain how outgassing contributed to the formation of Earth’s atmosphere. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 8. How did green plants contribute to Earth’s present-day atmosphere? ___________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Formation of Earth’s Oceans 9. What do scientists believe to be the source of Earth’s water? ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 10. Why was Earth’s early climate probably cooler than the global climate is today? _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-9 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Models of the Solar System (pg. 691) Early Models of the Solar System 1. The model of the universe in which all celestial bodies revolve around Earth is called the _______________________________________ However, this model did not explain _____________________________________________________________________ 2. How did Ptolemy explain retrograde motion? ____________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 3. Label the objects in the diagram below. Movements of Earth (pg. 667 – 669) The Rotating Earth 4.What is rotation? ______________________________________________________________ 5. Fully describe Earth's rotation. ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 6. Explain why the Foucault Pendulum provides evidence that Earth rotates. _______________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Describe the Coriolis Effect. ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ The Revolving Earth 8. What is revolution? ___________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is the shape of Earth’s orbit? ______________________________________________ 10. The ___________________________is the point in Earth’s orbit when it is closest to the Sun. Earth is furthest from the sun at ____________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-10 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Models of the Solar System (pg. 692 – 694) Kepler’s Laws 1. State Kepler’s law of ellipses _________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is eccentricity? __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the eccentricity of a perfectly circular orbit? ___________________________ 4. State Kepler’s law of equal areas. _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ 5. How did astronomers use Kepler’s law of periods to determine the distances of planets from the sun?________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Newton’s Explanation of Kepler’s Laws 6. In your own words, explain inertia. _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. How is gravity related to orbital motion? __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Orbital Forces (UPCO pg. 452 - 455) 8. The diagram illustrates energy transformation and orbital motion. Use Figure 8-13 to label this diagram. Use the following terms: High KE, low KE, High PE, Low PE, PE ---> KE, KE ---> PE 9. When does the planet's orbital speed increase? __________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 10. When does the planet's orbital speed decrease? _________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 11. When does kinetic energy change to potential energy? ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-11 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Earth’s Moon (pg. 719 – 724) Exploring the Moon 1. Describe the temperature conditions on the moon. __________________________________ __________________________________________ Explain why these conditions exist. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The Lunar Surface 2. Describe how the moon’s craters formed. ________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ The Formation of the Moon 3. Describe the giant impact hypothesis for the formation of Earth’s moon. _______________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. Explain why the moon is a valuable source of information about the ancient solar system. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Phases of the Moon (pg. 730 – 732) 5. What causes the phases of the moon? ___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. Use Figure 8 to label each of the moon phases in the diagram below. 7. In each of the numbered circles below, draw the corresponding phase as seen from Earth. (Color in the part that is not visible from earth.) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8. How long does it take the moon to revolve around the Earth? _________________ How long does it take for a full cycle of phases? __________________ Why are these times different? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-12 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Movements of the Moon (pg. 725 – 729) The Earth-Moon System 1. The shape of the moons orbit is an ____________________. The near point in its orbit is the _____________________. The far point is the _________________________________ 2. Why does the moon rise about 50 minutes later each day? ____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain why we see only one side of the Moon. ___________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Eclipses 4. In the box below, draw and label the positions of the sun, moon and Earth during a total solar eclipse. 5. During which phase does a solar eclipse occur? ___________________________________ 6. Why are total solar eclipses so rare at any one location on Earth? ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ THINK ABOUT IT!!!! 7. Why do the moon and sun appear to be the same size in the sky? ______________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. What would cause an annular eclipse? ____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. In the box below, draw and label the positions of the Earth, sun and moon during a lunar eclipse. 10. During what phase can a lunar eclipse occur? _____________________________________ READING STUDY GUIDE 8-13 Name: Date: Teacher: Unit: 8: Earth in Space Tides (pg. 531 – 532) The Causes of Tides 1. What causes tides? _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Why does the Sun have a smaller effect than the moon? _____________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe spring tides. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. What causes spring tides? ____________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe neap tides._________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 6. What causes neap tides? _____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 7. Use Figure 2 to label the diagram below.