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The inhabitants of planet earth and their relationships Vocabulary: Abiotic Biotic Reservoir- a place where nutrients stay for a long period of time. Exchange pool- a place where the nutrient stays for a short period of time Residency time-the time a nutrient stays in the R or EP. Law of conservation of matter- matter cannot be created or destroyed Precipitation Groundwater Evaporation Transpiration Respiration Photosynthesis Combusted – the burning of fossil fuels Nitrogen fixation-atmosphereic N changed into ammonia or nitrates b/c of soil bacteria found on clover. Nitrification – ammonium into nitrate Assimilation – absorb nutirents Ammonification- dead organisms into nitrates or ammonium Denitrication- release N from nitrates and ammonium. Terrestrial cycleAutotrophs-produce their own compound Heterotrophs-obtain energy by comsuming NPP- energy passed from plants up the food chain GPP-the amount of sugar produced by plants minus the sugar needed for them to live. Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers Detritivores- non living ( get energy from) Decomposers – nonliving and their wastes. Tropic levels Food chains trophic pyramid Bioaccumulation bioconcentration food web Biomes – land ecosystems Aquatic life zones- water ecosystems Ecotones- transition between two ecosystems ecozones (ecoregions) a smaller biome or ALZ. Law of Tolerance – degree at which an organism can tolerate changes in their environment. Law of the minimum- organisms will live until all resources are exhausted Biodiversity evolution phylogenetic tree species evolutionary fitness allopatric speciation reproductive isolation sympatric speciatin extinction Population Community Niche Habitat Competition – competeing for same resource from different/same species. Intraspecific competition - same Inerspecific competition- different Natural selection Theory of evolution Competitive exclusion – the better species gets the food. Gause’s principle – the same species can occupy the same niche. Realized niche – limited competition Fundamental niche – no competetion Predation Symbiotic relationships Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Keystone species The inhabitants of planet earth and their relationships Indigenous species Invasive species Ecological succession Primary succession Pioneer species Climax community Habitat fragmentation Ecotones Edge effect Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism Neutralism Inertiadisturbance Notes: The water Cycle – describe the entire cycle (pretty easy) The Carbon Cycle- plants give off carbon dioxide, when the carbon is exposed to heat and pressure they become coal. [ also released by volcanic action] – two major reservoirs Earth rocks and oceans The nitrogen cycle 78% atmosphere, 21% oxygen The phosphorus cycle – Simplest cycle not found in the atmosphere, local cycle, found in rock, soil, and sediments released by weathering- it is a fertilizer SulfurOne of the components of proteins and vitamins’, tied up in rocks and salt, enters atmosphere through human activity. Food chains and their webs Producers Consumers foodchainsBiomagnification The world’s eco systems Ecosystem Diversity Relationships between species How ecosystems change Ecological succession