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PHYSICS 100 CIRCUITS Current is the time rate of charge flow. (1) I = q/t and (2) q = It A circuit is a closed loop where current flows continuously from high voltage to low voltage. A battery or power supply is needed to supply the potential energy difference. For conductors, Ohm’s Law states that the voltage difference across a circuit element is proportional to the current that flows through it. This proportionality constant is the electrical resistance of the circuit element. (3) V = IR (4) V/I = R (5) I = V/R thus, A series circuit has the same current flowing through each and every circuit element. The total resistance of this circuit (neglecting the wire’s resistance) is the sum of all the resistive elements. The total voltage drop across all elements (neglecting the wire’s voltage drop) is equal to the potential difference generated by the power supply. (6) I = I1 = I 2 = I 3 = … (7) R series = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + … (8) V = V1 + V2 + V3 + … A parallel circuit has the current divided into two or more parallel branches with each branch at the same potential difference as the power supply. (9) I = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + … (10) V = V 1 = V2 = V3 = … The total resistance for the parallel circuit is less than the resistance of the least resistive branch. More branches increase the flow of current and decrease the total resistance. Applying Ohm’s Law for the parallel circuit, we find that the total resistance can be described by: (11) 1/R parallel = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 + … The power delivered by a circuit is equal to the product of its potential difference and current. (12) P = ( V) I (13) I =P/ V (14) V = P/I