* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Resurgence of Schmallenberg virus in Belgium after 3 - ORBi
Survey
Document related concepts
Herpes simplex wikipedia , lookup
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Influenza A virus wikipedia , lookup
Orthohantavirus wikipedia , lookup
2015–16 Zika virus epidemic wikipedia , lookup
Antiviral drug wikipedia , lookup
Ebola virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis C wikipedia , lookup
Human cytomegalovirus wikipedia , lookup
Middle East respiratory syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Herpes simplex virus wikipedia , lookup
West Nile fever wikipedia , lookup
Marburg virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Hepatitis B wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
1 Resurgence of Schmallenberg virus in Belgium after 3 years of epidemiological silence 2 3 Delooz Laurent1,2, Saegerman Claude2, Quinet Christian1, Petitjean Thierry1, De Regge Nick3, 4 Cay Brigitte3 5 6 (1) Association Régionale de Santé et d’Identification Animales - ASBL, Département Santé 7 Animale, B-5590 Ciney, Belgium 8 (2) Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to veterinary science (UREAR- 9 ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of 10 Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium 11 (3) Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Brussels, Belgium 12 13 Keywords: Schmallenberg virus, SBV, Resurgence, Abortion, Cattle, Congenital, 14 Malformations, Belgium. 15 16 Abstract 17 In spring 2016, three years after the last reported outbreak of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) in 18 Belgium, an abortion was notified in a two year old Holstein heifer that previously had not 19 been vaccinated against SBV. The autopsy of the eight-month-old malformed foetus revealed 20 hydrocephalus, torticollis and arthrogryposis. Foetal brain tissue and blood were found to be 21 SBV-positive by RT-PCR and ELISA test, respectively. Evidencing the circulation of SBV in 22 Belgium in the autumn 2015 is important in order to anticipate future outbreaks and advise 23 veterinarians about the risks associated with calving, as more bovine foetuses might have 24 been infected. 25 26 SIR, - Schmallenberg virus (SBV) was discovered in November 2011 by the Friedrich 27 Loeffler Institute (FLI, Germany) following the metagenomic analysis of a pool of blood 28 samples from bovines originating from a farm in the town of Schmallenberg, Nordrhein 29 Westphalia, Germany (Hoffmann et al., 2012). These analyses were carried out following the 30 report by breeders and veterinarians from this region of a drop in milk production associated 31 with hyperthermia, diarrhoea and abortions in cattle since August 2011 (Hoffmann et al., 32 2012). In January 2012, the virus was detected by RT-PCR conducted at the Belgian National 33 Reference Laboratory (NRL) in Brussels on a large number of malformed bovine aborted 34 foetuses originating from different regions in Belgium (Martinelle et al., 2012). The 35 emergence of this virus in Europe has caused a wave of abortions in cattle in 2012. It was 36 estimated that 8.5% (95% CI: 7.7 to 9.4) of aborted foetuses presented lesions of the central 37 nervous system and/or the musculoskeletal system (ARSIA, 2013) which were consistent with 38 SBV infection (Herder et al., 2012). However, only a third of these suspected cases were 39 found to be SBV-positive by RT-PCR. This could be explained by the fact that (i) these 40 lesions are not specific to SBV infection, or (ii) the virus was no longer present in the foetus 41 at the time of sampling due to the delay between infection and abortion (de Regge et al., 42 2013). 43 The last case of SBV infection in Belgium was confirmed by PCR on aborted foetal 44 tissues on the 26th March 2013. 45 In 2014 and 2015, the rate of congenital abnormalities had remained low (1.7%; 95% CI: 1.4- 46 1.9) and stable. While each reported abortion case was systematically screened for SBV 47 infection by RT-PCR, no more cases of the disease were detected during this period. This may 48 suggest that a large proportion of the Belgian cattle population had been previously exposed 49 to SBV, and developed immunity against the virus (Méroc and collaborators in 2013). 50 On the 4th April 2016, 1105 days after the last reported case, a two-year old Holstein 51 cow aborted in Lavaux Saint-Anne, province of Namur, Belgium. The eight-month-old 52 malformed foetus was autopsied at the Regional Association for Animal Registration and 53 Health (ARSIA). The cow was not vaccinated against SBV. The foetus presented with 54 hydrocephalus, torticollis and arthrogryposis. Brain and blood were sampled and analysed by 55 SBV-specific RT-PCR and ELISA tests, respectively. The RT-PCR performed at the Belgian 56 NRL revealed the presence of viral RNA of SBV in the brain sample. In addition, the ELISA 57 antibody test performed at ARSIA on maternal and foetal sera showed that the cow and its 58 foetus were seropositive for SBV. Based on the date of abortion and the age of the aborted 59 foetus, we estimated that the conception occurred in August 2015. Gross lesions of the foetus 60 suggested that the infection occurred between the 60th and 100th day of pregnancy (Martinelle 61 et al., 2012). The cow had thus probably been infected in October or November 2015. The 62 virus circulated during this period, which is known to be the period of activity of the vector. 63 This was further confirmed by the detection of SBV-specific antibodies in another cow and its 64 new-born calf on the 11th April 2016. These animals were sampled before colostrum intake, 65 and had not been vaccinated against SBV. The farm from which they originated was used as a 66 sentinel to monitor the circulation of various pathogens, and was located 50 kilometres away 67 from the farm where the abortion case described in this paper took place. Evidencing the 68 circulation of SBV during the autumn 2015 in Belgium is important in order to anticipate 69 future outbreaks and advise veterinarians about the risks associated with calving, as more 70 bovine foetuses may have been infected during this period. These results confirm the 71 resurgence of the virus in Belgium (figure 1) as also observed in Germany in 2014 (Wernike 72 et al. 2015). 73 74 Insert Figure 1. 75 76 Acknowledgements 77 We thank Wayne Anderson and Guillaume Fournie for the reading of this note. 78 79 Figure caption 80 81 Figure 1: Geographical location of the two bovine herds found to be infected by SBV in 2016 82 83 Legend: The area represents the southern part of the Belgium subdivided in five different 84 provinces. The two infected herds are located in the province of Namur. 85 86 87 References 88 89 90 91 ARSIA, 2013: Rapport annuel 2013. Association Régionale de Santé et d’Identification Animales, Ciney, Belgium, pp. 79. De Regge, N., T. van den Berg, L. Georges, and B. Cay, 2013: Diagnosis of Schmallenberg 92 virus infection in malformed lambs and calves and first indications for virus clearance 93 in the fetus. Veterinary microbiology 162, 595-600. 94 Herder, V., P. Wohlsein, M. Peters, F. Hansmann, and W. Baumgartner, 2012: Salient lesions 95 in domestic ruminants infected with the emerging so-called Schmallenberg virus in 96 Germany. Veterinary pathology 49, 588-591. 97 Hoffmann, B., M. Scheuch, D. Hoper, R. Jungblut, M. Holsteg, H. Schirrmeier, M. 98 Eschbaumer, K. V. Goller, K. Wernike, M. Fischer, A. Breithaupt, T. C. Mettenleiter, 99 and M. Beer, 2012: Novel orthobunyavirus in Cattle, Europe, 2011. Emerging 100 infectious diseases 18, 469-472. 101 Martinelle, L., F. Dal Pozzo, N. Kirschvink, M. A. De La Grandière, E. Thiry, C. Saegerman, 102 2012: Le virus Schmallenberg ou l’émergence du premier Orthobunyavirus du 103 sérogroupe Simbu en Europe. Annales de medecine veterinaire 156, 7- 24. 104 Meroc, E., A. Poskin, H. Van Loo, C. Quinet, E. Van Driessche, L. Delooz, I. Behaeghel, F. 105 Riocreux, J. Hooyberghs, N. De Regge, A. B. Caij, T. van den Berg, and Y. van der 106 Stede, 2013: Large-scale cross-sectional serological survey of Schmallenberg virus in 107 Belgian cattle at the end of the first vector season. Transboundary and emerging 108 diseases 60, 4-8. 109 110 111 Wernike, K., B. Hoffmann, F. J. Conraths, and M. Beer, 2015: Schmallenberg Virus Recurrence, Germany, 2014. Emerging infectious diseases 21, 1202-1204. 112 113 114 Fig. 1.