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TJ MEMORIAL WELFARE TRUST(REGD) REG-NO:620 TJ MEMORIAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CELL (Faseeh Ahmed)General Secretary E-mail: [email protected] Phone:402244,4510866 Address: 12/58,Model Colony Karachi-75100 The Senior Scientific Officer The Enquirey Officer Syed Asim Rehan Kazmi (Grain Storage Research Institute) Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Tropical Agricultural Research Centre Karachi University Campus,Karachi P A K I S T A N. Food Poisoning Description General term for symptoms caused by the ingestion of toxins that are present in Foods. Causes of Food Poisoning Detrimental Bacteria Various forms of Detrimental Bacteria can contaminate foods which may not visibly appear to be spoiled. Many species of the Clostridium genus of Detrimental Bacteria are implicated in Food Poisoning: - Clostridium botulinum causes Botulism. Clostridium fringens causes Food Poisoning. Clostridium welchii causes Intestinal Food Poisoning that manifests as Diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Salmonella Bacteria (sometimes present in Eggs, Meats and Milk) are responsible for many cases of Food Poisoning. Fungi - Detrimental The Ergot fungus is responsible for a form of Food Poisoning known as Ergotism. Food Processing Techniques Cans that are swollen, rusted, or badly dented can harbour substances that cause Food Poisoning. Swollen frozen foods or frozen foods containing ice crystals can harbour substances that cause Food Poisoning. Do not handle cooked and uncooked Meats at the same time as this practice increases the risk of Food Poisoning. Food Toxins The various types of Food Toxins are often responsible for Food Poisoning: Food Toxins are especially involved in Food Poisoning following the consumption of Fish, Mushrooms and Shellfish. Minerals - Toxic Heavy Metals Foods that contain excessive amounts of the various types of Detrimental Minerals are common causes of Food Poisoning. General Symptoms of Food Poisoning The symptoms of Food Poisoning vary according to the underlying cause of the Food Poisoning. Digestive System Loss of Appetite can be caused by Food Poisoning. Diarrhoea can be caused by Food Poisoning. Gastroenteritis can be caused by Food Poisoning. Nausea can be caused by Food Poisoning. Vomiting can be caused by Food Poisoning. Nervous System Convulsions can be caused by Mushroom Poisoning. These Substances Alleviate Food Poisoning Fatty Acids Lipoic Acid is a very effective antidote for Food Poisoning caused by toxic Mushrooms. These Techniques Prevent Food Poisoning Food Processing Techniques Most Food Preserving Methods help to prevent Food Poisoning by inhibiting or killing the microorganisms that are responsible for Food Poisoning. Types of Food Poisoning: Botulism Description Type of Food Poisoning that, although rare, is fatal in 65% of cases. Causes of Botulism Bacteria - Detrimental Botulism is caused by extremely virulent Exotoxins released by the detrimental Bacteria - Clostridium botulinum. These Substances Prevent Botulism Food Preservatives Nitrites (including Potassium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrite) kill the Clostridium botulinum Bacteria that cause Botulism [caution: Nitrites are involved in the production of toxic Nitrosamines]. Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum Description Species of detrimental Clostridium bacteria. Toxic Effects of Clostridium botulinum Digestive System Clostridium botulinum releases a virulent (1 gram can kill 100,000 people) exotoxin that is responsible for the type of Food Poisoning called Botulism: - Botulism, although rare, is fatal in 65% of cases. These Substances Kill Clostridium botulinum Food Preservatives Nitrites (e.g. Potassium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrite) when used as food preservatives kill Clostridium botulinum Dietary Sources of Clostridium botulinum Bee Products: Honey occasionally contains spores of Clostridium botulinum. Meats: Inadequately processed Animal Foods are susceptible to contamination with Clostridium botulinum. Ergotism Ergotism Description Type of Food Poisoning. These Substances Cause Ergotism Detrimental Yeasts Ergotism is caused exclusively by the Ergot toxin. See Also: Ergot Food Poisoning Copyright 1995 In-Tele-Health Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Tropical Fish Poisoning See Also: Detrimental Bacteria Digestive System Ailments Food Toxins Botulism Description Type of Food Poisoning that, although rare, is fatal in 65% of cases. Causes of Botulism Bacteria - Detrimental Botulism is caused by extremely virulent Exotoxins released by the detrimental Bacteria - Clostridium botulinum. These Substances Prevent Botulism Food Preservatives Nitrites (including Potassium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrite) kill the Clostridium botulinum Bacteria that cause Botulism [caution: Nitrites are involved in the production of toxic Nitrosamines]. See Also: Clostridium botulinum Food Poisoning Copyright 1995 In-Tele-Health Clostridium botulinum Description Species of detrimental Clostridium bacteria. Toxic Effects of Clostridium botulinum Digestive System Clostridium botulinum releases a virulent (1 gram can kill 100,000 people) exotoxin that is responsible for the type of Food Poisoning called Botulism: - Botulism, although rare, is fatal in 65% of cases. These Substances Kill Clostridium botulinum Food Preservatives Nitrites (e.g. Potassium Nitrite and Sodium Nitrite) when used as food preservatives kill Clostridium botulinum Dietary Sources of Clostridium botulinum Bee Products: Honey occasionally contains spores of Clostridium botulinum. Meats: Inadequately processed Animal Foods are susceptible to contamination with Clostridium botulinum. See Also: Botulism Clostridium Food Poisoning Clostridium Description Genus of Detrimental Bacteria. Toxic Effects of Clostridium Bacteria Digestive System Several types of Clostridium are implicated in Food Poisoning. Immune System Several types of Clostridium are implicated in Wound Infections and some can also cause Gangrene if they infect Wounds (Gangrene caused by Clostridium Bacteria is known as Gas Gangrene). Types of Clostridium Bacteria: Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium fringens Clostridium histolyticum Clostridium oedematiens Clostridium septicum Clostridium tetani Clostridium welchii See Also: Detrimental Bacteria Gangrene Ergotism Description Type of Food Poisoning. These Substances Cause Ergotism Detrimental Yeasts Ergotism is caused exclusively by the Ergot toxin. See Also: Ergot Food Poisoning Ergot Description Type of Mycotoxin produced by the Detrimental Funghus Claviceps purpurea. Toxic Effects of Ergot Digestive System Ergot is directly responsible for a type of Food Poisoning called Ergotism. Dietary Sources of Ergot Cereal Grains Bread made from Rye, Triticale or Wheat that has been attacked by the Ergot toxin. Ergot is Used in the Manufacture of these Synthetic Drugs Pharmaceutical Drugs - Ergot Alkaloids Ergometrine is manufactured from Ergot. Ergotamine is manufactured from Ergot. Recreational Drugs LSD is manufactured from Ergot. Smart Drugs Bromocriptine is manufactured from Ergot. Hydergine is manufactured from Ergot. See Also: Detrimental Fungi Ergot Derivative Smart Drugs Ergotism LSD Mycotoxins LSD Also known as: D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide Description Ilicit Recreational Hallucinogenic Drug derived from the Ergot Fungus. Chemically, LSD is classified as an Indole Alkaloid. Toxic Effects of LSD Cardiovascular System LSD causes Anxiety in some users. LSD increases Blood Pressure. Nervous System LSD is a potent initiator of Hallucinations - often known colloquially as "bad trips". LSD blocks the 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors of the Cholinergic Neurons in the Brain, preventing Serotonin from inhibiting the Stimulatory Neurotransmitter - Acetylcholine. LSD Interferes with these Substances Neurotransmitters LSD causes its Hallucinatory effects by functioning as a general 5-HT Antagonist, blocking 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Receptors, thereby totally inhibiting Serotonin's Inhibitory Neurotransmitter functions - and consequently allowing Acetylcholine to cause excessive stimulatory functions. LSD causes the release (and destruction) of Vasopressin within the body. These Substances Reduce the Detrimental Effects of LSD Smart Drugs Diapid counteracts the Vasopressin deficiency encountered by LSD users [scientific research - humans] . Vitamins The Nicotinic Acid form of Vitamin B3 terminates the Hallucinations associated with LSD usage [scientific research humans: 1-3 grams of Nicotinic Acid will terminate the bad trip associated with LSD usage within 1 hour]. See Also: 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptors Ergot Indole Alkaloids Recreational Drugs Copyright 1995 In-Tele-Health Recreational Drugs Description Drugs commonly consumed purely for their effect on Mental Function or for the avoidance of the temporary ill-effects of withdrawing from the use of these substances. These Substances Assist the Treatment of Recreational Drug Addiction Smart Drugs Diapid alleviates the delayed long term after-effects of Recreational Drug abuse [scientific observation - physician treated "burn-out" victim of 60s drug culture who suffered memory loss, anxiety and confusion with Diapid which resulted in marked improvement within 48 hours]. Dilantin alleviates the withdrawal symptoms of many Recreational Drugs [scientific research - humans]. Ondansetron is presently being investigated as a treatment for Recreational Drug withdrawal. Zatosetron is under investigation as a treatment for Recreational Drug withdrawal. Types of Recreational Drugs: Alcohol Amphetamine Cocaine Opiates Marijuana Tobacco See Also: Alcohol Also known as: Ethanol; Ethyl Alcohol Description Alcohol is the common name given to Ethanol (a Primary Alcohol)- the type of volatile, liquid Alcohol that is present in Alcoholic Beverages. Chemical Structure: C2H5OH Ethanol is both water and fat soluble. Toxic Effects of excessive Alcohol (Ethanol) consumption Due to the prevalence of excessive Alcohol consumption in the modern Western World, if the sum total of harm associated was added up, the adverse effects of all other drugs combined would pale into insignificance. Alcohol-Related Disorders Alcohol is responsible for Hangovers. Cardiovascular System Excessive consumption of Alcohol causes Cardiomyopathy [scientific research - humans]. Excessive consumption of Alcohol can damage the Heart: Alcohol elevates Blood Pressure in Hypertension sufferers and continual excessive consumption of Alcohol can cause Hypertension [however small amounts of Alcohol paradoxically reduce blood pressure]. Excessive consumption of Alcohol increases the risk of Stroke [scientific research - humans]. Cells Alcohol dissolves in and fluidizes Cell Membranes. Alcohol causes the production of endogenous Cholesterol within the Cell Membranes in order to revert the Cell Membranes to a less fluid state. This additional Cholesterol is later ejected from the Cell Membranes via the bloodstream to the Liver for conversion to Bile Acids, thereby elevating total serum Cholesterol levels. Alcohol contributes 2 carbon Acetic Acid chains toward the manufacture of endogenous Cholesterol. Digestive System Excessive Alcohol consumption can cause Gastritis (by causing irritation of the lining of the Stomach). Alcohol causes Heartburn (by relaxing the lower Oesophageal Sphincter and decreasing peristaltic force). Excessive consumption of Alcohol can cause irritation and Inflammation of the Gastric Mucosa. Excessive consumption of Alcohol can cause irritation and inflammation of the Intestines. Excessive consumption of Alcohol can cause Pancreatitis. Alcohol irritates the lining of the Stomach. Excretory System Excessive consumption of Alcohol can cause Foot Odour. Immune System Excessive consumption of Alcohol increases the risk of many types of Cancer including: Breast Cancer Colon Cancer Larynx Cancer Liver Cancer Mouth Cancer Oesophagus Cancer Alcohol increases the risk of Pancreas Cancer by 100%. Pharynx Cancer Alcohol increases the risk of the malignant Melanoma form of Skin Cancer [scientific research - females who consume 2 or more alcoholic beverages per day have a 250% greater risk of Melanoma]. - Stomach Cancer Metabolism Chronic Alcohol consumption causes Cirrhosis of the Liver. Alcohol can cause reactive Hypoglycaemia [scientific research]. Alcohol is one of the most prevalent causes of Liver malfunction. Alcohol increases the production of Low Density Lipoproteins (LDLs). Alcohol increases the body's production of Triglycerides Liver Cells eliminate the excess Hydrogen formed from the breakdown of Alcohol by utilizing it to form Alphaglycerophosphates and Fatty Acids (the precursors of Triglycerides). Musculoskeletal System Alcohol increases the risk of Gout (due to it decreasing Uric Acid excretion, leading to increased Lactic Acid production). Alcohol increases the risk of Osteoporosis. Alcohol accelerates the formation of Wrinkles on the Skin. Nervous System Long term or excessive usage of Alcohol can cause Anxiety (due to Alcohol damaging the Benzodiazepine Receptors within the Brain). Alcohol consumption during Pregnancy can cause Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) in offspring [scientific research - humans]. Excessive consumption or long term usage of Alcohol damages the Benzodiazepine Receptors in the Brain. Alcohol depresses the centres of the Brain that are responsible for Behaviour and Coordination. Excessive consumption of Alcohol causes Delirium tremens (DTs). Alcohol can cause Depression. Excessive consumption of Alcohol damages the Hippocampus of the Brain. Alcohol is a common trigger for Migraines. Alcohol can produce total and permanent Paralysis of the limbs, even in very small amounts if it is introduced into the Spinal Fluids from accidents [scientific research - animals]. Oxidation & Free Radicals Alcohol is a potent precursor for the production of Free Radicals (via Acetaldehyde). Alcohol accelerates the Peroxidation of Lipids, causing the production of Peroxidized Fats. Sexual System - Female Excessive Alcohol consumption can cause Female Infertility. Sexual System - Male Excessive Alcohol consumption can cause Male Infertility. Excessive Alcohol increases male levels of Oestrogens by impairing the Liver's ability to eliminate excess Oestrogen. Alcohol increases the production of Prolactin. Excessive Alcohol consumption causes the Testicles of males to shrink to up to half of their normal size (by decreasing male Testosterone levels). Toxins Alcohol is oxidized within the Liver to form Acetaldehyde which is responsible for the majority of the toxic effects of consumption of Alcoholic Beverages. Alcohol inhibits the desirable oxidation (breakdown) of toxic Amines. Alcohol (via Acetaldehyde) reacts with some Neurotransmitters within the Brain to form harmful, addictive endogenous Isoquinoline Alkaloids. These Substances Counteract the Toxic Effects of Alcohol ENDOGENOUS SUBSTANCES Amino Acids Glutathione combats much of the damage induced by Alcohol (usually after incorporation into the Glutathione Peroxidase enzyme). S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) inhibits the damage caused by Alcohol to the Liver. Enzymes Alcohol Dehydrogenase enzyme enhances the metabolism (breakdown) of Alcohol within the Liver. Cytochrome P-450 enzyme breaks down the Acetaldehyde that is metabolized within the body from Alcohol. Glutathione Peroxidase enzyme inhibits the Peroxidation of endogenous Fats by Alcohol. EXOGENOUS SUBSTANCES Amino Acids Carnitine protects the Liver from Alcohol damage. Citrulline helps to detoxify Alcohol within the body. Cysteine protects the Liver & Brain from Alcohol induced damage. Glutathione combats Alcohol poisoning. Fatty Acids Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) protects the Liver from Alcohol damage. Minerals Manganese facilitates the detoxification of Alcohol (by acting as a cofactor for the conversion of Vitamin B1 to Pyrophosphate). Zinc is involved in the detoxification of Alcohol (due to its role as a precursor for the Alcohol Dehydrogenase enzyme). Polyphenols & Bioflavonoids Catechin protects the Liver from Alcohol damage. Silymarin protects the Liver from the toxic effects of Alcohol [scientific research - animals]. Smart Drugs Diapid counteracts the Vasopressin deficiency associated with excessive consumption of Alcohol [scientific research humans]. Hydergine protects the Liver against the toxic effects of Alcohol. Nimodipine prevents the Convulsions that can occur as a result of excessive Alcohol consumption [scientific research animals]. Piracetam counteracts the inefficient utilization of Oxygen associated with Alcohol consumption. Pyroglutamate counteracts the Memory loss that occurs as a result of excessive consumption of Alcohol [scientific research animals]. Vincamine normalizes the impaired brain-wave patterns caused by excessive consumption of Alcohol [scientific research humans]. Vitamins Vitamin B1 counteracts many of the toxic effects of Alcohol and Acetaldehyde (by metabolizing Alcohol by converting it to Carbon Dioxide and Water and by protecting Neurons against the oxidizing effects of Alcohol). Vitamin B5 protects the Liver from the toxic effects of Alcohol. Vitamin C (when combined with Cysteine & Vitamin B1) prevented the death of rats given lethal doses of Alcohol [scientific research - animals]. These Herbs Reduce the Toxic Effects of Alcohol Ginsengs protects the Liver from Alcohol damage by accelerating Alcohol clearance from the Blood [scientific research - humans]. Tea (especially Green Tea) protects the Liver from the toxic effects of Alcohol. Alcohol Interferes with these Substances ENDOGENOUS SUBSTANCES Enzymes Excessive consumption of Alcohol prevents the endogenous manufacture of the Delta-6-Desaturase enzyme. Hormones Excessive consumption of Alcohol increases the body's production of Prolactin (by interfering with the Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Receptors in the Brain). Neurotransmitters Excessive consumption of Alcohol reduces the number of receptor sites within the Brain for Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA). Alcohol prevents the release of Vasopressin in the Brain. Organic Acids Alcohol increases the production of endogenous Lactic Acid. Alcohol decreases the body's excretion of Uric Acid. Sexual Steroid Hormones Excessive consumption of Alcohol decreases the production of Testosterone in males. EXOGENOUS SUBSTANCES Bioflavonoids Alcohol increases the body's excretion of Rutin. Carbohydrates Alcohol decreases the body's tolerance of Galactose. Minerals Alcohol reduces the body's absorption of Calcium. Alcohol decreases the absorption of and increases the excretion of Magnesium. Alcohol causes the excretion of the body's Potassium reserves. Alcoholics are often deficient in Selenium. Alcoholics are often deficient in Zinc. Quinones Alcoholics are often deficient in Quinones. Vitamins Alcohol destroys Biotin. Alcohol destroys Choline. Alcohol destroys Folic Acid. Alcohol destroys Inositol. Alcohol destroys Para Aminobenzoic Acid (PABA). Alcohol increases the excretion of Vitamin A. Alcohol increases the excretion of Vitamin B1. Alcohol increases the excretion of Vitamin B2. Alcohol destroys Vitamin B6. Alcohol increases the excretion of Vitamin B12. Alcohol (via Acetaldehyde) destroys Vitamin C [scientific research - 91% of Alcoholics are deficient in Vitamin C]. Alcohol causes depletion of Vitamin D. Alcohol destroys Vitamin E. Alcohol destroys Vitamin K. Alcohol Should Not be Consumed in Conjunction with these Substances Amino Acids Taurine can potentiate Alcohol's depressant effects on the Central Nervous System. Do not consume Tryptophan with Alcohol as Tryptophan increases the Aggressiveness associated with Alcohol consumption. Antioxidants Do not consume Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) in conjunction with Alcohol as BHT intensifies Alcohol's effects. Methylxanthines Caffeine potentiates the effects of Alcohol [contrary to popular opinion]. Pharmaceutical Drugs Do not consume Alcohol in conjunction with Aspirin. Alcohol intensifies the effects of Barbiturates. Alcohol should never be consumed in conjunction with Minor Tranquillizers. Smart Drugs Do not consume Alcohol in conjunction with GammaHydroxybutyric Acid (GHB) as GHB potentiates the depressant effects of Alcohol on the Central Nervous System. Alcohol Should Not be Consumed in Conjunction with these Herbs Do not consume Valerian at the same time as Alcohol. Alcohol has these Beneficial Effects on the Body Health Benefits are derived from Alcohol only when it is consumed in small, non-toxic amounts - up to 40 grams per day. Cardiovascular System Alcohol (only in small non-toxic amounts) lower Blood Pressure in Hypertension sufferers [caution: excessive consumption of Alcohol increases Blood Pressure ]. Digestive System Alcohol (only in small non-toxic amounts) helps to prevent Gallstones. Metabolism Alcohol (only in small non-toxic amounts) raises HDL Cholesterol levels. Nervous System Alcohol temporarily dulls the sense of Pain (by increasing the release of Endorphins). Bioavailability Alcohol is readily absorbed from the Stomach and Intestines into the bloodstream where it is gradually metabolized by the Liver (which oxidizes it to toxic Acetaldehyde), but at only a fixed rate which varies between individuals: Fructose is the only known substance which can speed up the rate of Alcohol clearance from the Blood. Approximately 5% of Alcohol consumed is absorbed directly from the Stomach into the bloodstream - Alcohol consumed on an empty Stomach enters the bloodstream far more rapidly than when Food is present in the Stomach. The remaining 95% of Alcohol consumed passes through the Pyloric Sphincter before entering the Small Intestine where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. After Alcohol enters the bloodstream it travels rapidly through the entire body including the Brain, Cell Membranes, Heart, Liver, Lungs and Spinal Chord. Excretion of Alcohol 3% of Alcohol ingested is excreted via the Urine. 5% of Alcohol ingested is excreted via Perspiration and Breath. 90% of Alcohol ingested is oxidized in the Liver. See Also: Acetaldehyde Alcohol-Related Disorders Alcoholic Beverages Alcoholism Alcohols Hangovers Primary Alcohols Recreational Drugs