Download Unit 1: European Renaissance and Reformation

Unit 1: European Renaissance and Reformation
Summary Notes (Chp. 1 CM & Chp. 1 S)
Chapter 1: European Renaissance and Reformation
(1300-1600)
Section 1: Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
Objectives
1. Explain the conditions in Italy that gave rise to the Renaissance.
2. Identify the values and idea prized during the Renaissance.
3. Describe the artistic breakthrough and achievements of Renaissance artists.
4. Summarize influential literary works and techniques of key Renaissance writers.
Key Ideas
Italy’s Advantages
1. The Renaissance begins in northern Italy’s urban centers around 1300.
2. Italian merchants and bankers, such as the Medicis, support the arts.
3. Renaissance scholars revive the study of Greek and Roman cultures.
Classical and Worldly Values
1. Humanists focus on human potential and achievements.
2. The basic sprit of the Renaissance is secular.
3. Popes and merchants become patrons of the arts.
4. The ideal Renaissance individual excels in many fields.
5. Upper-class Renaissance women are well-educated but lack power.
Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
1. Many Renaissance artists develop new techniques, such as perspective.
2. Leonardo da Vinci typifies the true Renaissance man.
3. Raphael creates realistic masterpieces.
4. A few Italian women gain recognition as painters.
Renaissance Writers Change Literature
1. Petrarch, an early humanist, writes outstanding poetry.
2. Boccaccio writes stories exposing the follies of human nature.
3. Machiavelli writes The Price, a political guidebook for rulers.
4. Women Renaissance writers tend to focus on personal subjects.
Section 2: The Northern Renaissance
Objectives
1. Explain the origins and characteristics of the Northern Renaissance.
2. Trace the impact of the Renaissance on German and Flemish painters.
3. Profile key Northern Renaissance writers.
4. Explain how printing spread Renaissance ideas.
Key Ideas
The Northern Renaissance Begins
1. England and France are unified under strong monarchs who often sponsor the
arts.
2. Renaissance ideas spreading from Italy mingle with northern European traditions.
3. The Northern Renaissance develops distinctive features.
Artistic Ideas Spread
1. Artists studying in Italy bring Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.
2. The realism of Durer’s paintings and engravings inspire other German artists.
3. Flanders becomes the artistic center of northern Europe.
4. Flemish painters Van Eyck and Bruegel focus on realistic details.
Northern Writers Try to Reform Society
1. Renaissance ideas influence northern European writers and philosophers.
2. Christian humanist writers express their social and religious concerns.
3. William Shakespeare’s brilliant plays dramatize human nature.
4. The Renaissance in England is also called the Elizabethan Age, after Queen
Elizabeth I.
Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas
1. Gutenberg invents the printing press and then prints a complete Bible.
2. Faster bookmaking advances learning and increases literacy.
3. More people read and interpret the Bible for themselves.
Sections 3: Luther Starts the Reformation
Objectives
1. Analyze historical forces and religious issues that sparked the Reformation.
2. Trace Martin Luther’s role in the religious movement to reform the Catholic
Church.
3. Analyze the impact of Luther’s religious revolt.
4. Explain the spread of the Protestant faith to England during King Henry VIII’s
reign.
Key Ideas
Causes of the Reformation
1. The spread of Renaissance ideas and claims of corruption among the clergy
undermine the Catholic Church’s authority.
2. In the 1300 and 1400’s, John Wycliffe and John Huss criticize church practices.
3. In the late 1400’s, Savonarola calls for church reform.
Luther Challenges the Church
1. Martin Luther, a German monk. Protests the sale of indulgences.
2. In 1517, Luther begins the Reformation when he posts the 95 Theses attacking
the sale of indulgences on a church door in Wittenberg.
3. Luther teaches his views on the path to salvation and the interpretation of the
Bible.
The Response to Luther
1. The pope excommunicates Luther.
2. The Holy Roman emperor declares Luther a heretic and an outlaw.
3. German peasants revolt in 1524.
4. The Holy Roman emperor wages war against the Protestant German Princes.
England Becomes Protestant
1. The pope refuses to annul Henry VIII’s marriage.
2. Henry resolves the marriage problem by asking Parliament to end the pope’s
power in England.
3. Parliament passes an act making the English king the head of the Church of
England.
4. Clashes over religious reform heighten when Henry’s heirs take the throne.
5. Henry’s daughter Elizabeth I returns England to Protestantism during her reign.
Section 4: The Reform Continues
Objectives
1. Explain John Calvin’s Protestant teachings and their spread throughout northern
and western Europe.
2. Describe the beliefs of other reformers and the role of women in the Reformation.
3. Trace the reforms within the Catholic Church.
Key Ideas
Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church
1. John Calvin creates a system of Protestant theology.
2. Calvin runs the city of Geneva a theocracy.
3. Scottish, Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt a Calvinist form of church
organization.
Other Reformers
1. New Protestant groups form over differences in beliefs.
2. Anabaptists believe that only adults should be baptized.
3. Women play key roles in the early Reformation.
The Catholic Reformation
1. The Church launches reforms to strengthen and spread the Catholic religion.
2. Ignatius of Loyola forms a Catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus, or
the Jesuits.
3. Two popes in the 1500’s initiate reforms in the Catholic Church.
4. A great council of church leaders meets in Trent to improve church governments
and clarify beliefs.
5. The Reformation leaves an enduring legacy.