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PART II: ISLAM AND CIVILIZATION
LESSON 10
ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
1.0 Introduction
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
There were many civilizations throughout human life in this world. Nobody can deny the huge
contributions of the civilization in the past including Islamic civilization to the world especially in
the fields of knowledge and human rights. In fact, the Islamic civilization was more universal and
balance as compared to other civilizations that existed. The impact of Islamic civilization still can
be seen at many places around the world today. By the way, what is Islamic civilization, its
sources, characteristics, uniqueness and its contribution to the world and human civilization? All
these questions will be addressed in this lesson.
2.0 Learning Outcomes
By the end of lesson, the students should able to:
2.1 Explain the meaning of civilization and Islamic civilization
2.2 Discuss sources of Islamic civilization
2.3 Identify and discuss the characteristics of Islamic civilization
2.4 Explain the differences between Islamic and secular/western civilization
2.5 Explain the greatness of Islamic civilization
2.6 Discuss the contributions of Islamic civilization to the world
3.0 List of Topics
3.1 The Meaning of Meaning of Civilization and Concept of Islamic Civilization
3.2 The Sources of Islamic Civilization
3.3 The Characteristics of Islamic Civilization
3.4 The Differences Between Islamic and Secular/Western Civilization
3.5 The Greatness of Islamic Civilization
3.6 The Contributions of Islamic Civilization to the World
4.0 Terminologies
4.1 Devine revelation
Wahy (‫ )وحي‬from Allah SWT to Prophet Muhammad SAW
4.2 ‘Umran
Features and the development of a society
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4.3 Hadarah
Permanent life in a place as an opposite to moving from one place to another
(badwi).
4.4 Metallurgy
The science that deals with procedures used in extracting metals from their ores,
purifying and alloying metals, and creating useful objects from metals
5.0 Topics
5.1 The Meaning of Meaning of Civilization and Concept of Islamic Civilization
5.1.1
Presentation
Civilization is a word used to describe a state of achievement in human history. The word
civilization is derived for the Latin
word ‘civis’ and ‘civitas’. ‘Civis’ mean ‘citizen’ or
‘townsman’ while ‘civitas’ means ‘town’ or ‘city’. There are various definitions of the word
civilization. In general, ‘civilization’ means an advanced state of moral, intellectual, and
technological development (e.g., with complex legal, political, religious, and cultural
organizations. A contemporary Muslim scholar, Dr. Yusof al-Qaradhawi defines
civilization as a series of highly developed, materialistic, scientific, literary and social
aspects of particular society or of similar society.
In Islamic civilization, the word ‘tamaddun’ is used to describe civilization. The root word
of “Tamaddun” is ‘din’ which means religion or description of religious life. Then, the word
is expanded to “madanna” that refers to the opening of city then it becomes ‘madinah’
which means city or urban dwelling-place. Normally, in the development of civilization, a
high stage of civilization is only achievable in cities (close to rivers) with many in
habitants, enough crops and goods for trade, division of labor and technology
achievement. Thus, the word tamaddun is used for civilization. Besides the word
tamaddun, there are other terms associated to civilization i.e ‘umran and hadarah.
‘Umran refers to features and the development of a society while hadarah describes the
permanent life in a place as an opposite to moving from one place to another (badwi).
All civilizations are based on religion. Every great civilization such as Ancient Egyptian,
Assyrian and Sumerian had a distinct system of Holy Scriptures, moral codes and laws. In
Islamic civilization, Islamic teachings are basis of tamaddun. Prophets are considered as
the founders of human civilization. They were chosen leaders of their communities and
introduced just laws (land ownership, tax system), established high standards of morality,
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and succeeded in uniting their communities and achieved a high level of cooperation and
loyalty between its members.
‫وعلّمهم الكتاب والحكمة‬
The prophets were taught by Allah SWT the art of writing and recording (kitabah) and
wisdom (hikmah), and thus were able to lead their societies in terms of just laws and ways
of administration (landownership, taxation, written law, courts of justice).
5.1.2
Activities
From the definition the word tamaddun, ‘umran and hadarah above, can you extract the
nature of a civilization? Discuss with your colleagues.
5.2. The Sources of Islamic Civilization
5.2.1
Presentation
The Islamic civilization was not based on Arabic civilization ao any other civilizataion that
existed before the advent of Islam as claimed by some western orientalists like Toynbee
who has accused that Islamic civilization was based on previous civilization such as
Mesopotamia and Greek. The accusation is totally wrong as the Islamic civilization has its
own sources as follow:
a) Devine revelation
This refers to al-Quran and al-Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad SAW. The
Islamic civilization a very distinguished civilization as it is guided by the
Creator and Sustainer of the universe who is All-Knowing about the needs of
His creations.
b) Thinking
Thinking is a second source in building Islamic civilization which is also a
directive and encouragement from Al-Quran and al-Sunnah. There are many
Quranic verses that command Muslims to think. Through thinking, many
things can be discovered for the formulation of civilization
c) Discovery and new invention
This source connected to the thinking in the sense of doing research,
observation, experiment, assessment, statistics, analysis, review and
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summation. Those activities that were based on Islamic teachings had led to
many new discoveries and inventions in the past civilization.
d) Modification and reformation
Islamic civilization also was enriched by external elements which were
adopted from other civilizations. The adoption of external elements is allowed
in Islam as long as those elements do not contradict with ‘aqeedah, shari’ah
and akhlaq of Islam. During the period of Abbasiyyah Empire, a large
campaign was held to translate books from other civilization such Persian
and Greece into Arabic language.
5.2.3
Activities
Find out four achievements of Muslims in the past in field of science.
5.3 The Characteristics of Islamic Civilization
5.3.1
Presentation
Do you know, by relating our discussion to Lesson 3 on “Characteristics of Islam”, you
actually can assume the characteristics of Islamic civilization. Among the characteristics
are universal, tolerance, comprehensive, unity in diversity, continuity and balance
between spiritual and material.
Universality
Islamic civilization is not confined to a certain nation or a certain place. It is a
universal civilization built by Muslims for all people in the world, regardless their race,
language, culture, or location. Islamic civilization owns its greatness to the
contributions of Persian, European, African, and Asian Muslims the like.
Manifestations of Islamic civilization can be found in all parts of the world, not only in
Arab countries, but from Europe to the east.
Tolerance
Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w.) said: “Whoever commits injustice to non-Muslims; he
will become my enemy in the hereafter.” Islam is very tolerant towards other religions
and accommodates different cultures. In the history of Islamic civilization in Cordova
of Spain, Christian and Jewish communities remained free to practice their religious
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rituals, celebrate their festivals, and practice their own law. In contrast, as soon as
Spain was re-taken by the Spanish Christians from the North, Spanish Muslims and
Jews were forced to choose either to accept Christianity or leave their country! Many
Jews left Spain and found refuge in the Maghreb (Tunisia, Morocco) under Muslim
rule. Whenever Jews in Europe and Russsia were persecuted, they would flee to
Muslim countries where they were safe and free to practice their religion and do
trade. In Muslim countries, India Buddhist temples remained open, and none of the
Indian populace was forced to become Muslim as long as they accepted Muslim rule.
Comprehensiveness
Islamic civilization addresses all aspects of human life, individually and socially.
Islamic civilization is rich in material (trade, standard of living, state and welfare
institutions, education, science), cultural (literature, arts, architecture) as well as
spiritual
achievements
(Sufism,
law,
ethics).
While
Western
civilization
accommodated Greek philosophy and science to Christian thought, and Roman law
to Christian law, Islamic civilization is so broadly defined that it can accommodate the
achievements of other civilizations and cultures without sacrificing own fundamental
and without its basic features.
Unity in Diversity
Islamic civilization is based on one religion, namely Islam, but incorporates many
different local traditions and cultures, language communities, and races as long as
those elements do not contradict the Islamic teachings. The Muslim ummah is a
world community, not a national community. A Muslim identity is not a national
identity but a spiritual, ideological and intellectual identity.
Continuity
Islamic civilization is based upon Allah’s final message to mankind (the message
of completeness of Islam) and its morals, values, and laws are unchangeable and
valid until the end of this world. Islamic civilization had its ups and downs but it was
not due to Islamic teachings. It was due to the ignorance of its teachings by Muslims.
Muslims do not practice its teachings in totality. Islamic civilization experienced its
excellence at the time of the Prophet SAW, the four caliphs, the four centuries after
that, during the Umayyad caliphate, Abbasid, Fatimid, Ayubid and ‘Uthmani
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caliphates (Damascus, Cordova, Baghdad, Cairo, and Istanbul) but today, Islamic
civilization lacks behind in material and cultural contributions.
Muslims today are lagging behind in science, in economic growth, in political
power and just governments, effective administration and innovative education. Yet
unlike other civilizations, Islamic civilization can become weak but it will not end and
die out, like other civilizations had experienced before us. It is because the sources of
Islam are never lost (the Qur’an and Sunnah) and everlasting. Islamic civilization can
be revived again in any part of the world if the Muslims practise the Islamic teachings
in its totality, unite, work together to build a just society based on Islam. Thus, the
revival of Islamic civilization is in the hand of the Muslims.
Balance between Spirituality and Materialism
Western civilization is the most dominant civilization today. Western principles of
law, finance, education, science, culture, and also Western values (justice,
individualism, freedom) rule most parts of the world. Yet, even though Western
civilization has contributed a lot to human welfare in material terms, the spiritual
aspects are totally lacking because religion has no role in it. Thus, no wonder many
Westerners today have turned to Eastern religions (Islam, Buddhism, etc) for spiritual
and moral guidance and satisfaction.
Islamic civilization on the other hand makes religion as its foundation. The
principle of godliness (existence of Allah SWT) in the realm of civilization is always
present. Islamic civilization is a balanced civilization that encompasses law, ethics,
and spirituality and can accommodate Western scientific know-how, its intellectual
culture (to a certain extent), and make it complete by adding the spiritual element
which is lacking today (the criteria of absolute truth). There is no true morality without
faith, and Islam addresses both needs of man, his material as well as his spiritual
needs.
5.3.2
Activities
a) Give three examples to show that the Western civilization is lacking of spiritual
element.
b) Give example that Islamic civilization is balance between material and spiritual.
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c) Have you ever thought why almost all mosques have minarets, at least one? As a
matter of fact, it is a manifestation of Islamic civilization. Is there any secret
meaning behind it? Check it out!
5.4 The Differences Between Islamic and Secular/Western Civilization
5.4.1
Presentation
There are differences between Islamic and Western or Secular civilization which can be
summarized as follows:
Islamic Civilization
Western Civilization
Qur’an and sunnah (for truths, Bible (until the 17th century), after
values, morals, and law)
that more and more philosophy
(human intelligence decides about
truth and good, the law)
Tawhid: Allah as the One creator, Secularism: In the 20th and 21st
Worldview
One source of life, truth, love, and century one’s belief is his private
law)
choice, everyone is free to worship
what and how he wishes (as Jew,
Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu,
or atheist, etc) but without claiming it
as absolute truth
Central values Man is given the authority over Depending on the individual’s belief
earth as a deputy of Allah (khalifah) whether he sees himself as a social
animal, a created human being, or a
All men are equal in creation and reincarnation
share the same purpose and destiny
All men share the same destiny and
Shari’ah = man is free to practice purpose of life but no one is really sure
and apply the law decreed by Allah
what it is
Secular laws = man-made laws (many
acts considered and punished as moral
crimes 50 years ago are today no
longer considered crimes, such as acts
of homosexuality or adultery)
All believers are one community of All humans are one community and
brothers (ummah), and the believers no one has the right to claim
inherit the earth
leadership and superiority based on
religion or ‘the truth’
Morality and ethics cannot be Morality is a matter of proper
separated from belief (Islam)
education and personal choice and
character, not a matter of religion
(utilitarianism, humanism, liberalism)
Sources
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5.4.2
Activities
Find more information about the differences of both civilizations from Google. You may
type “The Differences between Islamic and Western Civilization” or “Islamic and Western
Civilization”.
5.5 The Greatness of Islamic Civilization
5.5.1
Presentation
Islamic civilization had achieved its greatness in the past that benefited the world until
today especially in the field of science. The sources of its greatness can be summarized
as below:
a) Integration of knowledge in Islam
A society that is organized according to Islamic principles and in co-ordinance
with Islamic values is a complete society. There is no science and know level of
human practice and knowledge that Islam cannot accommodate. Muslim society can
pursue progress in technology, economics and finance, scientific research, etc., as
long as Islamic laws and values are not violated. There exists no separation between
science and religion. Acquired knowledge must not contradict the revelation.
Research is highly encouraged except on things that have been made certain and
undisputable by the revealed knowledge.
Unfortunately, there are Muslims today who have been influenced by the
Western philosophy of civilization. They follow the secular model that separates
science and religion. They have been imbedded by the idea that science is objective
knowledge and nothing to do with religion. Religion is personal matters which deal
with rituals only. Due to that, no wonder we have Muslims professionals who expert
in their fields but they are lacking of religious knowledge and understanding. This is
different with our past Muslim scholars who were trained in all kinds of knowledge,
revealed knowledge and acquired knowledge. They in the past, would first learn the
Qur’an and Sunnah on the primary school level, and then proceed to tafsir, sirah, fiqh
and shari’ah on secondary school level, before gaining knowledge in other empirical
sciences such as astronomy, medicine, geography, engineering, and mechanic, or
theoretical sciences such as mathematics, physics, and philosophy.
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b) Arabic language
The Arabic language is the language of the Qur’an. Every Muslim is expected to
learn Arabic in order to understand the Qur’an and able to recite the recitations in
prayers correctly and with full understanding. In Muslim history, Arabic language was
the main medium of administration, law, science, and literature. Muslim scholars –
whether in Spain, Persia or in India – published their and shared their works and
thoughts in Arabic. Jews and Christians in Spain and other European countries
learned Arabic in order to benefit from the high standards of education in the Muslim
world, just as Muslims nowadays learn English in order to benefit from European or
American know-how in science, technology, and commerce.
c) Political stability
During the centuries of great scientific, administrative, and cultural achievements,
the Muslim world was politically united and stable. They controlled the main sea ports
and trade routes from Europe to China (8th century to 12th century).
Strong
governments were able to collect enough taxes to serve their communities (no more
poverty, free education, baths, and hospitals) and make enough economic surpluses
through trade. The Muslim government invested large sums money to build libraries,
set up research facilities, and support scholars with generous allowances. As soon as
the Muslim world came into economic and political difficulties (disintegration, local
wars, rivalry), the progress in science and education in general halted and finally
came to a complete standstill in the 16th century.
d) Educational institutions
Based on the Islamic hierarchy of knowledge, Muslims started their education at
the kuttab where they learned the Qur’an (reading, memorization, and writing) and
the sunnah. On the second, the madrasah level, Muslim children learned Islamic
sciences such as tafsir, hadith, sirah, fiqh, and shari’ah. After that, Muslim scholars
had the opportunity to master the “foreign sciences” such as philosophy,
mathematics, medicine, astronomy, physics, geography, engineering, alchemy, etc.
Europe owes its modern education system to Islamic civilization. The concept of
“university” is derived from the Islamic jami’ah and kulliyah, meaning a place where
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all branches of knowledge are gathered and students gain general education. The
most popular and advanced educational institution was the Nizamiyah Madrasah in
Baghdad (named after the minister-in-chief, Nizam al-Mulk) and al-Azhar in Cairo
(originally established by the Fatimids).
The Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) was built in Baghdad during the time of
the ‘Abbasid Caliph al-Ma’mun (198AH/813CE). It was a library which contained
thousands of scrolls on the various sciences gathered from all parts of the world, and
translated into Arabic. The Bayt al-hikmah housed a number of translators and
professional scholars but was also opened to everyone who willed to study, with free
paper (sheets of paper rolled up in scrolls, paper from China, Muslims soon
dominated the production of paper, paper became cheaper and more affordable,
ready for everyone to use) and ink provided.
In Europe at that time (9th century), paper was still rare and most works were
written on animal skin, and the monasteries (men of the church were the only people
who had to know how to read and write) contained each but a few books on religion
chained to the shelves, so precious were they. Only very few people could afford
books or had access to books. The Bayt al-hikmah also served as an observatory for
astronomers equipped with the latest technical devices to study the planets and the
stars and make most accurate observations of the natural phenomena.
e) International Business and Trade
International business has a great impact on the development of civilization. By
having foreign trade, goods are not the only thing of the business but knowledge is
also an important thing brought by Muslim or non-Muslim traders. When Islamic
civilization was high it dominated trade, science, and culture from Spain in the West
to China in the East.
Muslims ruled over all major trade routes from China to Europe on water (Indian
Ocean, Red Sea, Mediterranean Ocean) and on land (Silk Road, routes from China
to Baghdad, from Baghdad to Damascus, from Damascus, Cairo and the Maghreb to
Italy) and all major Muslim cities were busting of traders, merchants, money traders,
and caravans of all colors and sizes. Europe had no choice but to buy all luxury
goods from Muslim traders (materials, paper, spices, sugar) via North Africa or
Sham, and Italy became Europe’s richest region because it could sell its goods from
Africa for high profits to its neighbors in the North.
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As soon as Spain found a way to find independent trade routes (around Africa) to
India and China, Europe was no longer dependent in Muslim trade, became a rival,
and finally defeated Muslim countries economically and politically.
f)
Translation Activities
What turned the Muslim world into the scientifically and intellectually most
advanced society was the high amount of tolerance and independent spirit among
Muslim rulers and scholars toward the “foreign sciences”. Muslims found it important
to learn other sciences than Islamic sciences as well, and started to collect and
translate Greek, Persian, and Indian works on medicine, mathematics, physics,
mechanics, and philosophy. As soon as Muslim scholars were able to master those
sciences and benefit from the knowledge gathered by other civilizations in the past,
they succeeded in making their own scientific discoveries and wrote their own works
in Arabic.
Had Muslims ignored the knowledge of nature and only concentrated on revealed
knowledge and the Islamic sciences, Islamic civilization would not have become a
great civilization. Muslim society needs experts in all fields of knowledge, in
administration, in natural science, in philosophy and thought, in technology and
research, and in literature in order to keep a fine and healthy balance between
people’s material, intellectual, and spiritual needs.
5.5.2
Activities
Find out from Google other educational institutions that were built throughout the period
of greatness of Islamic civilization in the past.
5.6 The Contributions of Islamic Civilization to the World
5.6.1
Presentation
It undeniable that Islamic civilization in past had contributed a lot to human civilization. It
had witnessed the emergence of many prominent Muslims scholars in various field of
knowledge. Among them were Al-Khawarizmi, Al-Jabir, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Al-Kindi, AlRazi. We will their contributions in brief.
Al-Khawarizmi

Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi (780-847)

Field: mathematics, astronomy, music, geography and history
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
Books:
a) Al-Mafatih al-Ulum (astronomy)
-
was translated into Latin entitled Fratti d’Arithmetica
-
was printed in 1157
b) Hisab al-Jabr wal Muqabal (mathematics)
c) Kitab Surah al-Ardh (geography)
Al-Jabir

Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan (8th Century)

Famous as chemist and known as Gaber in the West

Book:
a) Kitab al-Sab’in
b) Kitab al-Mizan (Book of Balanced Principle)
-
A discovery in the field of metallurgy
-
About theory and practice of steam, distillation and crystallization
Ibn Sina

Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdullah (980-1037)

A Persian (Iran) and was born in Bukhara

Famous in the field of medicine

Known as Avicenna in the West

Book:
a) Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb
-
Was translated into 15 languages in 15th Century
-
In English, the book is called Medicine
-
Also known as Canon of Medicine
Ibn Rushd

Abu Walid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad (1126-1198)

Known as Averrous in the West

A famous philosopher, also expert in fiqh and well-known in medicine

Book:
a) Kulliyyah fi al-Tibb (General Principle of Medicine)
-
Was translated into Latin and known as Colliget
Al-Kindi

Abu Yusuf al-Kindi (809-873)

Was an ‘ulama/scholar in many fields
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
Field
of knowledge: philosophy, mathematics, music, logics, astronomy,
astrology, physics, optics, pharmacy, medicine and mystical world

Books were in Latin:
a) De aspectibus (geometry and optical physiology)
b) De Medicinarum Compesitarum Gradibus (physiology and mathematics)
Al-Razi

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakaria al-Razi (865-925)

Known as Rhazes in the West

Field of knowledge: science, chemistry, physics, philosophy, music,
mathematics, astronomy and ethics
5.6.2

Books: al-hawi, Kitab al-Mansuri, al-Judari wal-hasbi

Contributed a lot in gynecology, obstetric and ophthalmology
Activities
Find out full names, names known in the West (if any), contribution, books, field of
knowledge of the following prominent Muslims scholars:

Science
a) Al-Biruni
b) Ibn Haitham
c) Hunayn Ibn Ishaq
d) Ahmad Ibn al-Baytar
e) Al-Jahiz
f) Abu Ishaq al-Bitruji

Engineering
a) Ibn Yunus
b) Ibn Firmas
c) Al-Khazini
6.0 Lesson Summary
From the discussion, we can see that Islamic civilization that was rooted on the divine
revelation (al-Quran and al-Sunnah) had brought abundant benefits to the mankind
especially in knowledge. Islamic civilization upheld the Islamic teachings in all aspects of
civilization. The upholding of the teachings ensures the everlasting of the civilization. The
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ups and downs of Islamic civilization were not due to the teachings of Islam but in fact, it
was due to Muslims who ignore the teachings of Islam and do not practice Islam in its
totality in their daily life. The glory of Islamic civilization during the life of mankind is well
preserved in the history of the world. These tremendous achievements were even
recognized by western historians until today. So, it can be a living example to show that
Islam is a religion that comes to build a progressive society and would serve the
goodness and betterment of the mankind.
7.0 Self Assessment
7.1 Answer either true or false.
a) Islamic civilization has never reached real greatness in real
_________
b) The Qur’an encourages Muslims to acquire knowledge
_________
c) Arabic language became a medium of instruction in Spain
_________
d) Political stability helps the advancement of science
_________
e) During the Abbasid period, the rulers did not encourage
the development of knowledge
_________
f) Muslim scholars mastered natural sciences and philosophy
_________
g) The Bayt al-hikmah functioned as the library only
_________
h) Muslim scholars did not study foreign sciences
_________
i)
The only element that determines Islamic civilization is the development of human
personality and behaviour.
j) Islamic civilization has a source which is genuinely revealed by God.
k) Islamic civilization does not consider the political aspect of life.
l)
Any development of Islamic civilization reflects the Oneness of Allah who is the
Magnificent.
Answer:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
True
True
True
True
False
True
False
False
False
True
False
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l)
True
7.2 MCQ:
1. The concept of civilization from western perspectives results from the ________
A. revealed law
B. concept of servant
C. integration of knowledge
D. belief in the absolute power of mind
Answer: D
2. One of the elements of civilization is __________
A. modern fashion and design of clothes
B. increase in the number of crimes
C. high population
D. systematic laws
Answer: D
3. The objective of Islamic civilization is to _________
A. uphold Islam as the way of life
B. ensure the safety of human beings
C. let the Muslims live in luxurious lifestyle
D. differentiate between the useful and useless citizens
Answer: A
4. Choose the correct statement.
A. Western civilization practices secularism.
B. Western civilization applies ummatic approach.
C. Revelation is the main source of western civilization.
D. Tawhid and rabbani are important elements of western civilization.
Answer: A
5. Islamic civilization is comprehensive. The statement means ___________
A. Islam is a balance religion
B. Islamic civilization covers all aspects of life
C. universality is a characteristic of Islamic civilization
D. Islamic civilization is not confined to geographical boundaries
Answer: B
6. According to Islamic perspective, any society is in the state of ‘civilization’ when
________
A. the city has good infrastructure
B. it has very systematic laws and organizations
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C. it is advanced in material, knowledge and behaviour
D. the people keep moving from one place to other place
Answer: C
7. A civilization is considered as tolerant when it __________
A. is confined to certain times only
B. uses full authority on the others
C. forces people to accept certain teaching
D. accepts and respects the different cultures
Answer: D
8. Which of these statements best describe about the difference between Islamic civilization
and Western civilization?
A. Both civilizations are based on man-made-law.
B. Both civilizations believe in the authority entrusted by God.
C. Islamic civilization is based on God-centered belief while Western civilization is more
human centered.
D. In Islamic civilization, man holds the ultimate power but western civilization believes
in the concept of Hedonism (seeking pleasure).
Answer: C
9. Islamic civilization as an everlasting civilization can be seen through the fact that
_______
A Islam practices priestly hierarchy
B Islam is not confined to certain times
C the basis of Shariah was formed parallel to time changes
D all the inventions should reflect the power of Allah s.w.t
Answer: B
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