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Name: _______________________________________________ B2 Topic 3 Date: Time: Total marks available: Total marks achieved: ______ Questions Q1. Bears A small number of fossil bones from a very large bear was found in South America in 1935. The bones were estimated to be about one million years old. Scientists used these bones to predict the shape and size of the bear. The diagram shows the bear and a person who is 165 cm tall. (a) (i) Estimate the height of the bear. (2) answer = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm (ii) Which process occurs in animal cells that results in growth? (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Explain why scientists can only make predictions about the size and shape of animals when working from fossil evidence. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. * (c) Some species of bears eat leaves. Describe how the structure of a leaf is adapted for photosynthesis. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q2. Cells There are many different types of cell in the human body. (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. An embryonic stem cell can (1) A differentiate into any type of cell B differentiate into only one type of cell C only be obtained from embryos D only produce haploid cells (b) Describe how the structure of a red blood cell is related to its function. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Describe the function of platelets. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Mitosis and meiosis are types of cell division. Compare these two types of cell division. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q3. * Describe how the circulatory system transports substances around the body. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q4. Enzymes and digestion (a) (i) The diagram shows an enzyme and four substrates. Draw one straight line from the enzyme to its correct substrate. (1) (ii) The diagram models one way enzymes are thought to work with their substrates. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. This model represents the hypothesis known as (1) A B C D base pairing DNA replication lock and key protein synthesis (b) Some babies have difficulty absorbing nutrients from their food. Protease enzymes can be added to baby food during its manufacture. (i) Explain why protease enzymes are added to baby food. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A baby food is manufactured at 35 °C. Higher temperatures affect the protease enzymes in baby food. Explain how enzymes are affected by temperatures above 40 °C. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. *(c) Describe the action of carbohydrase and lipase enzymes in different parts of the digestive system. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (Total for question = 12 marks) Q5. * The diagram shows some limbs of modern-day animals. Explain how the study of the limbs of different species of vertebrates provides evidence for evolution. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q6. Visking tubing is made of a plastic material through which small molecules can pass. The diagram shows how the equipment for an investigation using visking tubing was set up. In this investigation, the concentration of glucose in the distilled water was measured at the start and then every five minutes. The results are shown in the table. (i) Describe the results of this investigation. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain the results of this investigation (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(iii) The diagram shows how visking tubing can be used to model the small intestine. This model does not fully represent the structure and functions of the small intestine. Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this model. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q7. (a) The diagram shows two vessels found in the stems of plants. (i) Name the vessel that transports water and mineral ions through the plant. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Energy is needed to transport sugars through the plant. Which cell component supplies energy that can be used for the transport of sugars through the plant? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A cell wall B mitochondria C nucleus D vacuole (b) The table shows how the percentage of a person's blood that goes to each body part changes when they exercise. (i) Suggest why the percentage of blood going to each of the body parts changes when a person exercises. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Muscle cells can carry out anaerobic respiration during exercise. State a disadvantage of anaerobic respiration. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(c) Describe how the circulatory system transports substances around the body. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 12 marks) Mark Scheme Q1. Answer Acceptable answers (165) × 2 (1) 330 (cm) (1) a range from 1.8 to 2.2 Accept a height value between 297 – 363 (cm) with no working shown (2) Mark (a)(i) (2) (a)(ii) (b) mitosis/cell division/cell differentiation An explanation linking any three of the following points many fossils found are only part of an animal or plant (1) soft tissue has decayed(1) fossils are often broken (into pieces)(1) many fossils are yet to be found / fossil record incomplete (1) fossils do not (1) (3) always form (1) QWC Level 1 * (c) 0 1-2 Indicative Content Mark An description including some of the following points leaves have a large surface area contain (many) chloroplasts/chloroph yll for maximum absorption of light waxy cuticle to reduce water loss stomata/pores gas exchange/to take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen guard cells that control size of stoma xylem vessels throughout the leaf deliver water and (6) mineral ions No rewardable content a limited description of the structure of a leaf that gives either one adaptation or one function not linked e.g. large surface area or takes in carbon dioxide the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description of how leaf is adapted for photosynthesis that gives one structure linked to its function in photosynthesis/or two or more adaptations/structures not linked the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed description of how leaf is adapted for photosynthesis with two or more structures related to functions of photosynthesis e.g. the role of stomata in gas exchange and the presence of xylem/vessels that deliver water the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q2. Answer (a) (b) (c) QWC Acceptable answers A differentiate into any type of cell Any two structures from the list with at least one matched adaptation: Structures (maximum of 2) biconcave shape (1) no nucleus (1) thin membrane (1) flexible / small (1) contains haemoglobin (1)(matched) adaptation (maximum of 2) large surface area / increase oxygen uptake (1) to increase amount of haemoglobin / oxygen-carrying capacity (1) so short distance for diffusion (1) to get through capillaries (1) to bind oxygen (1) A description including two of the following points clotting / to seal a wound / scab formed (1) stop bleeding (1) prevent infection / entry of microbes (1) fibrin (1) * (d) Mark (1) (3) (2) Indicative Content A comparison between mitosis and meiosis including Mitosis (genetically) identical cells Mark (6) Level 1 0 1-2 produced two daughter cells one division diploid daughter cells identical set of chromosomes occurs in the formation of body cells for growth and repair (of body tissues)Meiosis (genetically) non-identical cells four daughter cells 2 divisions haploid daughter cells half the number of chromosomes occurs in the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction results in genetic variation No rewardable content a limited description including two points on either meiosis or mitosis there maybe confusion between the two but this does not negate the level the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple description including one comparison of meiosis and mitosis or a detailed description of either mitosis or meiosis the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed comparison of both meiosis and mitosis – at least two correct comparisons made the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q3. Indicative Content QWC Level 1 * 0 1-2 Mark A description including some of the following points in a logical sequence heart / ventricle pumps blood through blood vessels/arteries/vein s/capillaries to lungs and to the rest of the body arteries/named arteries transport blood away from heart veins / named veins transport blood to the heart valves prevent backflow capillaries exchange materials/named material with tissues/cells red blood cells carry oxygen plasma transports nutrients/waste/horm (6) ones No rewardable content A limited description of one structure OR one function of the circulatory system e.g. the heart pumps blood or the blood carries oxygen the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of two structures and their functions of the circulatory system e.g. arteries carry blood away from the heart and red blood cells transport oxygen. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of at least three structures and their functions of the circulatory system which MUST include relevant information on red blood cells OR plasma OR the exchange of material at capillaries. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q4. Q5. Q6. Answer (i) (ii) QWC A description including the following points: increase in concentration of glucose / glucose diffused into water/eq (1) levels off after 20 mins / at 0.79 g/cm3(1) An explanation including three of the following points: starch broken down into glucose (1) by enzymes / amylase / carbohydrase (1) glucose passes through visking tubing / eq (1) by diffusion (1) down the (glucose) concentration gradient (1) (net) diffusion stops when all starch is broken down / concentration of glucose is equal inside and outside the tubing *(iii) Acceptable answers Mark small increase, followed by greater increase / eq (2) reject: references to osmosis or active transport accept: from area of high concentration to area of low concentration (3) Indicative Content Mark An evaluation including some of the following points: Strengths thin membrane permeable membrane presence of amylase presence of (large) starch molecules digestion into glucose glucose diffuses out concentration (6) Level 1 0 1-2 gradient water represents the blood weaknesses membrane not one cell thick not a large surface area shorter length / not same size no villi /micro villi only carbohydrate digestion no other enzymes present no peristalsis no blood movement other factors e.g. pH No rewardable content a limited evaluation of the model including at least one strength OR weakness of the model the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 a simple evaluation of the model showing evidence of at least one strength AND at least one weakness of the model OR a detailed evaluation of several strengths or several weaknesses of the model the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 a detailed evaluation, commenting on several of the strengths AND weaknesses of the model and its limitations the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors Q7. Answer (a)(i) (a)(ii) (b)(i) (b)(ii) QWC Xylem (vessel) B mitochondria An suggestion including three of the following points: (greater blood flow) muscles work harder / need more energy(1) to provide oxygen /glucose (1) for (aerobic) respiration (1) to remove CO2 (1) less blood flow to brain / liver (1) Any one from provides less energy build up of lactic acid causes cramp / muscle fatigue *(c) Acceptable answers Accept phonetic spelling Mark (1) (1) accept reference to reducing build up of lactic acid / reduce rate of anaerobic respiration / reduce oxygen debt / EPOC (1) (3) accept muscles ache / tire quickly (1) Indicative Content Mark A description including some of the following points in a logical sequence heart / ventricle pumps blood through blood vessels/arteries/vein s/capillaries to lungs and to the rest of the body arteries/named arteries transport blood away from heart veins / named veins transport blood to the heart valves prevent backflow capillaries exchange materials/named material with tissues/cells (6) Level 1 0 1-2 red blood cells carry oxygen plasma transports nutrients/waste/horm ones No rewardable content A limited description of one structure OR one function of the circulatory system e.g. the heart pumps blood or the blood carries oxygen the answer communicates ideas using simple language and uses limited scientific terminology spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with limited accuracy 2 3-4 A simple description of two structures and their functions of the circulatory system e.g. arteries carry blood away from the heart and red blood cells transport oxygen. the answer communicates ideas showing some evidence of clarity and organisation and uses scientific terminology appropriately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with some accuracy 3 5-6 A detailed description of at least three structures and their functions of the circulatory system which MUST include relevant information on red blood cells OR plasma OR the exchange of material at capillaries. the answer communicates ideas clearly and coherently uses a range of scientific terminology accurately spelling, punctuation and grammar are used with few errors