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Chapter 5 section 1 reg The Land and People of Italy Has large fertile land for farming The Impact of Geography Their farming allowed for them to support a large population, Rome was far enough inland to protect from invasion and was built on hills to also help in protection, Governing the Mediterranean was easy as Italy was located in the middle People of Italy Greeks had huge influence on Rome, they adopted the Greek alphabet/ culture/ art- sculpture/ architecture/ literature The Roman Republic The Romans overthrew the Etruscan kings and established a republic- form of government in which the leader is not a king & certain citizens have the right to vote War & Conquest For two hundred years the city was in continuous warfare, eventually they conquered all of Italy, they made conquered people their allies requiring them to be loyal & provide soldiers Why Rome was Successful They were good diplomats & firm, Excelled in military matters, built their government to respond to problems not prevent them The Roman Government Early Rome had two social classes Patricians & Plebeians, all men could vote, two consuls ran the government & army, the Roman senate was a group of 300 elected officials only patricians, the Centuriate Assembly elected officials & passed laws The Struggle of the Orders Patricians were forbidden from marrying Plebeians, the council of the Plebs was created to calm the Plebeians Roman Law Twelve Tables was a system of law that was eventually expanded to control the laws of the land, innocent until proven guilty is an example of one of their laws Rome Conquers the Mediterranean Rome went to war with Carthage because they were emerging as a major power, eventually they defeated them and took all of their territory Chapter 5 section 2 part 1 Growing Inequality & Unrest By the second century BC the senate controlled Rome & the senate was being controlled by the wealthy, with this power wealthy land owners started forcing small farmers into bankruptcy and consuming all of the land, to fix this problem two aristocrats Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus tried to implement land reform that would redistribute the land but they were killed A new role for the army A roman general Marius began recruiting the landless poor with land, this made his soldiers loyal to him instead of loyal to Rome, Sulla was given control of the army and this angered the Plebs they wanted Marius, This led to a civil war that Sulla won and he ruled Rome with a reign of terror to ensure the senate would regain power in 82 BC Collapse of the Republic For 50 years (82-31bc) Rome was at civil war with Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar emerging as victors First Triumvirate A triumvirate is a form of government with three leaders with equal power, Pompey in Spain & Crassus in Syria & Caesar in Gaul, in 53 BC Crassus was killed in battle so the senate tried to elect Pompey but Caesar refused to give up power, Caesar went to war against Pompey & gained control of Rome becoming dictator in 45BC, Caesar gave land to the poor/ increased the senate to 900/ planned many building projects/ planned military adventures but he was assassinated by a group of leading senators Second Triumvirate Three men emerged after Caesar’s death Octavian- Caesar’s heir & Antony- Caesar’s ally/ assistant & Lepidus- a commander of Caesar’s, Lepidus was forgotten shortly, Octavian was given control of the west and Antony the east, both men wanted to be in control by themselves, Octavian won control of Rome even though Antony allied himself with Cleopatra, in 31 bc at 32 years old Octavian became the leader Chapter 5 section 2 part 2 reg Age of Augustus Augustus gave some power to the Senate as he knew they would not allow him to be a supreme dictator but kept control of the army, Augustus kept a standing army of 289000 men but learned that Roman power was not unlimited Emperors of the Early Empire Augustus’s new political system allowed the emperor to select his successor from his family, The four emperors following Augustus were from his family Tiberius/ Caligula/ Claudius/ Nero and they began to take power back from the senate making them more corrupt, this reign of corruption ended with Nero stabbing himself in the neck, the next five emperors Nerva/ Trajan/ Adrian/ Antonius Pius/ Marcus Auerilius created the Pax Romana- ‘Roman Peace’, the first four men adopted capable leaders as their sons to control the succession problem, emperors during this time also took powers away from the senate by appointing men to run parts of the government, Trajan provided state funds to help poor parents, Trajan & Hadrian built aqueducts/ bridges/ roads/ harbor facilities in the Roman provinces Extent of the Empire Hadrian realized the empire was too large to be governed so he withdrew forces from Mesopotamia to strengthen the Rhine & Danube river area, Also built a wall for protection in Britain, Latin was the language of Western Rome with Greek the language of Eastern Rome Economic & Social conditions The early empire saw a lot of trade due to the peace, China brought Silk/ Egypt brought grain/ Luxury items were brought for the rich, farming remained the chief occupation of most people & was the main reason for Roman prosperity, farming was mostly done by slave labor, the gap between rich and poor was very large, the emperor had to give out grain for many people to survive Chapter 5 section 3 reg Roman Art & Architecture Romans began to copy Greek sculpture because they liked it & originals were running low, the Romans were the first people to use concrete on a massive scale, Romans also were big in constructing roads/ bridges/ aqueducts Roman Literature Virgil was the most distinguished poet in Rome writing the Aeneid which portrays an ideal Roman, Horace wrote to point out the problems of Rome Roman Family The Roman family was run by a male, teachers were usually Greek as Romans had to learn Greek and Latin to prosper in the empire, Initially Roman women had few rights like in Greece, Marriages were prearranged, by 100AD women in Rome began to gain rights like own/ sell/ inherit property Slavery Romans relied on slave labor, captured people were the main source of slavery. Greek slaves were high in demand as they could be tutors/ musicians/ doctors/ artist/ shop assistants/ craftspeople, slaves had bad conditions and would sometimes kill their owners, the most famous slave revolt was lead by Spartacus a gladiator, 70000 slaves revolted and they were eventually killed or captured 6000 of them being executed on a cross Daily Life Rome had a population of 1 million by the time of Augustus, poor roman families were forced to live in one room apartment due to high rent, the Roman government had to feed 200000 people, the emperor also provided public spectacles as a part of religious festivals like circus maximus/ drama/ gladiatorial shows Chapter 5 section 4 reg Background Augustus brought back traditional festivals & ceremonies to revive the Roman state, Romans believed they had to earn the favor of the gods to be successful, Romans were also very accepting of other religions Jewish Background Jews were given great independence by the Roman empire but as a group of people they could not figure out what type of relationship they wanted to have with the Romans and they eventually revolted and were destroyed Rise of Christianity Jesus believed it was his job to complete the salvation God had promised, Jesus voiced the ethical concepts- humility, charity, & love towards others- that would later shape the values of Western civilization, as Jesus began to gain fame he was executed by the Romans & Jewish leaders fearing he might lead another revolt Spread of Christianity After his death Jesus’ disciples spread his word throughout the Roman empire Roman Persecution Christians were given the religious freedom of other religions, they began to attack GrecoRoman beliefs in the open and they were outlawed and executed Triumph of Christianity Persecution only made Christianity stronger & larger, Christianity was successful because it (1) gave meaning to life (2) familiar (3) allowed people to belong, it really appealed to the poor as it gave them some form of hope in the grim world they were living in, in 313 AD Constantine officially accepted Christianity & under Theodosius Christianity became the official religion of Rome Chapter 5 section 5 reg The Decline After the last of the five good emperors-Marcus Aurelius- Rome fell into conflict and confusion, Rome fell into control of military leaders who only cared about giving the army money, a lot of invasions occurred during this time as well Economic & Military Problems Due to the violence & plague trade began to decline, army enlistment declined as well due to economic restraints forcing Romans to hire German Soldiers but the Germans were not loyal or intelligent Diocletian & Constantine Diocletian understanding the empire had gotten too large divided it into 4 regions with a ruler for each, Both emperors put a focus on the army & civil service& this drained the countries money, the economic & social policies of these rulers could not solve the problems of Rome, Constantine moves the Capital of Rome to Constantinople The Fall After Constantine the empire remained east & west, the western empire was eventually conquered due to a group of Germanic invasions by the Huns/ Visigoths/ Vandals in 476 the Western Roman Empire fell, the Eastern empire continued to thrive Possible Reasons for Decline (1) Christianity’s emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened Roman military virtues (2) Roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominence (3) lead poisoning through the water pipes caused mental decline (4) plague killed 10% of population (5) lack of advancement in technology due to slavery (6) lack of workable political system