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Chapter 38
How Do Animals Move Blood Through Their
Bodies?
THEMES AND OBJECTIVES
The following is a list of the main themes covered in this chapter and some study objectives. As
you study, focus on these areas. Understand how the information you study fits into these themes
and how these themes relate to each other. Be sure you master each objective before moving on.
1. Blood, extracellular fluid, and lymph are all related and are essential for life in large animals.
 Thoroughly discuss the relationships between these three fluids, their locations, their
compositions, and how materials move from one to another.
 Explain the roles these fluids play in maintaining both homeostasis and life itself.
2. Animals may have open or closed circulatory systems.
 Explain the structure and function of open and closed circulatory systems.
 Discuss advantages and disadvantages or limitations of each type of system.
3. Birds, mammals, and crocodiles have two-sided, four-chambered hearts with two separate
circulatory routes.
 Describe the structures of the four-chambered heart.
 Differentiate between the pulmonary and systemic circulation paths.
 Trace the path of blood through both circulatory paths.
 Discuss specializations and advantages of this heart design.
 Describe the structure and function of the various blood vessels, including how
capillaries allow exchange of materials with the extracellular fluid.
4. The lymphatic system returns extracellular fluid and protects the body from infection.
 Discuss the organization of the lymphatic system and its two roles.
5. The beating of the heart involves alternating and synchronized contraction and relaxation of
the heart chambers, which pushes the blood through the vessels.
 Explain the events involved in a complete heartbeat and how heart sounds are correlated.
 Describe specializations of cardiac muscle that distinguish it from skeletal muscle.
 Discuss the various controls of cardiac contraction and cardiac output. Include the
cardiac conduction system, neural controls, and hormonal controls.