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Notes from The Americans Chapter 4: The Union in Peril Section 4: Reconstruction and its effects and Thematic Review California Academic Standards: 11.1.4 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation and its attempts to realize the philosophy of government described in the Declaration of Independence. .4 Examine the effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction and of the industrial revolution, including demographic shifts and the emergence in the late nineteenth century of the United States as a world power. Objectives: Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to: 1. Explain the differing ideas Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress had about Reconstruction 2. Summarize economic conditions in the postwar south 3. Describe the obstacles African Americans faced 4. Identify reasons for the collapse of congressional Reconstruction The Politics of Reconstruction Reconstruction- period of time after the Civil War in which the U.S. began to rebuild 1865-1877. o Term used to describe process federal gov’t used to readmit defeated confederate states to the union. Congress, Presidents Lincoln and Johnson all held differing views on how Reconstruction should be handled. Lincoln Favored leniency o 10% Plan Gov’t pardon all confederates (except criminals & high ranking officials) who swore allegiance to the Union. Once 10% of those who voted in 1860 took this oath, the state could form a new gov’t w/senators and reps. 4 states moved toward readmission this way. Radical Republicans angered by Lincoln’s 10% plan. o Wanted to destroy all political power of former slaveholders and wanted African Americans to be given full citizenship and the right to vote. Assassinated before he could fully implement his plan. Plans for Reconstruction Johnson Differed just slightly from Lincoln’s. o Tried to break the planters’ power by excluding highranking Confederates and wealthy southern landowners from taking the oath needed for voting privileges. o Pardoned 13,000 former Confederates because “white men needed to manage the south.” 7 remaining states agreed to Johnson’s plan Republicans see weaknesses in Johnson’s plan. Vetoed Civil Rights Act of 1866 that would give full citizenship to blacks and prohibit discrimination based on race. Congress Republicans angered by Johnson’s actions tried to shift Reconstruction power from the executive branch to the legislative branch. Passed 14th amendment overriding Johnson’s veto of the CRA of 1866 and the Freedmen’s Bureau Act. 14th Am.- Prevented states from denying rights and privileges to any U.S. Citizen. Refused to recognize state gov’ts readmitted by Lincoln & Johnson. Forced ex-Confederate states to allow African-American men to vote & to ratify 14th Am. to be readmitted to the Union. Johnson impeached on a technicality because republicans hated him. o Senate did not convict so he remained in office. The 15th Am. passed; no person can be kept from voting because of “race, color, or previous servitude.” Reconstructing Society A devastated economy, dropped property values, and a drastically reduced population make rebuilding the South difficult. Southern Republicans-scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African Americans- have very different goals, especially regarding civil rights equality, leading to a lack of unity in the republican party. o Scalawags- White Southerners that joined Republican Party. Generally small farmers who wanted to improve their economic position and keep former wealthy planters to regain power. o Carpetbaggers- Northerners who moved to the south after the war because of low cost. Former slaves test new freedoms, form churches, schools, and take an active role in politics. Freed slaves want their own land o Promised 40 acres and a mule by General Sherman o Republicans do not want to take land Economic necessity forces many former slaves and poor whites to become sharecroppers The Collapse of Reconstruction The Ku Klux Klan terrorizes African Americans o Killed 20,000 men, women, and children. o Congress passed Enforcement Acts to help stop KKK violence. Supreme Court decisions undermine the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments Democrats regain control of the South Reconstruction ends without much real progress against discrimination. State Seceded from Union Joined Confederacy Readmitted into Union Democratic Party Establishes Control South Carolina December 20, 1860 February 4, 1861 July 9, 1868 April 11, 1877 Mississippi January 9, 1861 February 4, 1861 February 23, 1870 January 4, 1876 Florida January 10, 1861 February 4, 1861 June 25, 1868 January 2, 1877 Alabama January 11, 1861 February 4, 1861 July 14, 1868 November 16, 1874 Georgia January 19, 1861 February 4, 1861 July 15, 1870 November 1, 1871 Louisiana January 26, 1861 February 4, 1861 June 25 or July 9, 1868 January 2, 1877 Texas February 1, 1861 March 2, 1861 March 30, 1870 January 14, 1873 Virginia April 17, 1861 May 7, 1861 January 26, 1870 October 5, 1869 Arkansas May 6, 1861 May 18, 1861 June 22, 1868 November 10, 1874 North Carolina May 21, 1861 May 16, 1861 July 4, 1868 November 28, 1876 Tennessee June 8, 1861 May 16, 1861 July 24, 1866 October 4, 1869