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Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion
In this chapter the problem of becoming a pro slavery or an anti slavery nation
erupts in many conflicts and ultimately leads to disunity. The South and North
collide for what they think is right.
 From 1856-1860 a civil war occurred in Kansas between the two pro slavery
and anti slavery factions
 In 1857 the Dred Scott decision was made and because he was not a citizen
but a slave he could not sue for his freedom.
 In 1858 the debates between Lincoln and Douglass took place for president
 In 1860 Lincoln wins a four way race for presidency which causes South
Carolina to secede from the union.
 In 1861 the 7 seceding states formed the Confederate states of America.
Chapter 20: Grinding for War: The North
and the South
As Abraham Took his presidential oath on March 4, 1861 he took office just as the
United States had separated. Before the nation was restored, and the slaves were
freed, the American people would endure four years of anguish bloodshed.
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The South Carolinians fired upon fort sumter on April 21, 1861.
The five civilized tribes sided with the Confederacy
The Trent affair occurred in late 1861
The North increased tariffs and excise taxes to financially support the war.
It also created the first income tax.
 With the blockade of the North and South, King Cotton had been severely
collapsed
Chapter 21: The Furnace of Civil War
Lincoln built an army and envisions as he thought they would lead to victory and
the states would return to the Union. Although they suffered much during the
war, Lee ends up surrendering.
 On July 21, 1861, the Union and Confederate battled. The Confederates
won as "Stonewall" Jackson held his line of Confederate soldiers until
reinforcements arrived.
 On March 9, 1862, the Union ironclad, the Monitor, and the Confederate
Merrimack met and fought to a standstill.
 The Confiscation Act of 1862 punished "traitors" by declaring their slave’s
property of war that will be free.
 The Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War, formed in late
1861.
 On April 9, 1865, Lee was forced to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia
(a significant portion of the Confederate army) and ended the civil war
 On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot and killed. Andrew Johnson
took over as President.
Chapter 22: The Ordeal Reconstruction
Now that the civil war was over, reconstruction on the south was needed. But
how were they supposed to be rebuilt, how would they be reintegrated into the
union, and who would ultimately direct this process?
 All confederate leaders was pardoned in 1868
 In 1863, Lincoln announces his 10 % reconstruction plan. Where a union
can be reintegrated if 10% voters take an oath.
 Lincoln refuses to sign the Wade-Davis bill
 Johnson issues his own reconstruction plan which called for special state
conventions
 Black codes were passed which made black work on crops due to
sharecropping
 Feminists were angered that the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments gave
rights to black males, but not to women.
 In 1877 reconstruction ended.
Chapter 23: Political Paralysis in the
Gilded Age
The Immigrant tide surged once again; the US was now the third largest nation in
the western world. But the civic health of the US did not pace with its growth.
Americans were in disillusionment, they had done so much for the union and
Lincoln promising a new birth of freedom. Instead they got corruption and
political stalemate cause by Ulysses S. Grant.
 In 1868 the republicans nominated grant and the democrats nominated
Seymour for president but Grant won.
 James Fisk and jay Gould drastically raised the price of gold causing treasury
to be sold from its reserves
 Grant beats Greeley in the election of 1872
 Because of the huge expansion too many people made took loans which
they could not pay and cause the panic of 1873
 The Civil Rights Act of 1875 supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations
in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. The
Supreme Court ended up ruling most of the Act unconstitutional, declaring
that the 14th Amendment only prohibited government violations of civil
rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals.
 In 1882 the Chinese Exclusion act was passed.
 In 1884 Cleveland beats Blaine for presidency
 In 1888 Harrison beasts Cleveland for presidency
 The panic of 1893 was the worst economic downturn for the United States
during the 19th Century. It was caused by overbuilding and overspeculation, labor disorders, and the ongoing agricultural depression.
Chapter 24: Industry Comes of Age
With the 19th century coming to an end, the top of the top men ached for
economic gain not for politics. This resulted in huge economic gain. The wealthy
became even wealthier and the poorer classes became more dependent.
 Due to expansion congress authorized transcontinental railroads
 In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act. It prohibited
rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly,
forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more
for a short trip than for a long one over the same line
 In 1876 Bell invented the telephone
 In 1879 Thomas Edison creates the light bulb
 Andrew Carnegie was producing ¼ of the nations steel and Morgan bought
him out for 400 million
 John D. Rockefeller organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870,
attempting to eliminate the middlemen and knock out his competitors. By
1877, he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the nation. Rockefeller
grew to such a great power by eliminating his competitors.
 Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 was ineffective due to
loopholes
 The American Federation of Labor was founded in 1886 and was led by
Samuel Gompers.
Chapter 25: America Moves to the City
With the population booming a revolution in American agriculture and
industrialization began.
 Louis Sullivan contributed to the development in skyscrapers
 Trash became a problem in cities
 Antiforeignism, or nativism, arose in the 1880s with intensity.
 Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining enormous strength from
the New Immigration.
 The Library of Congress was founded in 1897 from the donations of Andrew
Carnegie
 The invention of the Linotype in 1885 increased the production of texts
 In 1890, the National American Woman Suffrage Association was founded.
 Ida B. Wells helped to launch the black women's club movement, which led
to the establishment of the National Association of Colored Women in
1896.
 The Anti-Saloon League was sweeping new states into prohibiting alcohol,
and in 1919, the national prohibition amendment (18th) was passed.
 The phonograph, invented by Thomas Edison, enabled the reproduction of
music by mechanical means.
 Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith.
Chapter 26: The Great West and the
Agricultural Revolution
With the Great West being found, Pioneers transformed this huge land so rapidly.
 After the Civil War, over 15 million bison grazed the western plains. By
1885, fewer than 1000 were left after the bison had been slaughtered for
their tongues, hides, or for amusement.
 The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian
policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.
 In 1858 Gold and silver were found in the Rockies
 The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed a settler to acquire as much as 160
acres of land by living on it for 5 years, improving it, and paying a nominal
fee of about $30
 On April 22, 1889, the district was opened to the public and thousands
came. In 1907, Oklahoma was admitted as the "Sooner State."
 McKinley defeats Bryan for presidency
 Census Bureau declares for frontier line ended
 The Gold Standard Act of 1900 provided that paper currency be redeemed
freely in gold.
 The Dingley Tariff Bill, passed in 1897, proposed new high tariff rates to
generate enough revenue to cover the annual Treasury deficits.
Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion
America was now becoming its own empire going into interest with international
affairs.
 In 1820 the first New England missionaries reach Hawaii
 On August 13, 1898, American troops captured Manila.
 Admiral Cervera's fleet was entirely destroyed on July 3, 1898 and shortly
thereafter Santiago surrendered. General Nelson A. Miles met little
resistance when he took over Puerto Rico.
 Although the Spanish-American War only lasted 113 days, American
prestige as a world power increased.
 The victory in the Philippines prompted the idea that Hawaii was needed as
a supply base for Dewey in the Philippines. Therefore, Congress passed a
joint resolution of Congress to annex Hawaii on July 7, 1898.
 America paid 20 million to Spain for the Philippines