Download Recognize and apply the definition of diffusion

AHSGE STUDY PACKET SCIENCE
2008 NEW EXAM-BIOLOGY 90 QUESTIONS
1. Select appropriate laboratory glassware, balances, time measuring equipment and
optical instruments to conduct an experiment – 6 questions
Select appropriate glassware for conducting experiments including a graduated
cylinder, a beaker, a flask, a test tube, a microscope slide, a pipette, and a Petri dish:
Graduated Cylinder
Beaker
Erlenmeyer
Flask
Test Tubes
Test Tube Rack
Microscope
Slide
Petri Dish
Cover Slip
Pipette
Select appropriate measuring equipment for conducting experiments including a
balance and a stopwatch.
Select appropriate optical instruments for conducting experiments including a
compound microscope, electron microscope and a magnifying glass.
 Electron microscopes have much greater resolving power than compound
microscopes and can obtain higher magnifications
 The compound microscope (light microscope) is a type of microscope that uses
visible light in a system of lenses to magnify images of small sample
 A magnifying glass (hand lens) is a convex lens used to produce magnified
images on an object
Identify the steps to the Scientific Method
 .Make an observation, Ask a question, Form a hypothesis, Experiment, Collect
Data, Draw a Conclusion, Make a Prediction (apply to similar situations)
Lab Safety Symbols
Sharp Object Safety
Eye Safety
Clothing Protection Safety
Chemical Safety
Fire Safety/Flammable
Lab Safety Procedures
 Read the labels carefully before removing anything from a bottle.
 Place solid waste in a metal wastebasket rather than in the sink
 When heating a test tube, point it away from yourself and others
 Always wear your safety goggles and lab apron in lab
 Never taste or tough chemicals or solutions
 Wash your hands after lab
 Always fan vapors towards your nose with your hand
 If you spill or break anything, do not clean it up, report it to your teacher
SI Units of Measurements
 The SI units of measure are the Meter, Kilogram & Second
 The metric system is based on units of 10
2. Describe cell processes necessary for achieving homeostasis, including active and
passive transport, osmosis, diffusion, exocytosis, and endocytosis – 6 questions.
Recognize and apply the definition of homeostasis.
 The ability of an organism or cell to maintain internal balance and stability by
adjusting its physiological processes.
Recognize and apply the definition of active transport
 The ability to move a substance across a cell using energy
Recognize and apply the definition of passive transport
 The diffusion of a substance across a cell without the use of energy
Recognize and apply the definition of osmosis
 The movement of water across a selective permeable membrane. (diffusion)

Selective permeable membrane: is a membrane that allows molecules to pass
through while keeping others out
Recognize and apply the definition of diffusion
 The movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration
Recognize the definition of exocytosis
 Active transport process where materials are secreted or expelled from the cell
Recognize and apply the definition of endocytosis
 Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials
Define and understand the types of solutions
 Hypotonic solution: low concentration of water outside the cell than inside the
cell (cell will swell)
 Hypertonic solution: high concentration of water outside the cell than inside the
cell (cell will shrink)
3. Identify reactants and products associated with photosynthesis and cellular
respiration, and the purposes of these two processes –6 questions
Identify the chemical formula for photosynthesis
 Carbon dioxide + water  Glucose + oxygen
 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2
Identify the function of photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis is the process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars
that are then converted into complex carbohydrates like starches which stores
energy
 The most common pigment is chlorophyll which makes plants green
 Light-dependent reactions convert light energy into chemical energy (reactant)
then is converted to the Calvin Cycle
 The second set of reactions in photosynthesis uses the energy stored in ATP &
NADPH during light dependent and light independent reactions
Identify the chemical formula for cellular respiration
 Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy in the form of ATP
 C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
Identify the function of cellular respiration
 Is the complex process where cells make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by
breaking down organic compounds
Identify the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
 Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to make carbon dioxide through the
Krebs cycle where Photosynthesis uses Carbon dioxide and water to make
glucose through the Calvin cycle
4/9 Describe similarities and differences of cell organelles, using diagrams and tables.
Differentiate between the previous five-kingdom and current six-kingdom
classification systems –6 questions.
Identify cell structures including cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, ribosome,
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, vacuole,
chloroplast, and mitochondria
 Functions of the Cell:
Nucleus: the brain of the cell
Nucleolus: makes DNA
ER: transports proteins
Ribosomes: make proteins
Lysosome: digest old or dying cells
Mitochondria: makes energy
Golgi Apparatus & Vesicle: Packages & stores

Differences between Plant and Animal Cell
Plant Cell:
Animal Cell:
Has cell wall
does not
Has plasma membrane
does not
Has chlorophyll
does not
Does not
Has centrioles

The Cell Theory States:
1. all cells are made of preexisting cells
2. the cell is the basic unit of life
3. all cells are made of 1 or more cells
Classify organisms as prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotic Cells: Have no true nucleus: THE ONLY MEMBER IS BACTERIA
 Genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm
 Prokaryotes lack all the other organelles except for cell walls, & ribosomes
 The cell walls in prokaroytes are made of peptidoglycan instead of cellulose and
the ribosomes are smaller
 Prokaryotes divide through a process called binary fission
Prokaryotic Cell: Bacteria
Identify and define similarities and differences between the five-kingdom and sixkingdom classification system
 Five Kingdoms
1. Monerans: Bacteria
2. Protists: Amoebas, Paramecium, Euglena
3. Fungi: Mushrooms, Mosses
4. Plantae: Grasses, flowers, Trees, Shrubs
5. Animalia: Dogs, horses, cows…

Six Kingdoms
Scientists have recently identified 2 distinctive groups within the Moneran
Kingdom
The archaebacteria Ancient bacteria have cell walls that lack peptidoglycan, cell
membranes that utilize different lipids, and ribosomes similar to those in
eukaryotes. Inhabit oxygen free environments
The Eubacteria are “true bacteria” and characterized by how they move and their
shape. The three basic shapes are cocci, bacillus, and spirillum.
1. Archaebacteria
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia
Order of Taxa:
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
King Phillip Came Over For Graduation Saturday
How Genus and Species Name are written
Genus is capitalized, and is written first
Species is lowercase and written second
Both are italicized or underlined
Homo sapien or Homo sapien or H. sapien
Carolus Linnaeus
Developed the methods of classification and we still use today
Developed binomial nomenclature which means 2 naming system (genus & species)
5. Identify cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations,
communities, and ecosystems as levels of organization in the biosphere –6
questions
Identify the levels of organization in the biosphere including cells, tissues, organs,
and organ systems, as well as organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems
 Organisms: an individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy,
reproduces, responds to stimuli, grows and develops
 Populations: a group of organisms, all of one species, which interbreed and live in
the same place at the same time
 Communities: all the populations of different species that live in the same place at
the same time
 Ecosystems: populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a
given area and with the abiotic components of that area
 Biosphere: a portion of the Earth that supports life


Cells: the fundamental unit of living things <Example: Each cell has some sort
of hereditary material
Tissues: group of cells performing a specific function <Example: heart muscle
tissue is found in the heart and its unique contraction properties aid the
heart's functioning as a pump. .
 Organs: A group of cells or tissues performing an overall function.
<Example: the heart is an organ that pumps blood within the
cardiovascular system
 Organ system: A group of cells, tissues, and organs that perform a specific
major function. <Example: the cardiovascular system functions in
circulation of blood

The sequence order that correctly identifies the levels of organizations in a
biosphere from the most complex to the least complex
Ecosystem  Community  Population  Organism

The sequence order that correctly identifies the levels of organizations in a cell
from the most complex to the least complex
Organism Organ system  Organ  Tissue Cell
6. Describe the roles of mitotic and meiotic divisions during reproduction, growth,
and repair of cells –6 questions
Demonstrate an understanding of how meiosis leads to variation
 Meiosis leads to variation in species
 Meiosis produces haploid (the N number of chromosomes) cells which is used in
reproduction
 Haploid (N of chromosomes) produced in Meiosis
 Diploid (2N of chromosomes) produced in Mitosis
Describe the role of meiosis in producing variation
Describe the role of meiosis in reproduction
 Asexual Reproduction: reproduction where one parent produces one or more
identical offspring without the fusion of gametes

Sexual Reproduction: the formation of two haploid sex cells during reproduction
Describe the role of mitosis in cell repair

Describe the role of mitosis in growth

Describe the role of both mitosis and meiosis
 Mitosis and Meiosis are similar except during Meiosis, crossing over takes
place
7. Apply Mendel’s laws to determine phenotypic and genotypic probabilities of
offspring –6 questions
Use Punnett squares to determine phenotypic and genotypic percentages
 In rabbits, black hair is dominant to brown. If a heterozygous black-haired
rabbit and a brown-haired rabbit were crossed, what percentage of their
offspring would be brown-haired?
B-black
b-brown
B
b
G= ½ Bb, ½ bb
50%
Bb x bb
P= ½ Black, ½ Brown 50%
bb
b Bb
b Bb

bb
If a breed of dogs, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b), and straight
fur (F) is dominant to curly fur (f). If a male and a female that both have the
genotype BbFf have an offspring, what is the probability that offspring will
have blue eyes?
BF
Bf
bF
bf
BF BBFF
BBFf
BbFF
BbFf
Bf
bF
BBFf
BBff
BbFf
Bbff
BbFF
BbFf
bbFF
bbFf
bf
BbFf
Bbff
bbFf
bbff
4/16 will have blue eyes
Recognize dominant and recessive alleles and their roles in determining the
phenotypes of offspring
 Dominant: the trait that is shown when present and is shown with a capital
letter
 Recessive: a trait that is hidden when in the presence of a dominant. The only
time a recessive is shown is when two traits are recessive
Compare the terms heterozygous and homozygous and demonstrate an
understanding of how these terms relate to phenotypes and genotypes of offspring.
 Heterozygous: different zygotes Bb
 Homozygous: same zygotes: BB or bb
 Phenotype: words describing offspring (2 black, 2 brown)
 Genotype: letters describing offspring (2 Bb, 2 bb)
Relate and understand how to read a pedigree
 Females: circles
Males: Square
 Affected: filled in
Carrier: half filled in
8. Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA and protein –6 questions
Recognize that amino acids make up proteins
Recognize that proteins can function as enzymes
 Proteins in living organisms serve as enzyme catalysts
Compare the functions of DNA and RNA in the production of protein
 RNA Characteristics:
Transports amino acids
Is single helix
Contains Uracil instead of Thymine
Contains Ribose instead of Deoxyribose
 DNA Characteristics
Contains genetic information
Cannot leave the nucleus/ is found in the Nucleolus
Is double helix
Contains Thymine instead of Uracil
Contains Deoxyribose instead of Ribose
Identify patterns of base pairing of DNA and RNA
•Nitrogen Bases found in DNA:
(A) Adenine = (T) Thymine
(G) Guanine = (C) Cytosine
•Nitrogen Bases found in RNA:
(A) Adenine = (U) Uracil
(G) Guanine = (C) Cytosine
Recognize DNA as making up genes and chromosomes
10. Distinguish between monocots and dicots, angiosperms and gymnosperms,
vascular and nonvascular plants –6 questions
Demonstrate knowledge of structures and reproduction, identify the difference in
venation patterns, and demonstrate knowledge about the significance of the number
of cotyledons
 Complete Flower is a flower that has all 4 parts (pistol, stamen, petals, & sepals)
Incomplete Flower is a flower that is lacking 1 or more parts
 Self-Pollination: fertilization by transfer of pollen from the anthers to the stigma
of the same flower
 Cross Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the anthers of Plant A to the
stigmas of Plant B. This is done by either animals, wind, water…
•Stomata are openings in the leaf tissue controls gas exchange
•Guard Cells control the opening & closing of the stomata
Distinguish between monocots and dicots
•Cotyledon-a seed leaf
•When monocotyledons first sprout they only produce one rolled up seed
leaf (like corn, iris, tulip, and grass plantsBIG CLUE: plants with parallel veins in their leaves)
•When dicotyledons first sprout they produce 2 seed leaves (like a lima bean
or pea-branched veins in their leaves)
Distinguish between angiosperms and gymnosperms
•Seed Plants-flowers, pines, trees, grasses
subdivided into:
angiosperms-fruit or flowering plants: example Dogwood Tree
gymnosperms-cone bearing plants: example Pine Tree
•Evergreen confiers: trees that are green year round & photosynthesize
when conditions are right
•Deciduous trees: lose their leaves each fall to conserve water through
winter conditions
•Seedless plants-ferns
Distinguish between vascular and nonvascular plants
•Vascular plants have tubes and vessels to transport water and nutrients (Xylem &
Phloem) Example: Grass, trees, flowers, ferns
•Nonvascular plants do not have the conducting tissues xylem and phloem. Example:
mosses, liverworts & hornworts

Xylem: vascular plant tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals from the
roots to the rest of the plant

Pholem: Vascular plant tissue that transports sugars to all parts of the plant
11. Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure, method of fertilization
and reproduction, body symmetry, body coverings, and locomotion –6 questions
Compare invertebrates and vertebrates
 Invertebrate: lacking a backbone
 Vertebrate: animals with a backbone
Compare endoskeletons and exoskeletons
 Exoskeleton: a hard, waxy covering on the outside of the body that provides a
framework for support
 Endoskeleton: internal skeleton that provides framework within the body
Compare internal and external fertilization
 Internal fertilization: is a form of animal fertilization of an ovum by spermatozoan
within the body of an inseminated animal, whether female or hermaphrodite
 External fertilization: Those processes involved in the union of male and female
sex cells outside the body of the female
Compare sexual and asexual reproduction
 Asexual: is the ability for an organism to reproduce itself w/out egg or
sperm. Types: budding, self-pollination, fragmenting
 Sexual: animals that produce gametes and are fertilized internally
producing a zygote
Compare bilateral and radial symmetry
 Bilateral symmetry: Can be divided down its length into similar right & left haves
to form mirror images of one another example: humans, sharks, dogs…
 Radial symmetry: Animals can be divided along any plane: examples:
jellyfish, starfish
 Asymmetry: They exhibit asymmetry b/c they do not have a equal
division body plan: Example sponge
Classify animals according to type of skeletal structure
 Exoskeleton animals have outside skeletons like insects, bugs, crabs, shrimp…
 Birds have small hollow bones which allows them to be light in weight to help
with flight
 Cartilage fish are fish with no bones example: sharks, rays & skates
 Bony fish are fish with a vertebrate
Classify animals according to method of fertilization and reproduction
 Types of Mammals
Marsupials: the young have a short period of development in the mother’s body,
and then move inside a pouch
Monotreme: mammals that lay eggs, Duck-billed platypus, & 2 specie of the
spiny anteater
Placental Mammals: give birth to young have developed inside the mother’s
uterus
 Fertilization of Birds: is internal and shelled amniotic eggs are produced in both
groups
 Fertilization of Fish & Amphibians
Most fish have external fertilization and development called spawning
Fertilization for amphibians (frogs) is external, and water is needed as a medium
for transporting the sperm to the egg.
Classify animals according to type of body symmetry
 Asymmetry: Only the sponge because they cannot be cut equally along any plane
 Radial symmetry: jellyfish, starfish, (anything round in shape)
 Bilateral symmetry: humans, fish, worms, frog, squid (anything that has two equal
halves when cut)
Classify animals according to type of body coverings
 Characteristics of Mammals:
Have hair, Nurse their young, Have a placenta, have specialized teeth, Can learn
 Characteristics of Birds:
A feather is a lightweight, modified protein scale that provides insulation and
enables flight; Adaptation for flight in birds is the modification of the front limbs
into wings
Classify animals according to type of locomotion
 Cilia: hair like particles that move like a stadium wave: paramecium (b)
 Flagella: a whip like tail: example: euglena (c)
 Pseudopodia: false food, moves blob like: example amoeba (a)
Classify animals according to multiple physical characteristics
 Endotherm: animals that maintains a constant body temperature & is not
dependent on the environmental temperature (warm-blooded)
 Ectotherm: animals that has a variable body temperature and derives its heat from
external sources (cold-blooded)
 Gas Exchange:
Gills: required for gas exchange in water
Lungs: required for gas exchange in air


Sessile: attached to surface during adult life/whole life
Metamorphosis: in insects, series of body changes from juvenile to adult
12. Describe protective adaptations of animals, including mimicry, camouflage, beak
type, migration, and hibernation –6 questions
Recognize and apply the definition of mimicry
 Mimicry: animals that mimic other animals for protection. This happens 4 – 7
times during their life
Recognize and apply the definition of camouflage
 Protective coloration: color of body allows it to blend with its surrounds for
protection
 Camouflage: adaptation that allows species to blend with their surroundings to
avoid detection by predators
Distinguish between different beak types and identify what each type is used for
 Beaks are used for finding food, & shape depends on type of food animal eats
Recognize and apply the definition of migration:
 The process of changing location periodically, especially by moving seasonally
from one region to another
Recognize and apply the definition of hibernation:
 The process of passing winter in an inactive or dormant state
13. Trace the flow of energy as it decreases through the trophic levels from producers
to the quaternary level in food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids. –6
questions
Trace the flow of energy through food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids
 Autotrophs: (producers) receives their energy from the sun
 Heterotrophs: (consumers) organisms that receive their energy from feeding only
on autotrophs
 Decomposer: breaks down dead or decaying plants & animals into simpler
molecules that can be absorbed more easily
Carnivores: animals that eat meat
Omnivores: animals that eat meat and plants
Herbivores: animals that eat plants

Food Web: Model to show all the possible feeding relationship at each trophic
level in a community


Food Chain: a simple model that is used to show how matter and energy moves
through an ecosystem
phytoplankton → small fishes → seals → killer whales

Energy Pyramid: illustrates the amount of energy as it decreases at each trophic
level. This begins with autotrophs the primary producers (grass); primary
consumers (grasshoppers); secondary consumers (starling); tertiary consumers
(owl)
14. Trace biogeochemical cycles through the environment, including water, carbon,
oxygen, and nitrogen –6 questions
Demonstrate and understanding of the water cycle and describe all the events of it.
 Three important processes in the water cycle are evaporation, transpiration, and
precipitation.
 Evaporation adds water as vapor to the atmosphere.
 Heat causes water to evaporate from the oceans and other bodies of water from
the soil. The transpiration, takes water from plants through their roots, and release
water through their stomata in their leaves
Demonstrate an understanding of the carbon cycle and describe all the events of it
 The carbon cycle is the process through which carbon is cycled through the air,
ground, plants, animals, and fossil fuels.
Demonstrate an understanding of the oxygen cycle and describe all the events of it
 Oxygen is the second most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere and an essential
element of most organic molecules
 Sequence: Respiration  Photosynthesis  Organic Decay  Coal Formation
Demonstrate an understanding of the nitrogen cycle and describe all the events of it
 Nitrogen is used by living organisms to produce a number of complex organic
molecules like amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids
15. Identify biomes based on environmental factors and native organisms –6
questions
Identify terrestrial biomes including the tundra, desert, rainforest grassland, taiga
(coniferous forest), and the temperate deciduous forest.
 Tundra:
Treeless land with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight
Temperatures never rise above freezing for long
Top layer of soil thaws during the summer

Taiga
Just south of the tundra lies another biome that circles the north pole
Also called the boreal or northern coniferous forest
Somewhat warmer and wetter than tundra, but still harsh with long severe winters
and short mild summers
The topsoil, which develops slowly from decaying coniferous needles, is acidic
and poor in minerals

Desert
The driest biome is the desert biome.
A desert is an arid region with sparse to almost nonexistent plant life.
Usually gets less than 25 cm of rain/year
With rainfall as the major limiting factor, vegetation in deserts varies greatly.

Grasslands
Grasslands are large communities covered with rich soil, grasses, and similar
plants
Grasslands, occur principally in climates that experience a dry season, where
insufficient water exists to support forests
Grasslands contain few trees per hectare


Temperate Forest
Precipitation ranges from about 70 to 150 cm annually in the temperate zone,
temperate deciduous forests develop.
Deciduous forests are dominated by broad-leaved hardwood trees that lose their
foliage annually
The soil of temperate forests usually consists of a top layer that is rich in humus
and a deeper layer of clay

Rainforest
Tropical Rain Forest: most widely known
Have warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth.
The average temperature is about 250C and receive at least 200 cm of rain
annually
One reason for the large number of niches in rain forests is vertical layering
Parts of the rainforest: Canopy, Understory, Ground
Identify the aquatic biomes including freshwater and marine
 There are terrestrial biomes and aquatic biomes, each with organisms adapted to
the conditions characteristic of the biome
 Terrestrial Biomes: located on land
 Aquatic biomes are separated into marine biomes and freshwater biomes
 Different parts of the ocean differ in biotic and abiotic factors (salinity, depth,
availability of light, and temperature) found there.
 The portion of the marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate is
called the photic zone
 Deeper water that never receives sunlight makes up the aphotic zone
Identify terrestrial and aquatic biomes based on the rainfall and temperature
characteristics

16. Identify density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors that affect
populations in an ecosystem –6 questions
Identify the limiting factors that affect populations in an ecosystem either densitydependent or density-independent including natural disasters, space, food, water,
and air, abiotic and biotic factors, human activity, disease, and succession.
Abiotic and Biotic Factors
 Abiotic: the non-living parts of an ecosystem (water, sunlight, soil)
 Biotic: the living organisms that inhabit an environment
Exotic (Introduced Species)
 People sometimes introduce a new species into an ecosystem, either intentionally
or unintentionally. These species can cause problems for native species
Factors and Relationships
 Mutualism: a relationship where both species benefits
 Commensalisms: a relationship where one species benefits & the other is not
harmed or benefited
 Parasitism: a relationship where on specie is harmed at the expense of another
Predator vs Prey
 Predators: the hunter
 Prey: they hunted
Endangered, Threatened, and Extinct Species
 Endangered Species are species whose numbers are so low that the threat of
extinction is possible
 Threatened Species are species whose numbers begin to decline and could
become endangered
 Extinct Species are species who are no longer in existence
Succession: Orderly, natural changes, and species replacements that takes place in
communities of an ecosystem over time
 Primary succession: takes place on land where there are no living organisms. The
first species to take hold are pioneer species (lichens). These eventually die and
new soil makes it possible for small weedy plants to become established
 Climax succession: after time, primary succession slows down ant the community
becomes stable (this could last 100’s of years)
 Secondary succession: the sequence of changes that takes place after an existing
community is severely disrupted in some way. The community of organism
inhabiting an area gradually change
Density-dependent and Density-independent factors
 Density-dependent factor is a limiting factor such as disease, parasites, or food
availability that affect growth of a population
 Density-independent factor: such as temperature, storms, floods, drought, or
habitat disruption that affects all populations, regardless of their density