Download MCAS Biology Review

1. Chemistry of Life
- Carbon atoms can join other atoms easily because their 4 valence electrons
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Oxygen are the most common elements
Carbohydrates-main source of energy
Lipids- Fats + oils + waxes
Proteins- (amino acids) Help chemical actions proceed.
Nucleic Acid- (DNA) Carry information
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Enzymes regulate chemical pathways; catalyze the synthesis and breakdown important
compounds
Primitive -Less complex, by a LOT….
Eukaryotic Cell
WAY more complex- MitochondriaPower house
Ribosome- read the code in mRNA E.R- Transports material Golgi apparatus- Proteins are
moved here Lysosomes- contains enzymes, digester Vacuole- store water and dissolved
substances Nucleolus- contains RNA and proteins
Nucleus- the “brain”, controller
Plastids- stores food + pigment Chloroplast- takes sun light to make energy and food
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Transport
Passive vs. Active
Differences of diffusion, facillitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport
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Active Transport requires
ATP
Photosynthesis.
All photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
There is only one photosynthetic formula:
Autotrophic Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Es ----------C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria, wherever there is sufficient sunlight - on land, in shallow
water, even inside and below clear ice.
All chemosynthetic organisms use the energy released by chemical reactions to make a sugar, but different
species use different pathways. The vent bacteria for example above oxidize hydrogen sulfide, add carbon
dioxide and oxygen, and produce sugar, sulfur, and water:
Chemosynthesis CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O
Other bacteria make organic matter by reducing sulfide or oxidizing methane. Chemosynthetic bacterial
communities have been found in hot springs on land, and on the sea floor around hydrothermal vents, cold
seeps, whale carcasses, and sunken ships.
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Ec
Plants, animals and microbes carry this out as they decay organic matter creating a BOD
(biological Oxygen Demand)
Autotrophic Photosynthesis
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6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Es ----------C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria, wherever there is sufficient sunlight - on land, in shallow
water, even inside and below clear ice.
All chemosynthetic organisms use the energy released by chemical reactions to make a sugar, but different
species use different pathways. The vent bacteria for example above oxidize hydrogen sulfide, add carbon
dioxide and oxygen, and produce sugar, sulfur, and water:
Chemosynthesis CO2 + 4H2S + O2 -> CH20 + 4S + 3H2O
Other bacteria make organic matter by reducing sulfide or oxidizing methane. Chemosynthetic bacterial
communities have been found in hot springs on land, and on the sea floor around hydrothermal vents, cold
seeps, whale carcasses, and sunken ships.
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Ec
- Cellular respiration releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose and other
food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration interrelation
Mitosis ends with the same amount of chromosomes as it started with while meiosis
ends with half the amount of chromosomes and it started with.
2. Genetics
- During DNA replication, the DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two
new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing. Each strand of the double helix of
DNA serves as a template, or model, for the new strand. Replication copies the DNA. Transcription is
the process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence
in RNA. Translation decodes mRNA messages into a polypeptide chain.
- A change a codon to one that encodes a different amino acid and cause a small change in the
protein produced. Silent changes are a changes in a codon to one that encodes the same amino acid
and causes no change in the protein produced.
- The principle of dominance states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. An
organism with a dominant allele for a particular form of a trait will always exhibit that form of the
trait. An organism with a recessive allele for a particular form of a trait will exhibit that form only
when the dominant allele for the trait is not present. Co-dominance is when both alleles of a gene
contribute to the phenotype of the organism.
- Mendel’s laws of segregation said that pair of characteristics could only be represented in a
gamete. Independent Assortment law said that for two characteristics the genes are inherited
independently.
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Viruses must enter another cell in order to multiply. Viruses are made
up of genetic material surrounded by a protein shell called a capsid.
3. Human Anatomy and Physiology
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4. Evolution and Biodiversity
- Some animals don’t exist anymore, but there is evidence of them in fossils. Scientist would
compare the extinct animal to animals around today and they can tell if the animals have
evolved from the extinct animals.
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5. Ecology
ecosystem
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Abiotic and biotic factors cycle through the