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Layers of the Earth Earth’s Beginning • Earth, the largest rocky planet, was formed about ______________ years ago. • The Earth's interior is divided into _____________ different layers. • It is cool on the surface but very _________ deep inside the planet. • The center, or core, is as hot as ____________________ which is _______________________than the surface of the __________. Earth’s Interior • The Earth's interior is made of _____________ and ____________. It has ________main layers: 1) the inner core: a _______________ __________________ core 2) the outer core: a _______________ __________________ core 3) the mantle: dense and mostly ______________ _____________ 4) the crust: _____________ ______________________ material Lithosphere: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ Asthenosphere: _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ The Earth’s Surface • The Earth's surface is unique from the other planets because it is the only one with liquid _________________________________. • Water helps to make surface features such as ________, ______ and ________________________________________________. • The moving ______________ of the Earth’s surface form other surface features such as mountains, earthquakes and _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Interior of the Earth • Many geologists believe that as the Earth cooled the __________, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to the top. • Because of this, the crust is made of the ____________________ materials (rock- BASALTS and granites) and the core consists of __________________________________ metals (nickel and iron). The Crust • The outermost layer of the Earth is the _____________. • The crust is the layer that ____________live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. • In the ______________, it is about ________ miles thick. • On the thickest ______________, it extends some _________ miles into the Earth. The Mantle • The region just below the crust and extending all the way down to the Earth's core is called the _______________. • The mantle is much ____________ and has the ability to _______. The Core Beneath the mantle is the Earth's _____________. The Earth's core consists of two layers: The ______________ __________ It _________ like a liquid Mostly made of ________________. and a ______________ _________________ core. It is VERY ____________! It is in a solid state even though it is hot enough to be melted. This is due to the _________________ amount of _________________on it from the other layers that lie on top. •The Outer and Inner Cores are hotter still with _____________ so great that you would be ______________ into a ball smaller than a _____________if you were able to go to the center of the Earth! •Because the outer core contains __________, when it flows it generates a ___________________________ ____________. • This is the source of the _____________________ magnetic field. Thickness of the layers of the earth (in miles). The Earth’s Atmosphere • The atmosphere ______________ Earth and _______________ us by _______________ out dangerous rays from the sun. • The atmosphere is a mixture of ______________ that becomes ________________ until it gradually reaches space. • It is composed of Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%). • The ____________________ is divided into ____________layers. • It is _________________ near the _______________and thins out with height until it eventually merges with space. Troposphere • The _____________________ is the lowest layer of the earth’s atmosphere located above the surface of the Earth. • It contains ____________ of the Earth's atmosphere. • The air is very well mixed and the temperature _______________ with ______________________. • _________________ occurs in this layer. • Air in the troposphere is heated from the ______________ _____. • The surface of the Earth _______________ __________ and heats up _________________ than the air does. Stratosphere • The stratosphere is located above the top of the ______________. • The ozone molecules _____________________ the dangerous ___________________ radiation from our sun, which causes the increasing ___________________________ in the stratosphere. • Many ______ ________________ fly in the ______________ because it is very stable. • In the Earth's stratosphere, the temperature _______________ with altitude. Mesosphere • In the Earth's mesosphere, the air is relatively mixed together and the temperature ___________________________ with altitude. • The atmosphere reaches its __________________ temperature of around ______________ in the mesosphere. • This is also the layer in which a lot of ________________ burn up while entering the Earth's atmosphere. Thermosphere • The air is really __________ energy can cause a large change in __________________. That's why the temperature is very sensitive to ____________ activity. • When the sun is active, the thermosphere can heat up to _____________ or higher! • The thermosphere is where the ____________ ___________ orbits. Ionosphere (in the Thermosphere) • The Earth's ____________________ also includes the region of the atmosphere called the _______________________. • The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is filled with _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . • Different regions of the ionosphere make long distance _________ communication possible by reflecting the radio waves back to Earth. • It is also home to ________________. Exosphere • Very high up, the Earth's atmosphere becomes very ___________. • The region where atoms and molecules escape into __________________ is referred to as the ______________. This is the _______________ _____________of our atmosphere. Label the layers of the atmosphere