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The Early & High Middle Ages Part 1: Early Middle Ages 1. Timeframe: 2. Important people: 3. Important places: 4. Important ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ The Germanic Kingdoms Riddled with social, economic, and political problems, the territories in the Roman Empire fell from invasions. *When Rome fell in 476 CE, Germanic invaders carved up Western Europe into small kingdoms. o _____________________ = _________________________________________ o _____________________ = _________________________________________ o Ostrogoths = In Italy o Anglo-Saxons = England o _____________________ = ___________________________________ Roman Empire Only one German Kingdom proved ________________________ …._______________________ *Frankish Kingdom was established by _______________________ o Strong military leader o _________ Germanic ruler to ____________________________________ (500 CE) o Gained the support of Roman Catholic Church o *Made ________________________ part of European society by settling them and _____________________________ them to Christianity. o By 510, Clovis had created a powerful new _________________________that stretched from the Pyrenees in the SW (in ____________________________) to modern day France & W. _______________________. The Muslim World o By ______________________________& was an increasingly _________________ o Muslim armies overran Palestine, N. Africa, & Spain o As the Islamic caliphates pushed over the Pyrenees Mts in Spain & deeper into _____________________, they were _____________________ by… *________________________________________________________ This is significant b/c it ______________________________________ Age of Charlemagne *In the 800s, ______________________________________________ much of Europe o Set up a strong efficient gov’t model o He _________________________________________________ o Extended Christian civilization into N. Europe o Further blended German, Roman, & Christian traditions After Charlemagne ________________________, his heirs battled for power o In 843, they ______________________ the empire into __________ regions Feudalism & the Manor Economy *Feudalism-a social system based on mutual ________________ between lords, vassals & serfs. *Feudalism emerged b/c people needed ______________________ from competing interests & invasions. Feudalism created a strict _____________________ in medieval society. *The heart of feudalism – vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs (i.e. gave them and their family land). *________________________ adopted a code of conduct called ________________________ o Which required them to be brave, ______________________ , & true to their word o In warfare to fight fairly and be generous to their enemies o Rules in chivalry applied to nobles only (not commoners). _____________________ made up the ____________________ of medieval society o They lived and worked on the lord’s estate or manor o Most peasants on the manor were serfs & _______________________ to the land o In theory they were __________________________________ food, housing &land. o *Daily life Avg life span was _____________ yrs Everyone worked ________________________ or learning Simple diet of black bread & few veggies Believed in elves, fairies, love potions, and magic charms o Priests tried to Christianize them The Medieval Church After the fall of Rome, the Christian Church ___________ into ____________________ churches. The western church, became known as the Roman Catholic Church *It was the most _____________________________ secular force in medieval Europe o The _____________ claimed ______________________ over _________ men o Taught all men were sinners & ___________ unless saved through Sacraments o Taught that men and women were ___________________________________ o But on Earth women were _______________________ to men o Had it’s own law and courts (________________________________) o *Could _________________________ violators – exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as penalty for refusing to obey Church laws. o Nobles and Kings could be _________________________– excommunicate an entire region, town, or kingdom. The Church was the Center of Daily Life *____________________ & _______________________ performed a vital cultural function by ___________________ the ____________________ of the ancient world. *____________________________ rule 530AD o Oath of ________________________________ o Vows of ________________________________ o Obedience to the abbot o Hard work was of spiritual value As the Church became stronger and _______________, it also became _____________ o Clergy tended to be worldly and lived in ______________________ o Monks and nuns ignored their vows The Eastern Roman Empire / The Byzantine Empire *Capital city: ________________________________ _________________ & _________________ _________________ in Constantinople due to its location as a meeting point between India/Asia & Europe. *____________________________ – most notable emperor in 552 o Restored Roman empire during his reign. From N. Africa to Asia Minor. o Most important contribution – ___________________ ____________ _______ which became the basis for much of the legal system in Europe o Greatest achievement – built the famous ______________________________ in 537– the Church of Holy Wisdom *Theodora o __________________________ & Justinian’s wife o Championed ______________________________________ Women can _____________________, keep children, & own _______________ Laws against beating wives Responsible for keeping Justinian in _______________________ when city was under attack by riots The Agricultural Revolution 1. Wood plows pulled by oxen (broke & slow) __________________________________________________________ (stronger & faster) 2. _____________________ were invented – they’d grind large quantities of grain into flour 3. The _________________________________ - one w/ grains, one w/ legumes, and one fallow. When fallow, _________________ has time to _________________ *Results of the Agricultural Revolution…. More _______ More ____________________ o Population more than doubled between the years 1,000-1,300 CE European Trade Revives Merchants set up routes with ______________________________________ *________________________________ help __________________________________ o Artisans made goods for the traders o Cities slowly grew o The most prosperous in N. Italy & Flanders Charters o From the king or lord o Townspeople could control their own affairs o Anyone living in the town for _____________________________________!!! o Put new ideas into circulation & greatly expanded the middle class *Economic Changes o _____________________ reappeared o The need for capital created _____________________ houses o Partnerships developed o _______________________________ underwriting began o Bill of exchange *Social Changes o Most lords needed money to buy goods o Many serfs began to sell goods to the towns Paying their lords in cash instead of trade o By 1300, most ________________ were now _____________________or hired laborers *Medieval Towns o Grew in a ______________________________ manner Jumble of __________________________ streets & tall buildings No street lighting _______________________ during the day deserted at night Had _________________or_________________ so waste went into the streets o Towns were filthy, smelly, noisy & crowded *Effects of Trade o Put ___________________________ and products into circulation o Reintroduced money o Revised social structure _________________ had __________________________________ Growing middle class _________________ changed to _________________ peasants o Sets the stage for the Renaissance Part 2 The High Middle Ages Timeframe: Important places/people/things: England France Holy Roman Empire Crusades Black Death Hundred Years War ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ The High Middle Ages *Strong monarchs in England & France used various means to centralize power o Set up system of ___________________________________ o Created a ________________________________________ o Tax systems o Standing __________________ o Worked w/ the new middle class In England: New Political Traditions Evolved *Common law o Henry II sent out _________________________________ to enforce royal law o Their decisions became the basis for The jury system o The justices formed groups to determine which cases should be heard (grand jury) o Evolved into ___________________________________ *Magna Carta in 1215 o King John was __________________________________ o It stated that nobles had certain rights o The ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ *Parliament o The Great Council evolved into _____________________________________ o In 1295, Edward I added common people to the council o Parliament became _______________________: House of _____________________ and House of ___________________________________ *In France: Strong leaders built an efficient centralized bureaucracy o Philip Augustus of France Used __________________________middle class _______________________ Chartered many new towns Organized a standing army Introduced a _________________________________ __________________________ royal _____________ holdings o Louis IX Lived by the rules of Chivalry _________________ ____________, ________________, & ________________ Expanded royal courts _______________________________________ Ended serfdom in his lands o Phillip IV Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII so he __________________________ & moved the new pope to France *Set up the ____________________________________- had representatives from all three estates or classes: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ Church Supremacy Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II o Preoccupied with power struggles with the Church o Was forced to give in to demands of the German nobles o The nobles increasing independence made it _________________________________ to ____________________________________ Germany’s many feudal states. *______________________________________________.…1198 o ____________________________________________________ o Keep strict control over the clergy o Claimed supremacy over all other rulers o Led a crusade against the Albigensians in S. France The Crusades 1095 to 1204 *Byzantine Empire o ____________________ ____________________ (Muslims) extended their power over _________________ and attacked Christian pilgrims o Alexius I sent an urgent plea for help to Urban II Western Europeans were _______________________ of _______________________________ _______________________ in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Urged on by Pope Urban o *___________________________________ the Crusades….Why did they go? ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ at home ____________________________________ Seven Crusades o 1st ____________________________________________________ o 2nd 1147-49 - Epic fail! *Then in 1187... Muslim forces began to fight back… Holy City of Jerusalem fell to Muslim forces under the leader, _______________________________ o 3rd 1188-1192 - King ___________________________ the Lionhearted of England negotiated w/ Saladin, Christians permitted to visit Jerusalem th o 4 1202-1204 - Looted Constantinople o 5th 1217-1221 th o 6 1228-1239 o 7th 1248-1250 *_______________________________________________________ o __________________________________________________ from their land o Created a unified state under King ________________________& Queen ________________________ --> 1492 o Spain was broke afterwards so they hired ____________________________ to search for ________________________________________. *________________________ of the Crusades o Left a bitter legacy of _________________________________________ o Helped quicken the changes in Europe o Increased levels of ________________________________________ o _____________________________________ reached its greatest height o Hardened Byzantine resentment against the West o Increased the ______________________ of W. Europe’s ______________________ o Encouraged the ____________________ of a money _________________________ o Brought Europe into contact with other civilizations Revival of Learning Improved economic and political conditions led to a __________________________ of learning __________________________ started teaching..... math, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric and logic *Europe enjoyed a cultural flowering, as writers created works in the vernacular and cities all over Europe __________________________ towering stone __________________________ that served as _____________________ of their wealth and religious devotion. Europeans rediscovered the writings of the ancient Greeks o Setting off a revolution in the world of ideas o *Forcing Christian scholars to resolve the ______________________________ _____________________________________________(__________________) o Use reason to discover basic truths OR accept truths on faith o __________________ made _______________________....most thought true knowledge must fit with _____________________ teachings A Time of Crisis *Europe attacked in 3 ways in mid-1300's 1. _____________________________________ 2. _____________________________________ 3. _____________________________________ 1. Drought caused widespread crop failures resulting in *Famine, malnutrition and ___________________________________ Famine__________________________________, leaving them vulnerable to the plague 2. Black Death /The Bubonic Plague *Spread by _______________________________________ Unsanitary towns helped spread the plague Symptoms: o Swellings and black bruises o Rotten on the inside spitting blood & smelling o Heavy sweats o Died in agony o Convulsive coughing *Approximately ______________________________________________ Created ____________________________________________________ *Social Changes o o o o Turned to magic and witchcraft for cures Plunged into wild pleasures Saw plague as _____________________________________ Blamed the _________________________ *Economic Changes o ________________________ shortage o Scared people rioted & revolted o Therefore _____________________ (as did cost of labor) 3. Hundred Years War *War fought between _____________________________________ 1337 – 1453 *_______________________________________________________ o _________________________________ French soldiers & led them in battle o _____________________________________ by French & died on the stake The effects of the war… o Increased nat’lism & expanded royal power in France o Devastated the countryside o ________________________ power of __________________________ in England o ________________________ their _____________________ supply *Changes in warfare: o __________________________ o _____________________________