Download important terminologies

Biology
Chapter-9
F.Sc-I
Important Terminologies
Annual:
A plant which survives only one season like wheat is called annual plant.
Biennial:
A plant which survives in two growing seasons like radish is called biennial plant.
Perennial:
A plant which survives many seasons like trees is called perennial plant.
Rhizome:
A horizontal underground stem which store food is called rhizome e.g. Ginger.
Herb:
An annaual small sized plant is called herb. They have soft and usually green stem, e.g. radish.
Shrub:
The woody green plant whose main stem cannot be distinguished from its branches is called shurb. Its
szie is less than 6 feet.
Tree:
It is perennial green woody plant with a distinct upright (straight) stem of 6 feet or more is called tree.
Technical Terms of Leaves
Stipules:
The pair of lateral outgrowths present at base of petiole of leaf is caleld stipules. A leaf with stipules is
called stipulate and a leaf without stipule is caleld ex-stipule.
Adenate stipule:
In this case the stipules fuse with the petiole to form a winged shaped petiole.
Simple leaf:
In this case the lamins is undivided into small leaflets.
Compound leaf:
In this case, the lamina is divided into small leaflets. A compound leaf is compsoed of a fix number of
leaflets.
Pinnate leaf:
Pinnate leaf has a single midrib. All the lateral veins arise from this single midrib. (Opposite palmate)
Pinnate compound leaf:
When the leaflets of a compound leaf arise from the sides of the rachis the leaf is said to be pinnate
compound leaf, e.g. leaf of rose.
Ligule:
It is small single outgrowth at the base of lamine of leaf. It is directed upwardly. The leaves with ligule are
called ligulate, e.g. Wheat.
Sessile:
Leaves without stalk (petiole) are caleld sessile.
Petiolate:
Leaves with stalk are called petiolate.
Arrangement of leaves on stem
It may be.
Opposite:
It this case, two leaves arise on the same point on stem at opposite direction.
Alternate:
In this case, leaves are arranged alternativley (one leave on one side other on the other side and so on) on
stem.
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Inflorescene Types
Inflorescene:
Group of flower on main axis is called infloresence. It is of two types.
i. Racemose
ii. Cymose
Racemose:
In this case the main axis (stem) continues to grow and develop lateral flower. It may be.
1. Terminal raceme:
When recemose inflorescene is present at tip of the stem.
2. Panicle:
A branched raceme is caleld panicle.
3. Spike:
In this case, the flowers in racemose inflorescene are sessile (without pedicel). Sometimes the spike has
many small units called spikeletes.
4. Umbel:
In this case the main axis is so short that flowers appear to be arised from the same point, when umbel is
present in rounded shaped it is called globose umbel.
Head or Capitulum:
Inflorescene in which main axis is flattened form receptacle and flowers are crowded on it.
Cymose:
In this case main axis soon ends in a flower. Below this flower one or more axis arises. These again end in
a flower. This countinues. It may be:
1. Axillary Cyme:
In this case the braaches are present on the same side the main axis and the main axis seem straight with
lateral braches. It is caleld axillary umbellate cyme, the flowers are present in clusters and they have
axillary cyme inflorescene e.g. onion.
Hedicoid:
Type of Cymose new daughter axis develops on the same side.
Solitary:
The single flower is called solitary. It is called axillary solitary when it is present at lateral side of the
stem. It is called terminal solatary when it is present at tip of the stem.
Technical Terms of Flowers
Hypogynous:
In this case the thalamus (upper part of pedicel) is convex. The carpel attach at the tip the stamen sepals
are inserted below the gyncoeium on the side. So ovary is superior.
Perigynous:
In this case the thalamus is flattened. Ovary is present in the centre. The stamens. Sepals, petals are
inserted on the rim of the disc around the gyncoecium. So ovary is superior.
Persistent sepals:
If sepals do not fall after the opening of flower, they are caleld persistent sepals.
Epipetaious stamen:
If the stamens are attached with the petals they are called epipetalous.
Adelphous:
If the stamens are fused by their filaments this condition is called adelphous.
Glume:
One of a pair dry bracts at the base and enclosing the spiklets of grasses.
Rachilla:
The axis in the centre of a grass spiklet.
Lemma:
Outer bract of grass floret.
Awn:
i. A bristle present on the flowering glume of the Graminae.
ii. A long thread like outgrowth on certain fruits.
Peduncle:
The main axis of the flower is called peduncle.
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Monosexual:
When one of stamen or carpel is present.
Bisexual:
When both stamen and carpel are present.
Actinomorphic:
When a flower can be cut into two equal halves by more than one plane it is called actinomorphic flower.
Zygomorphic:
When a flower can be cut into two equal halves by only one plane it is caleld zygomorphic flower.
Papillionaceous:
Fused ‘5’ petals, clawed, these petals are not similar.
Bract:
Bract is a special leaf in the axil of which flwoer arises. The flowers with bract are called ebracteate.
Placentation
The attachement of ovule in the ovary is caleld placenation. There are different types of
placentation.
1. Basal:
In this case, the ovule is attached at the base of ovary.
2. Axile:
In the case there is a central axil (rod) inside the ovary. The ovule attach on this axil.
3. Marginal:
In this case the ovules are attached on the inner wall of the ovary.
Simple pistil:
In this case one or more carpels separate.
Compound pistil:
In this case one or more carples are fused.
Unilocular ovary:
In this case the ovary has single chamber.
Other Related Terms
Legume or pod:
Fruit formed from moncarpellary pistil and dehisent from both dorsal and ventral sutures. E.g in pea
plant.
Hyaline scale:
Thin and translucent scale.
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COMPARISON OF ANGIOSPERMIC FAMILIES
Rosaceae (rose family)
Solanacea Night shade
(Potato family)
Fabaceae
(papilionaceae)
(Pae family)
Caesa lpiniaceae
(Cassia family)
Mimosaceae Mimosa
or (Acacia family)
Poaceae Graminaea
(Grass family)
100/29
90/14
400/82
152/16
56/11 nativa 4
600/158
2000/213
200/52
9000/587
2300/60
2800/49 native 18
Inflorescene
Solitary/recemose/cymose
cluster
Aixllary cyme or
combination of cyme
helicoids, umbellate
Solitary axillary or
racemose
Axillary, terminal
racemose panicle,
spikes rarely cymose
Spike like, head or
umbel, rarely racemose,
globose
Flower
Bisexual, actinomorphic,
perigynous
Bisexual, actinomorphic,
weakly zygomorphic
hypogynous
pentamerous
Bisexual, zygomorphic
perigynous, pentamearous
bracteates, pep dicellate
Calyx
(Whorl of sepals)
5 rarely 4
5 united persistent
Bisexual,
zygomorphic rarely
actinomorphic,
perigynous
Mostly 5 free or
connate on base
Bisexual,
actinomorphic,
hypogynous to slightly
perigynous, bracteates
Usually 5, fused,
toothed or lobed
10,000/492
Spike, pikelets, rachilla,
glumes, lemmas, palea,
floret (lemmas, palea,
flower)
Mostly bisexual, some time
unisexual, zygomorphic
hypogynouns, incomplete
bracteates, sessile
Corolla
(Whorl of petal)
5 or multiple of 5,
numerous
5, united rotate to
tubular
5 free
5 free, fused, biobed
Androecium
(Group of stamens)
Numerous 5 or 10
5, epipetalous, rarely 4
didynamous
10,9 united 1 free
diadelphous
10 rarely numerous
free or variously
united
5 to nmerous free adnate
to corolla
1 – 6 usually 3
Gynoceeium
(Group of Carpals)
1 to numerous separate or
united
Pistil of 2 carpel
1-carpel, 1-locule
Pist of 1 carpel
Pisitl of 1 carpel
3 united carples only on
functioanl free
Ovary
Superior sometiem inferior
Superior, obliquely
palced bilocular 4locular
Superior, style lone
Superior, unilocular
Supeiror, unicellular,
ovules many
Superior, large feather like
Placentaion
Basal in apocarpous axil in
syncarpous
Axile
Marginal, pod, legume
Marginal stigma
simple pod legume
Marginal legume
dehiscent or indehisecne
Grains or caryopsis
indehiscent
Characterisics
Genera
World/pakistan
Species/Paksitan
5 more or less united in
tube papilionaceous
5 usually clawed,
posterior standard 2wing, 2-united keel/carina
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Parienth: absent or 2 rarely
3 Iodicules,
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