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SUPPLEMENTARY 1 PARTS OF SPEECH There are 8 parts of speech that are used to describe English words which are: NAME FUNCTION EXAMPLE 1. Noun A noun is a word that refers to a thing, animal, place, quality, action, or idea. An adjective is a modifier or qualifier that modifies the meaning of a noun or phrase. A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being Modifies (tells you more about) the verb A conjunction is any word or group of words, other than a relative pronoun, that connects words, phrases, or clauses: Prepositions are words that show time, place, movement, direction,relationship An interjection is a word that expresses strong emotion in a sentence: The words ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ which precede nouns or adjectives There are desks and chairs in every classroom. 2. Adjective 3. Verb 4. Adverb 5. Conjunction 6. Preposition 7. Interjection 8. Article My teacher, Mrs Jones, comes from England. The talented teacher motivated the enthusiastic students. We work in the mornings; we play sport in the afternoons; we study in the evenings. He ran fast (how) at the athletics meeting yesterday (when). She went to school although she was feeling ill. The teacher sat on the chair behind her table in the classroom and spoke to her students. Yikes! I'm late! John won a prize for history. Peter won the history prize. 1 The different parts of speech used in sentences. Here are some sentences made with different English parts of speech. 1) noun Naiman verb is working 2) noun Children verb love adjective funny noun people verb speaks noun English adverb well verb speaks adjective good noun English 3) noun Sheena 4) noun Kelly 5) noun She verb likes adjective noun big snakes conjunction pronoun verb but I hate pronoun them Here is a sentence that contains every part of speech. 6) interjection pronoun conj. Well, she and adj. young noun Nik 2 verb walk prep. to noun school adverb slowly A) Nouns Nouns are words that name people, animals, places, things and ideas. They come in these forms: common , proper, collective and abstract. Type of Nouns Usage Determiners Examples a) Common nouns A, an, a few, some, a lot of, Woman, boy, cow, tortoise, - Nouns that refer to people, several shoe, radio, village, animals, things and places museum in general. b) Proper nouns -, The Sultan Mahmud Shah, the - Nouns that refer to Park Royal, Selangor, the particular people, places or Union Jack, Lorong Merbau things. They always begin with capital letters. c) Collective nouns A, the Gang of thieves, flock of - Nouns that are used to birds, herd of cows, bouquet refer to groups of people, of flowers animals or things, taken together as a whole. d) Abstract nouns The Sleep, confidence, fun, - Nouns that refer to wisdom, thirst, work, qualities, actions or states of disappointment, help being. Countable and Uncountable Nouns We should also know whether a noun is countable or uncountable: Type of Nouns Usage Determiners a) Countable nouns A, an Examples Magazine, apple 3 - Nouns that can be counted A few, fewer, some, many, Cats, farms, bicycles, and have singular and plural more, several, plenty of, etc. mountains forms b) Uncountable nouns We cannot use a/an with - There has been a lot of - Nouns that cannot be these nouns. To express a research into the causes of counted. They have no quantity of one of these this disease plural form. They take nouns, use a word or - He gave me a great deal singular verbs. expression like: of advice before my - They are often the names A little, less, a lot of, some, interview. for abstract ideas or much, more, plenty of, etc - The have got a lot of qualities. furniture. - Can you give some information about uncountable nouns? BE CAREFUL with the noun ‘hair’ which is normally uncountable in English: She has long blonde hair It can also be countable when referring to individual hairs: My father’s getting a few hairs now 4 Exercise 1 Complete the passage using each noun in the following list once. You will have to make some nouns plural. concern loneliness decision home holiday time television Australia toy brothers Daniel week Forest Daniel was feeling lonely because his two 1)_____________ were away from 2)__________studying abroad and it was the June 3)___________. 4)____________ tried everything to cheer himself up. He played with his many 5)_____________ but the 6)____________ would not go away. He tried going for a walk in the 7)__________ but this made him feel even lonelier. His mother was filled with 8)_____________ for Daniel as he looked so sad and spent most of his 9)__________ staring miserably at the 10)_____________. At last, Daniel’s mother came to a 11)______________. She would take Daniel to see his brothers even if it meant travelling all the way to 12)________________ and spend the remaining three 13)__________ of the holiday with the family united. Exercise 2 Complete the passage, choosing the correct nouns from the box. metres emperor Great Wall of China armies road walls years Shih Huang Ti China enemies empire barbarians valleys world wall mountains height year length places The Great Wall of China is a huge (1)_____________________that is found in (2) __________________________. This very tall and long wall was built along the northern border of China many hundreds of (3)______________________ago, in about 5 the (4)______________________200B.C. It was built to protect the people in the (5)________________________of China against any attacks from the nvading (6)_________________________of the (7)___________________________. Local feudal lords had been building some (8)_______________________ and forts for many years. They built them in (9)________________________where the armies of their (10)________________________, the barbarians, found it easy to attack them. Examples of such places were gaps in the (11)____________________________. But it was not until the reign of the great (12)____________________________, (13) _______________________________, who reigned from 221 to 210 B.C., that all these walls and forts were joined up and made into one long continuous giant wall. When the (14)______________________________ was all linked up, it reached the (15)__________________________ of about 2400 kilometres. It was, and still is, the longest wall that has ever been built in the (16)________________________. The (17)______________________________ of the wall changes along the way. It varies from 6 (18)____________________________ to 16 metres high. The wall winds up mountains and down (19)__________________________. Along the top of the wall, there used to be a (20)__________________________that was more than 4 metres wide. 6 B) ADJECTIVES Adjectives qualify or describe nouns and pronouns. They add interest and colour to sentences by describing or giving more information. 1. The adjective may come before a noun: Example: The clever (adjective) boy won the prize 2. The adjective may follow a linking verb (is, am, are was, were): Example: The boy is clever (adjective). 3. Adjectives may be formed from nouns: Example: The boy is an athlete (noun). He is an athletic (adjective) boy. There are several kinds of adjectives: 1. Descriptive adjectives or adjectives of quality (what kind) These are the most commonly used adjectives. Example: The loyal child… 2. Proper adjectives These are proper nouns used as adjectives. Example: The August winds are good for flying kites. 3. Adjectives of quantity (how many) Two/many/several/few/some/most children… 4. Adjectives of order (position) Example: He came first/second/last in the race. 7 5. Demonstrative adjectives (which one) Example: This/That book… 6. Possessive adjectives (belonging to) Example: My/his/her/our/their/your computer… 7. Interrogative adjectives (which one) Example: Which/What/Whose lesson... 8. Compound adjectives Adjectives joined by hyphens are called compound adjectives. Example: a well-deserved result / a feather-light cake Exercise 1 1. Keisha is __________ (comfortable, comfort) in school. 2. The stories in this book have a lot of _________ (variety, various). 3. I am __________ (curiosity, curious) about the game. 4. Is the boy _________ (confidence, confident) today? 5. He is not ___________ (responsibility, responsible) for his behaviour. 6. Are those books _________ (valuable, value)? 7. A student must have __________ (responsible, responsibility). 8 8. The little kid has a lot of _________ (curious, curiosity) 9. My car is not ________ (dependable, dependability) 10. The doctor has a bad _________ (ill, illness). 11. That ___________ (generous, generosity) gentleman is very _________ (rich, richness) 12. Those young girls are ___________ (playful, playfully) and never get any work done. 13. The policemen are ________ (tired, tiring) 14. She looks _________ (beautiful, beautifully) in that white dress. Exercise 2 Read the following passage carefully. Then complete each of the blanks with the best adjectives. The sea was (1) as the wing blew gently. The cruise liner (2) set sail an hour ago moved on steadily. It was my first journey on a ship and I was enjoying (3) moment of it. From the deck of the ship, I could see some fish playing near the surface of the water. There were a couple of (4) blue whales following our ship. They were a sight to behold. I enjoyed the company of the (5) people on the ship. The captain and his crew (6) attended to all my needs made me feel very (7). There were musicians and dancers to entertain us. The ship also had a (8) library of books. What I loved most about (9) cruise was the opportunity to meet (10) interesting people. 9 1. A B strong C calm D peaceful turbulent 2. A B who what C D which whom 3. A B all very C D some every 4. A B dark C darker D darkest most dark 5. A B smart C proud D friendly indifferent 6. A B what who C D which whom 7. A B tired queer C D comfortable terrible 8. A B good C better D best well 9. A B this that C D these those 10. A B much more C D many most 10