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Ch24/Sec3 finished: The Decline of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) The Qing Dynasty also followed the traditional life cycle of dynasties: - rise period of prosperity decline: corruption & incompetence rebellions [left it open to influence by foreign (Western) nations] collapse Foreign influence: began with the Opium War in 1839-1842 Reasons: - Restriction of Europeans to the port of Canton (Guangzhou) - Trade imbalance b/w Great Britain & China: GB imported more goods (tea, silk, & porcelain) from China than exported (Indian cotton) to it GB was indebted to China - GB tried to pay China w/ silver caused large amounts of silver to flow out of Great Britain economic problem for Great Britain - GB tries to negotiate w/ China, but China refuses GB tries to make up for the trade imbalance by exporting Indian opium to China Chinese quickly become addicted silver is now flowing back into Great Britain in exchange for opium - China asks GB to stop the export of opium on moral grounds GB refuses Opium War: China blockades Canton GB’s warship destroy the blockade & coastal forts Chinese no match against the British peace Treaty of Nanjing (1842): devastating terms for the Chinese * China opened up 5 ports to Great Britain & were ruled under the practice of extraterritoriality (Europeans living in those ports were subject to European laws) * Limited tariffs & agreed to pay for the costs of the war * China gave Hong Kong to GB (remained British until 1997) In order to pit nations against one another, China also opened up the ports to other nations, including the U.S. Domestic Problems: the Tai Ping Rebellion (1850-1864): Not enough farmlands for the peasants + population growth food shortage Hong Xiuquan, claiming he got permission from God, set out to rebel against the Qing dynasty captured a town & founded his own: the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace (Tai Ping Tianguo) Hong’s goals: land to all peasants, equality for women, communism March 1853 massacre in the city of Nanjing (25,000 people were killed by Hong’s rebels) the Qing Dynasty was too weak to deal with the Tai Ping, partially due to its struggle w/ the British Tianjin Treaty (1858): legalized the opium trade & gave the Kowloon Peninsula to GB Chinese resistance to the treaty GB captured Beijing in 1860 1864: the Qing, w/ European aid, recaptured Nanjing & ended the Tai Ping Dynasty Reform Efforts: “self-strengthening” = adoption of Western technology while keeping Confucian values & institutions, e.g. railroads, shipyards, weapons factories were built but rulers, civil service exams remained unsuccessful!!! Weak dynasty = Open to conquest Imperialism: foreign nations (Britain, France, Germany, Russia, & Japan) established spheres of influence in China Results of the Opium War Treaty of Nanjing Treaty of Tianjin Year of treaty With whom The agreement 1. 2. 3. 1. 2.