Download plants and flower guided notes

Plants
Vocab:
cuticle
vascular tissue
zygote
nonvascular plant
vascular plant
sporophyte
gametophyte
autotroph
eukaryotote
There are many ____________plants throughout the world.
Some plants trap _____________, some bloom only once
every thirty years, and some have flowers that smell like
rotting meat! You interact with plants every day, when you
eat, when you see moss on a tree or plants in a pond. All
plants, even the strange ones have things in
__________________.
What is a Plant? -Plants belong to the Kingdom plantea,
they share several characteristics. Nearly all plants are
autotrophs, ___________________________________.
All plants are eukaryotes that contain _____________.
Plants are ______________________s, a sun powered
food-making factory. _____________________________
provides the energy for this food making process,
_________________________. Plants are multicellular,
with cells organized into tissues. Plants vary in size from
the tiniest moss to the largest redwood tree.
Adaptations for Living on Land- Most plants live on land
but some live in water. The algae obtain water and nutrients
directly from the water. Water also gives them a place to
grow and when these plants reproduce the sperm cells
swim through the water to the egg cells.

For plants to survive on land, they must have
o a way to get _________________ and
________________________ from their
environment,
o to retain or _________________________
so they don’t dry out,
o a way to ____________________________
materials in their bodies,
o a way to ____________________________
their bodies giving them a place to grow,
and
o a way to _________________________.
 To live on land plants must have
_____________________________ to survive.
They need a way to get water and nutrients from
the soil.
Why is obtaining water and nutrients easy for water plants?
Retaining Water- One adaption that helps a plant reduce
water loss is a waxy layer called a cuticle _____________
_______________________________________________
Transporting Materials.-Plants need to transport materials
from one part of its body to another. In small plants it is
easy for materials to move from one cell to the next. Large
plants need a more effective system. These plants have
transport tissues called ______________________ tissues.
These tissues are __________________ like structures
inside a plant that ____________________________,
____________________________________ and
_______________________ move.
Humans also have a tube like structures to transport
important fluids. Can you name them?
Support- A plants food making parts must be exposed to as
much __________________ as possible. Rigid cell walls
and vascular tissue strengthen and support the bodies of
these plants so they are best exposed to the
__________________________.
Reproduction- All plants go through sexual reproduction
that involves fertilization, the joining of a ____________
with an _____________________________. A zygote is
the ________________________. For some plants the
sperm cell swims through the water. Other plants have
adapted to their environments and use different methods of
fertilization.
Classifying Plants
Scientists “informally” group plants into two major
groups: non-vascular and vascular.
Nonvascular Plants - Nonvascular plants lack a welldeveloped system of tubes for transporting materials. (non
= not, vascular = tubes to transport fluids) Growing in
damp shady places these plants are low growing and don’t
have roots. They absorb what they need directly from their
environment. These materials pass through the cell walls
into the cells. This is a slow process compared to vascular
transport. The cell walls are thin and can not support a tall
plant, most of these plants are only a few centimeters tall.
Vascular Plants - Plants with defined vascular tissues are
called vascular plants. Vascular plants are able to
transport materials over __________________________
_____________________________ and _____________.
The vascular tissues also provide support. These plants can
grow very tall.
Plant Origins- The oldest plant fossils are about 400
million years old. These plants already had many
adaptations such as vascular tissue. Through chemical
analysis of different plants, such as the specific make up of
chlorophyll, as well as genetic testing, has lead scientists to
hypothesize that ancient green algae is the ancestor of
today’s modern plants. Some scientists think that green
algae should be classified as a plant. Some plants, such as
the Gingko tree, and many others have been around since
prehistoric times.
Complex Life Cycles -Plants have complex lifecycles that
include two different stages, the sporophyte stage and
the gametophyte stage.
 In the sporophyte stage (SPOH ruh fite) stage,
the plant produces ______________________.
Spores are tiny cells that grow into new
organisms. Spores develop into the plants next
stage, the gametophyte stage.
 In the Gametophyte stage (guh MEE tuh fyt) the
plant produces ______________________ cells
and ______________cells.
The sperm cell and egg cell then combine to form
a_____________________. The zygote develops into
sporophyte. The___________________________ produces
______________________________which develop into
the gametophyte which produce sperm and egg cells…..the
sporophyte looks very different from the gametophyte.
Characteristics of Seed Plants
Vocab:
phloem
xylem
pollen
seed
embryo
cotyledon
germination
root cap
cambium
transportation
photosynthesis
Parvis e glandibus quercus, a Latin proverb translates to
"mighty oaks from tiny acorns grow.". Did you ever
wonder how that happens?
What is a Seed Plant?- Seed plants outnumber seedless
plants by more than ten to one. We eat many seed plants,
rice, squash, tomatoes, peas, and squash are all see plants.
We even wear cloths made from seed plants like cotton and
flax. Many homes are made from see plants, oak, pine,
maple trees, and in some country people “thatch” their
roofs with thatch which is a grass. We breathe oxygen that
is produced mainly by seed plants.
Seed plants share two very important characteristics
1. They have ___________________________tissue
2. they use ________________________ and seeds
to __________________________.
They also have roots, stems (bodies), and leaves. Some
have complex life cycles that include the sporophyte and
gametophyte stages. The gametophytes are microscopic,
the plants are the sporophytes.
The vascular tissue helps support the plant as well as
transports nutrients. There are two types of vascular tissue.
Phloem (FLOH um) vascular tissue _____________ food
from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Water and minerals
travel through vascular tissue called xylem, (ZY lum) from
the________________________________________ to the
______________ of the plant where the stems and leaves
are.
Pollen and Seeds- Seed plants can live in many
______________________________. They produce
pollen, a tiny structure that later becomes ___________
cells. Once the sperm cell fertilizes the egg, seeds develop.
A seed contains a _____________________________
inside a protective covering; the covering helps young
plants from drying out.
How Seeds Become New Plants- All seeds are
_____________________. Inside each seed is a partially
_______________________ plant. If the seed lands in an
environment with favorable conditions it will begin to
grow.
Seed Structure-A seed has_______________ main parts:
1. Embryo: stores the __________________ of
_________________, _________________, and
___________________. Uses the food ___________
in the seed until it can make its own food through
________________________________.
2. The embryo has one or _________________ seed
leaves called cotyledons (kaht uh LEED unz) in some
plants food is__________________________ in the
cotyledons, in other is it stored outside the
_________________________.
3. The outer covering is the ______________________.
The covering protects the seed like plastic saran wrap
protects food. It keeps _____________________ in
allowing the seed to remain ___________________
for long periods of time until it is in the perfect
environment for ______________________. In many
plants_______________________________________
surrounds seeds.
Seed Dispersal.- The scattering of seeds is called dispersal.
Seeds are ____________________________ in many
ways.
1. Other organisms _____________________ the fruit around
the seeds and also consume the seeds. The seed travels
through the digestive system and are deposited in
____________________________________.
2. Some seeds have_____________________ like structures
and “hitch hike” a ride on an organism to a new spot.
3. Some seeds travel in ___________________________,
across oceans (like coconuts) or swept downstream.
4. Lightweight seeds can be carried in the ________________.
Some of these seeds have structures to help them travel away
from the parent plant.
5. Some plants _________________________________ their
seeds; the force scatters the seeds in many directions.
6. Being _________________________ from the parent plant
so it does not have to compete for light, food and water helps
to increase the ________________________ of the new
plant.
Germination- When the conditions are _____________ a
seed will germinate. The seed absorbs water from the
environment allowing the embryo to absorb food and start
to grow. Germination (jur muh NAY shun) occurs when
the _____________________ begins to _______________
and pushes out of the seed. First the _________________
pushes downward. Next the ____________________ and
__________________________push upward. Once you
see the leaves the plant is called a ___________________.
Roots - There are __________________ major root
systems. ___________________________ root system is
made up of a tangled dense mass of similarly sized roots.
When you pull these plants, such as grass, out of the
ground they bring a lot of soil up with the root system. A
___________________________ system has one thick
main root with smaller roots branching out from the main
root. This kind of root system is difficult to pull out of the
ground. Carrots have a tap root.
Root Structure- The root cap is a __________________
at the end of the root that protects the root from injuring
itself as it grows. Behind the root cap are _____________
that ___________________________________ to form
new ___________________________. Root hairs grow out
of the root and enter the soil to absorb water and nutrients
and to anchor the plant in the soil. The absorbed material is
transferred to the vascular tissue (xylem) where it is
transported up into the plant. From the leaves the vascular
tissue (________________________________) transports
the food back to the root tissue to be stored or fuel plant
growth.
Stems- Stems ________________________________
substances between ______________________ and
__________________________________, provide
support and hold the leaves up so they are exposed to
the sun. Some stems also make food… do you like
asparagus?
Stems can be herbaceous (hur Bay shus) or woody.
 __________________ stems are often soft and contain
no wood.
 _____________________________ stems are hard
and ___________________. Woody stem has an outer
layer of protective bark surrounding a layer of
cambium (KAM bee um) which _______________ to
produce ____________________________ tissues. At
the center of the wood is the heart, it is darker and has
become hard. It does not transport fluids but it does
provide support. When you look at a tree stump you
can see the each ring, one ring is created each year of
the trees life. Count the rings and you can see how old
the tree is.
Each contains both kinds of vascular tissue as well as other
supportive cells.
Leaves- Leaves of all shapes and sizes capture the suns
energy and carry out ____________________________.
The top and bottom layer of the leaf protect the inside of
the leaf. The cells on the inside are surrounded by vascular
tissues or veins. The surface of the leaf has ____________.
Stoma are _______________________ that allow
substances _____________________(CO2) and ________
of ( O2, H20) the leaf. Stoma translated to mouth but _____
______________________ like a mouth.
The Leaf and Photosynthesis- The leaf is a perfect
structure for carrying out _________________________.
Chloroplasts are near the upper surface to collect the most
sunlight most _____________________________.
_______________________ _______________ enters the
leaf through the ___________________, water travels up
from the roots through the _____________________ to the
leaf. The chloroplast absorbs sunlight/energy. The leaf then
uses the carbon dioxide and water to produce sugar (usable
energy) that travels through the ____________________ to
the rest of the plant, and oxygen, that is released back
through the stoma into the air.
Controlling Water Loss- The leaf has a large surface
exposed to the air, to keep ___________________ from
evaporating, ______________________________; too
quickly the leaf can close the stomata. Pine needles have
less area exposed to the elements and a thick waxy coating
to help protect them and keep them moist.
The Structure of Flowers : The function of all flowers is
____________________________________________. All
flowers no matter what they smell like or look like have the
same parts.
 Sepals and petals when a flower is a bud it is
covered by ___________________ structures
called ____________which are often ________.
Under the sepals are the colorful __________.
The shape, size and color will vary between
varieties of flowers.
 Stamen inside the petals are the_____________
parts of the flower. The stamen is male
reproductive parts. They produce the pollen and
make sure it is released where it can be
transferred to the female parts.
 Pistils found in the _____________________of
most flowers, they are the female parts of the
flower. Some flowers have one pistil, some have
two.
 Pollinators _________________________ that
____________________________ pollen from
the ________________________ parts of a
flower to the_________________________
parts. Birds, bats, insects. Some are attracted by
the odor of the flower, some flowers smell sweet
but some smell bad.
The flower parts:
Flower part
Part function
Petals are used to attract insects into the flower;
they may have guidelines on them and be
scented. They are brightly colored, some
pollinators are attracted to certain colors, other
pollinators are attracted by scent.
Stigma
Style
This protects the ovule and once fertilization has
taken place it will become the fruit. Contains one
or more ovule.
Ovule
The Ovule is the egg and once ____________ has taken
place will become the seed.
Receptacle
This is the flower's _______________________ to the
stalk and in some cases becomes part of the fruit after
fertilization e.g. strawberry.
Flower stalk
Gives _______________________ to the flower and
___________________________the flower for the
insects, ________________________ nutrients from the
roots to the flower.
Nectary
This is where a sugary solution called nectar is held to
_________________________ insects.
Sepal
This is the stalk of the Anther.
Anther
The female reproductive part of the flower. The parts
of the pistils are the sticky stigma, the slender tube
called the style, and the hollow structure called the
ovary at the base
Stamen
Go to
PHSchool.com
Web code
cep-1053
Note:
The stigma, style, ovary, and ovule are often known
collectively as the carpel or female parts of the flower.