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Download Fall Exam 2015 Zoology Study Guide Part 1 Scientific method What
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Fall Exam 2015 Zoology Study Guide Part 1 Scientific method What are the steps in the scientific method? What is a characteristic of a good hypothesis? Know the definition of the following terms Control Observation Data Experiment Hypothesis Variable Part 2 Cladograms What is a phylogenetic tree? What do cladograms illustrate? Know the parts of a cladogram and what they mean: node, clades, derived characteristic, analogous characteristics, and ancestral characteristics Which end of a cladogram indicates the most primitive organism? Part 3 Classification Who is the father of taxonomy? What tool did he develop? Why are scientific names important? How do you write the scientific name of an animal? (2 parts) Which level of the hierarchy is made up of a group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor? What is binomial nomenclature? Name the hierarchy (7 groups) used to classify an animal. Which levels of the hierarchy provide the most detailed information about an organism? What evidence do modern scientists use to determine evolutionary relationships? What do organisms with similar DNA sequences have in common? Part 4 Invertebrates Define the 3 types of coeloms: What is the difference between a protostome and a deuterostome? Except for echinoderm in which of the above does the blastopore become the mouth? What is the difference between direct and indirect metamorphosis? Define: blastula, blastopore, gastrula. What does diploplastic mean? What does triploblastic mean? What are the 3 germ layers? Define: monoecious, dioecious Name and define the 4 types of symmetry. What are the terms used to identify these regions of an animal: head, tail, back surface, and belly surface? Part 5 Sponges Sponges belong to what phylum? Name the 3 classes of sponges. Which class of sponges has spicules made of glass? Most sponges are monoecious or dioecious? Describe the general characteristics of sponges: What is the function of these parts of the sponge: collar cells, choanocytes, pinacocytes, porocytes, amoebocytes, mesenchyme cells, and gemmules? Define: motile and sessile. Know the life cycle of the sponge. When are they “free swimming?” Part 6 Cnidarians – jellyfish, hydra, corals What is the main type of symmetry found in cnidarians? Know the body parts of cnidarians; polyp and medusa. Label the parts of the life cycle of the cnidarians. In corals what is the difference between a polyp and a medusa? What is the difference between colloblasts and nematocysts? Define hydrostatic skeleton. What does it require? How do hydra reproduce? How does the symbiotic algae, zooxanthellae, help corals? Part 7 Platyhelminthes –flatworms, parasitic worms, planaria, flukes, tapeworms What are the general characteristics of Platyhelminthes? What do ALL members of this phylum have in common? Name and give examples of the 4 classes of this phylum. Why is the digestive tract of the flatworm thought of as incomplete? What is the function of these structures in worms: cerebral ganglion, pharynx, auricles, flame cells, eyespot (ocelli)? Gas exchange and waste removal occur through which process? Be able to identify the parts of the planaria (5). (diagram) What outer covering do many parasitic flatworms use for protection? How do flatworms reproduce? Know the life cycle of the liver fluke. (diagram) What is the difference between primary, intermediate, and tertiary host? What general characteristics distinguish cnidarians from flatworms? Part 8 Rotifera & Nematoda In which phylum do amictic eggs develop through parthenogenesis? Rotifera and nematoda have what kind of skeleton? What structure do rotifers use to grind food? Where are the cilia of rotifers found? Part 9 Annelida – earthworms, leeches What general characteristics do ALL Annelida share? What structure do earthworms use to dig? How do earthworms reproduce? What structure do earthworms use to grind food? In order, list the parts of the digestive tract through which food passes in earthworms. Be able to identify the EXTERNAL structures (5) of the earthworm. What are setae used for in annelids? What structure in earthworms plays a primary role in the circulatory system? What types of muscles help annelids move in more complex ways? What substance do leeches use to prevent blood from coagulating? Describe the reproduction of monoecious oligochaetes. (ex. Earthworm) Be able to identify the INTERNAL structures (13) of the earthworm. (diagram) What is the function of the gizzard in earthworms?
