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Transcript
Bacteria and Viruses Life Divided into Domains Bacteria Characteristics • • • • • • • • • Prokaryotic Cell wall- can be made of peptidoglycan Laying inside the cell wall is a _____________ Capsule is sticky and helps bacteria ________surfaces as well as providing _-----------from the hosts immune system Extremely small- typically around _____micrometers Flagella- used for______________ Pilli- some bacteria have these on outer surface helps in _____________and_____________ to surface May be found as unicellular or ________________ Endospore- ____________________________of bacteria- forms inside cell when conditions are too harsh for survival – consists of a thick wall around nuclear material and a small amount of cytoplasm. Endospores have been known to survive for 50 years or more in this dormant state Classification of Bacteria Archebacteria 1. Do not have peptidoglycan in cell walls have___________instead 2. Archaea differ in the types of ________in their cell membrane. Also, archaeal genes do not contain________. • • • Methanogens- convert _______________gas into energy Halophiles- live in high salt ________________areas Thermoaciophiles- live in____________ temperatures as well as very acidic environments EubacteriaA. have cell walls made of peptidoglycan B . Are classified according to 1. shape 2. gram stain 3. chemistry of cell wall 4. metabolism • Proteobacteria- includes __________fixing bacteria, live in human and animal intestines • Gram positive-includes strep, anthrax, and botulism bacteria • Cyanobacteria- _________________bacteria • Spirochetes- gram negative bacteria( Lyme disease, syphilis) • Chlamydia-gram negative bacteria that cause Chlamydia Classification by Shape • Bacilli- ____shaped • Cocci- _______shaped • Spirilla- ______shaped • When ______occur in chains they are called streptococci • Grapelike clusters of cocci are called staphylococci • • • • Proteobacteria One of __________groups Can live symbiotically with other organisms such as Rhizobium which lives ____________of legumes and nitrogen fixes Can live as _____________( disease causing)- such as Agrobacterium which causes tumors in plants or Heliobacter pylori which causes stomach ulcers Can be ________(live in the intestines)- Escherichia coli or E.coli Classification by Gram Staining • Gram negative- cell walls complex and have little ___________- appear ______under microscope after staining with red dye • Gram Positive- have _______cells walls and much more pepidoglycan. Appear ________because they retain their natural purple color – • • • • • Gram-Positive Bacteria Not all of the bacteria in this group are Gram-positive. Biologists place a few species of Gram-negative bacteria in this group because these species are ________________to Gram-positive bacteria. Very large Streptococcus Clostridium botulinum-causes botulism Lactobacilli- lactic acid species that makes yogurt and makes milk sour Bacillus anthracis- anthrax Cyanobacteria • Photosynthetic • Believed to be _______________producing organisms – Once called________________, cyanobacteria are now known to be bacteria because they lack a membrane-bound nucleus and__________________. Spirochetes • • • • • • Gram _____________ Spiral Some ________________( need oxygen) Some anerobic Borrelia burgdorfen-causes Lyme disease Treponema pallidum- syphilis Chlamydia • • • • • Gram______________ Chlamydia live only__________ animal cells. Sphere(coccus) shaped Do not have pepidoglycan Causes Chlamydia- STD Nutrition and Metabolism Need a source ___________ to build organic molecules and a source of energy • Heterotrophic – Photoheterotroph- uses_______ energy but gets its carbon from other sources – Chemoheterotroph-obtains both _______and _________from other organisms • Autotrophic -Photoautotroph- uses ________and Carbon from Co2 – Chemoautotroph- extracts energy from _____________compounds and uses CO2 as carbon source Prokaryotic Habitats • Obligate anerobes- ________live with oxygen present ex. Tetanus • Obligate aerobes- must have ________to live ex. Tuberculosis and diptheria • Faculative anerobes- can live ____________oxygen ex. E.coli Factors that encourage bacteria growth • 1. food • 2.water • 3. temperature- Psycrophilic- _________32-68F – mesophiles-like average temperatures 68F- 104F – Thermophiles- ________- 113 -230F • 4. sunlight • 5. chemicals/ fertilizers- phosphates • 6. acidity- usually between 6.5 – 7.5 Reproduction in Bacteria • Asexual • Typically by Binary fission Bacterial Recombination • • • • The process of exchanging genetic information________ reproduction 1. conjugation- 2 bacteria bind ___________exchange genetic info 2. transformation- bacteria takes in DNA from ___________environment 3. transduction- virus obtains small part of DNA from _____bacteria and then virus copies itself in the bacteria Bacteria and Humans • Benefits• • • • • • Necessary for production of food/such as dairy Decay of dead organisms/recycling process Needed for our digestion/ E.coli Production of vinegar Bioremediation Nitrogen fixation- nutrients for our crops Bacteria and Humans • Negatives Some bacteria are pathogens( cause disease) • Human diseases may result from endotoxins or exotoxins produced by bacteria or from the destruction of body tissues. – – Release endotoxins- like gram negative bacteria-cause fever, body aches, diarrhea, hemorrhages and weakness- not released until bacteria die – Release exotoxins- some gram positive- bacteria release toxins into their environment while living. example tetanus- Clostridium tetani – Antibiotics and Bacteria • Antibiotics affect bacteria by ____________their normal processes • Produced by some fungi and bacteria • Antibiotic resistance- the evolution of some bacteria to resist antibiotics – A mutation in the ______ of a single bacterium can confer resistance to an antibiotic. – Cells with the ________ gene have a selective advantage when the antibiotic is present. Bacterial Disease – The number of certain bacterial diseases has increased because of the increase in the number of __________ resistant bacteria, the movement of people into previously _____________areas, and global travel. – Foodborne illnesses can be avoided by selecting, storing, cooking, and __________food properly. – Frequent hand washing in hot, ________water is also very important.