Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Life history theory wikipedia , lookup
History of zoology since 1859 wikipedia , lookup
Anatomical terms of location wikipedia , lookup
Regeneration in humans wikipedia , lookup
Insect physiology wikipedia , lookup
History of zoology (through 1859) wikipedia , lookup
Animal Development and Phylogeny Animals: Multicellular Consumers Eukaryotic Motile at some point in their development Reproduce sexually (some have asexual options) Have a variety of evolutionary advancements The Animal Family Tree The most primitive animals are conglomerations of cells with little specialization and no true tissues (sponges) More advanced animals have cells organized into distinct tissues (Eumetazoa) Diploblastic organisms have only 2 tissue layers (cnidarians and ctenophorans) Triploblastic organisms have 3 tissue layers (look in a mirror) Figure 32-5 Asymmetry Sponge No plane of symmetry Radial symmetry Jellyfish Multiple planes of symmetry Bilateral symmetry Lizard Single plane of symmetry Posterior Anterior Animal Activitiesminor grade and NOTES Use the animal activities to determine evolutionary patterns in Kingdom Animalia. Complete each one on your own paper. Use a textbook, online notes, online resources and previous knowledge. The last question for each sections is a Thinkable this is the question that makes the connection between information and knowledge A word about Germ layers “Germ” layers refers to the 3 layers of tissues in most animals. The layers are present at gastrulation during embryonic development Ectoderm is the outermost layer of cells. It gives rise to the nervous system, skin, hair and nails Mesoderm is the middle layer of cells and is the most versatile. It becomes the skeleton, muscles, inner layer of skin, visceral lining, fatty tissues, and circulatory system Endoderm is the innermost layer of cells. It gives rise to the gut and organs associated with digestion and excretion Introduction to Kingdom Animalia Evolution Work through the first two activities: Symmetry and Tissue Layers 30 minutes. Why Symmetry? Most primitive organisms are asymmetric, slightly more advanced are radially symmetric, and the most advanced are bilaterally symmetric Why? Segmentation is tied to bilaterally symmetry. Organisms with bilateral symmetry tend to have more advanced features such as sensory organs. Cephalization!!!! The Animal Family Tree Animals with true tissues and bilateral symmetry are considered the most advanced and classified into three groups: Specialized tissues and basic organs but no body cavity (acoelomates) Still more advanced organisms develop a body cavity which is unlined (pseudocoelomates) The most advanced organisms develop a body cavity lined in mesoderm (coelomates) Body cavities allow organisms to form sections for specialized organs and organ systems. This leads to segmentation=Evolutionary Money! Figure 32-6 Acoelomates have no enclosed body cavity. No coelom Skin (from ectoderm) Muscles, organs (from mesoderm) Gut (from endoderm) Pseudocoelomates have an enclosed body cavity partially lined with mesoderm. Pseudocoelom Skin (from ectoderm) Muscles, organs (from mesoderm) Gut (from endoderm) Coelomates have an enclosed body cavity completely lined with mesoderm. Coelom Skin (from ectoderm) Muscles, organs (from mesoderm) Gut (from endoderm) Family Tree Continued The coelomates are further divided into two groups: Protostomes-”proto”=first, “stome”=mouth, Deuterostomes-”deutero”=second, “stome”=mouth Groups are based on the fate of the Blastopore during gastrulation Protostomes are all invertebrates. Deuterostomes are echinoderms and chordates. Figure 22-12 Figure 32-8 PROTOSTOMES Cleavage (zygote undergoes rapid divisions, eventually forming a mass of cells) DEUTEROSTOMES 2-cell stage 4-cell stage 8-cell stage Gastrulation (mass of cells formed by cleavage is rearranged to form gut and embryonic tissue layers) Longitudinal section Spiral cleavage Radial cleavage Mouth Pore becomes mouth Anus Coelom formation (body cavity lined with mesoderm develops) Pore becomes anus Gut Gut Coelom Mesoderm Block of solid mesoderm splits to form coelom Cross section Mesoderm Mesoderm pockets pinch off of gut to form coelom Figure 32-10 Animalia Bilateria Deuterostoma Protostoma Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Segmentation Acoelom Pseudocoelom Pseudocoelom Radial symmetry Segmen(in adults) tation Growth by molting Protostome development Phylogenetic tree based on similarities and differences in the DNA sequences of several genes from various animal phyla. The bars along the branches indicate when certain morphological traits originated Deuterostome development Coelom Triploblasty (origin of mesoderm) Bilateral symmetry and cephalization Radial symmetry Diploblasty (ectoderm and endoderm) Epithelial tissue Multicellularity Segmentation Figure 32-1-Table 32-1a Figure 32-1-Table 32-1b Kindgom Animalia Activity Continued…… Write three columns on your paper: Know Think I Know Don’t Know Sort the following terms into an appropriate column for YOU: Bilateria, Radiata, Acoelomates, Coelomates, Pseudocoleomates, Protostome, Eumtazoa, Parazoa, Choanoflagellate, Deuterostome Animal Activity Continued….. Define the terms in your “Don’t Know” Column using your notes, neighbor, electronic devices or textbook. Start with #3 on the activity sheet. Use the pieces to help you sort and resort but write the final product in your notes. 15 minutes Animal Classification/Review Molecular data continues to change our views on how animals are grouped into phyla. The bilaterally symmetric animals are particularly messy to classify There are some points of agreement with respect to classification: All animals share a common ancestor Sponges are the base of the animals family tree Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues (cnidaria and ctenophora, formerly coelenterata) Most animal phyla belong to the Bilateria clade and are organized based on the presence of a coelom. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade Deuterostoma Major Invertebrate Phyla Sponges were formerly called “Porifera” and are organisms that have the following characteristics: Suspension feeding (capturing food from the water as it travels through the body Pores on the outer surface pull in water and send it out through the spongocoel and it’s main opening, the osculum All are hermaphroditic Have a few specialized cells but no tissues: Choanocytes-collar cells that are flagellated for feeding Amoebocytes-mobile cells that have pseudopods and carry nutrients around the body These are now split into 2 phyla: Calcarea Silicea Figure 32-26 Pseudoceratina crassa Eumetazoans This is a clade, consisting of 2 major phyla of diploblastic organisms: Cnidaria (Includes: jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, etc) Radially symmetrical Tissue layers (2 distinct-epidermis, gastrodermis)-mesoglea in between (jelly) 2 forms-medusa (mouth down, free-swimming), and polyp (mouth up, sessile) Stinging nematocysts for defense and predation (inside the cnidocytes) 1st organisms with a nervous system (primitive-nerve net, no central control) Food enters the mouth and broken down. Nutrients from the food are absorbed by the surrounding cells and wastes are expelled from the mouth (2-way digestive tract) Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Look like jellyfish, but move with cilia on their bodies No cnidocytes/nematocysts, instead use colloblast secretions to catch and hold onto prey Actually have a nervous control structure called the Apical Organ at one end of the body (sounds like a brain to me) Figure 32-27 Polyps attach to substrates. Aurelia aurita Medusae float near the water surface. Aurelia aurita Figure 32-18 Motile larval anemone Sessile adult anemone Figure 32-3 Cnidarians and ctenophores are diploblastic. Cnidaria include hydra, jellyfish, corals, and sea pens (shown). Ctenophora are the comb jellies. Ectoderm Endoderm This dark blue comb jelly… …has just swallowed this white comb jelly Figure 32-4 Mouth Tentacles Tubular body Basal disk Captured prey will be transferred to mouth Figure 32-28 Pleurobrachia pileus Rows of cilia Sticky tentacles Acoelomates Also called the flatworms b/c they have no body cavity and a flattened body First organisms with bilateral symmetry and cephalization Organisms with a two-way digestive tract or none at all No need for lungs or gills because of the flat body plan (O2 exchange via diffusion) Water-living or parasitic Figure 33-13 Turbellarians are free living. Pseudoceros ferrugineus Cestodes are endoparasitic. Taenia species Trematodes are endoparasitic. Dicrocoelium dendriticum Rotifers Small, freshwater organisms with a ciliated crown Have an alimentary canal with 1-way digestion Some species can reproduce via parthenogenesis and are all female, while others have males only for the purpose of reproduction Figure 33-12 Rotaria rotatoria Corona Mollusca Bilaterally symmetric Muscular Foot (ventral) Rasping organ called the Radula Coelomates Open circulatory system Primitive kidneys Gills or primitive lungs Several ganglia with a more complex nervous system Examples include snails, slugs, chitons, limpets, bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops), chambered nautilis, squid, octopus Figure 33-7b Mollusc body plan (internal view) Gill Mantle (secretes shell) Visceral mass (internal organs and external gill) Muscular “foot” Figure 33-15 Scallops live on the surface of the substrate and suspension feed. Lima scabra Most clams burrow into soft subtrates and suspension feed. Water out Siphons Foot Food particles Water in Gill Gills are thin structures for gas exchange. They also trap food particles as water passes through them. Cilia move the particles to the mouth Figure 33-16 Snails have a single shell, which they use for protection. Maxacteon flammea Land slugs and sea slugs (nudibranchs) lack shells. Chromodoris geminus Bright colors warn potential predators of presence of toxins Figure 33-17 Tonicella lineata Figure 33-18 Octopus dofleini Nematodes Have round bodies (pseudocoel) Both free-living and parasitic Ex: hook worm, Ascaris, pinworm, trichina worm, dog heartworm Often have complex life styles w/intermediate hosts Often have male and female forms with dimorphism Figure 33-21 Strongyloides species Nematodes Annelids 1st organisms with segmentation (metamerism) Closed circulatory system but gas exchange occurs via osmosis Double nerve cord, ganglia, lateral nerves in each segment (metamere) Taste, tactile, light sensation Bilaterally symmetric Head (prostomium) and an anus-bearing terminal portion Hydrostatic skeleton in each segment Figure 33-14 Most polychaetes are marine. Alvinella pompejana Chaetae Most oligochaetes are terrestrial. Paranais litoralis Most leeched live in freshwater. Hirudo medicinalis Arthropods Arthro=jointed, pod=foot, all have jointed appendages Exoskeleton made of chitin (a protein) and sometimes calcium carbonate Metamorphosis Bilateral symmetry, open circulation, nervous system like that of annelids Have gills, air tubes, or book gills Defined body segments and developed sensory organs. Figure 33-7a Arthropod body plan (external view) Tagma Head Thorax Abdomen Jointed limbs Exoskeleton (covers body) Segmented body Figure 33-23 Spider, showing general chelicerate features Dolomedes fimbriatus Posterior region Anterior region Chelicerae Mites are ectoparasitic. Dermatophagoides species Figure 33-24 Deep-sea lobster Enoplometopus occidentalis Red barnacle Barnacles secrete their own shells Carapace Fiddler crab Tetraclita species Uca vocans Compound eyes on stalks Figure 33-23-Table 33-1-1 Figure 33-23-Table 33-1-2 Echinoderms Non-metameric adult with radial symmetry Larvae are bilaterally symmetric No head or brain, circular ring and radial nerves Skeleton of embedded ossicles (calcium carbonate) within the dermis Pedicellariae for catching and moving food Water vascular system with tube feet for locomotion One-way digestive tract (sometimes with eversible stomach) Dermal branchae also help with vascularization Usually separate sexes Ex: sea stars, sea lillies, sea urchins Figure 34-2 Figure 34-3 Figure 34-21 Invertebrate Chordates 2 major Phyla: Cephalochordata and Urochordata Widespread Marine Have a notochord at some point in their development Pharyngeal Gill slits Dorsal Nerve cord (tubular) Postanal tail Bilateral Symmetry Segmented muscles in an unsegmented trunk Ventral heart w/ closed circulation Complete digestive system Figure 34-5a Figure 34-5b Figure 34-23 Figure 34-24 Vertebrate Chordates Have all of the characteristics of invertebrate chordates, but also have a vertebral column and spinal cord These are also called the craniates-have a head Major Classes include: Myxini-Hagfish Pterromyzontida-Lampreys Chondrichtheyes-Sharks, skates, and rays Osteictheyes -Bony fish Amphibians-frogs, salamanders Reptiles-lizards, snakes, crocodillians Aves-Birds Mammalia-duh! Figure 34-25 Figure 34-26 Figure 34-27 Figure 34-28 Figure 34-29 Figure 34-35 Figure 34-37 Figure 34-36 Figure 34-38 Figure 34-31 Figure 34-32 Figure 34-33 Animal Samples (10 minutes each) View each sample. Describe the organism in regards to the following terms: Symmetry Type? Deuterostome or Protostome? Cephalization? Name the organism if you know what it is. Group the organism into one of the Animal Phyla. Trends in Chordate Evolution From plain chordate characteristics to having a cranium From cranium to jaw (made from gills of fish) Tetrapodal body plan (made from fins of fish) Amniotic (membranous) egg-waterproofing Feathers (from scales of reptiles) From oviparity (monotremes) to viviparity (marsupials and eutherians) Figure 34-10 Figure 34-12 Figure 34-14 Figure 34-16 Figure 34-17