Download Chapter Chlamydiae

Chapter
Spirochete
[Requirement]
Master the characteristics of spirochete
[Class hour: 1 hours ]
[Outline]
I. General properties
1. Thin-long ,flexible helical rods (0.1 x 10-20 um)
Fontana silver stain (brown)
possess an axial filament (actively motile)
2. Sensitive to antibiotics (penicillin etc)
3. Classification:
Three genera: Treponema---- causes syphilis
Borrelia ---- causes relapsing fever
Leptospira ---- causes leptospirosis
II. Leptospira
1. Can be cultured under aerobic conditions ( Korthof media )
2. Can survive for months in water
3. Classification.
4. Pathogenicity
Pathogenic substance: Haemolysis, Cytoxicity factor, LPS
Disease : Leptospirosis (zoonosis)
5. Laboratory diagnosis
Examination of spirochete: silver stain, dark-field microscopy
Serology: agglutination- lysis test
III.T. pallidum (TP )
1. Has not been successfully cultured on artificial media
2.Weak resistance, sensitive to penicillin
3. Pathogenicity and Immunity
pathogenesis: ---- immunosuppression
---- adherence
---- immunopathological reaction
Disease: Syphilissexually transmitted disease (STD)
Acquired syphilis : sexual contact
Congenital syphilis : vertical infection
Immumity: infectious immunity ---- CMI: important
---- Anti-TP Ab : protective
----Anti-lipid Ab: diagnosis
( reagin )
4. Laboratory diagnosis
(1) Examination of TP
(2) Non-specific serologic test:
Known Ag( beef heart cardiolipin)
unknown Ab (reagin)
(3) TP Ag serologic test
Chapter
Actinomyces
[Requirement]
Understand the general properties and pathogenicity of actinomyces
[Class hour: 1 hours ]
[Outline]
I.General properties
1. Filamentous prokaryotic microbes, form hyphae
2. Cell structure is similar to bacteria
3. sensitive to antibiotics
II. Pathogenicity
Pathogenic organism:
Actinomyces---- A. israelii
Nocardia----- N. Asteroides
A. israelii
N. asteroides
G+ , non-acid fast
G+ , acid fast
anaerobic
aerobic
normal flora of oral
in the soil
endogenous infection
exogenous infection
chronic pyogenic inflammation
cervicofacial actinomycosis
pyogenic infection
pneumonia
abdominal actinomycosis
thoracic actinomycosis
III.Laboratory diagnosis
Specimens (pus, tissues) -------- Sulfur granules
IV.Treatment
penicillin—12-18 months;
sulfadiazine;
surgical excision
Chapter
Mycoplasma
[Requirement]
Master the characters of mycoplasma
Master the pathogenic mycoplasma
[Class hour: 1 hours ]
[Outline]
I. Introduction
1. mycoplasma is the smallest prokaryotic organisms that
can grow in artificial media.
2. distributed extensive
Human;,animals, plants, insects and sewage.
3. non-cell wall; pleomorphic; pass through filters.
4. pleuro-pneumonia-like organisms --------PPLO
II. Biological properties
1. Morphology
1) size: 0.2～0.3μm
2) pleomorphic: coccoid, coccobacillary,
ring,dumb-bell forms, short and long branching
3) Giemsa stain: purple
4) Structure :
three layer of membrane: two protein membrane
one lipid membrane
terminal structure: some mycoplasma have speciaallized structures at one or
both ends by which they to respiratory or gential tract mucosal surfaces
2. Culture
1) anaerobic/facultatively anaerobic
2) high nutrient: serum, yolk, cholesterol
3) slowly growth:2~3 days;
fried-egg colony: mycoplasma-----600μm
ureaplasma----10~30μm
4) optimum temperature:36~38℃
3. classification
mycoplasma
Mycoplaaasmaataceae
Ureaplasma
Acholeplaasmataceae
Spiroplasmataceae
4. Resistant
Week； 45℃ 15～30 min killed
resistant to penicillin, polymyxin
sensitive to tetracycline,
III.Pathogenic mycoplasma
1. M. pneumoniae[MP]
1) Terminal structure→adherence→damage CM
→release products(H2O2, toxic enzyme)
→injur cell(RBC, tracheal epithelia cell)
2) Primary atypical pneumonia [PAP]
(1) PAP often in school children and adulte
(2) Spread by respiratory; incubation 2~3 weeks;
(3) Headache, chills, fever; malaise; dismiss after 3~10 days
(4) Rarely fetal
(5) Tetracyclines----adults;
Erythromycin---children, pregnant women
2. Ureaplasma urealyticum [UU]
1) genitourinary tract infection
2) nongonococcal urethritis(NGU)
3) vaginitis,cervicitis→premature birth, abortion, sterility
4) arthritis
5) Doxycycline
Chapter
Chlamydiae
[Requirement]
Master the characteristics of chlamydiae
[Class hour: 1 hours ]
[Outline]
I. General properties
1. Obligately intracellular parasite
2. G-, similar to G- bacillus
3. Filtrable (0.2-0.4 um)
4. Unique life-cycle: elementary body---infectious form
initial body----replicative form
5. Classification
II. Pathogenicity
1.Pathogenic factor: suface struture: LPS
endotoxin: like substance
2.Disease
(1). C. trachomatis:
①. Trachoma (A. B. Ba. C seroytpes)
②. Genital-tract infection ----NGU (D-K serotypes)
③. Inclusion conjunctivitis: (D-K serotypes)
④. infantile pneumonia
(2) C. Pneumonia: pneumonia
III. Laboratory Diagnosis:
1. Inclusion body
2.Immunofluorescence technique
IV. Treatment
Chapter
Medical
Mycology
[Requirement]
Master the characteristics and pathogenicity of main pathogenic fungi.
Understand the morphology and culture properties of fungi
[Class hour: 1 hours ]
[Outline]
The fungi--being eucaryotic organisms, lack chlorphyll,
nonmotile,grow as single cell or as long dranched,
filamentous strcture
I.
morphology
monocellular fungi:
yeast form;
yeast-like form
multicellular fungi: hypha— hyphae septum/ hyphae nonseptum
spore— asexual/sexual
reproductive mycelium
hypha
aerial mycelium
vegetative mycelium
spore
blastospore
chlamydospore

asexual
spore
arthrospore
spore conidiaspore
sporangiospore
II.
culture properties
1. sabouraud medium
2. Dextrose,peptone, agar, pH 5.6
zygospore
sexual
oospore
spore basidiospore
ascospore
3. monocellular fungi---37℃;
4. grow slowly:
multicellular fungi---28℃
4 days-3 weeks
yeast-form colony
5.
colonal types
yeast-like colony
hyphomycete-form colony
III. resistance
*more resistant to dry, sunlithg, disinfectants, alkline, acid
*sensitive to heat(60℃ 30min)
*sensitive antibiotic:amphotericin B; nystatin; griseofulvin
IV. Pathogenisis and immunity
1. Pathogenisis
*pathogenic fungi infection----exogenous infection
superficial mycoses (Dermatophytes)
-----nfect skin, nail and hair --- cause tinea
deep mycoses----chromic granulama, tissue ulcer , necrosis
*opportunity fungi infection----endogenous infection
flora disquilibrium
--Candida
albicans : mucocutaneous infection ---- thrush
Organ infection ----meningitis
*hypersensitive disease
penicillium;
fuarium;
aspergillus
---asthma; urticaria; allergic rhinitis; allergic dermatitis
*fungal poisoning
Fusarium; Arthrinium; Patulin; Flavus
*fungal toxin----cancer
aflatoxin---10g/d/personcancer
2. immunity
non-specific immunity
specific immunity-----CMI
V. Laboratory diagnosis
sample--- direct observation (hypha , spore)
--- culture (mycelial colony)
VI.prevention & treatment
1. personal, public hygiene
2. chemothearopatic agents
amphotericin B;
nystatin;
griseofulvin
1.Introduction
1). Eukaryotic organism
2). Morphology (1) monocellular fungi:
(2) multicellular fungi:
hypha (mycelium)
spore reproductive organs
3). Culture
4). Resistance
5). Pathogenisis and immunity
Pathogenicity :
Pathogenic fungi infection
Opportunity fungi infection
Fungal poisoning
Hypersensitive disease
Immunity :
Non-specific immune
CMI
2.Main Pathogenic Fungi
1).Shallow fungi (Dermatophytes) ---- pathogenic fungi
infect skin, nail and hair --- cause tinea
Laboratory diagnosis: sample--- direct observation (hypha , spore)
--- culture (mycelial colony)
Treatment: fungicidal agents
2).Deep fungi --- opportunity fungi
(1). Candida albicans:
① Constitute part of the normal flore of the body
Usually secondary infection:
Superinfection
host defenses
Disease: mucocutaneous infection ---- thrush
Organ infection --- lung kidney etc
Meningitis
②Laboratory diagnosis:
G+,monocellular fungi, blastospore with pseudohyphae
Culture :Yeast-like colony
(2). Cryptococcus neoformans:
Monocellular fungi, possesses a think capsule
Cause cryptococcal meningitis
Serological test : ELISA
(3) Mycotoxicosis:
Aspergillus flavus --- aflatoxin --- contaminate food
----- liver cancer