Download Chapter 6 Age of Exploration

Chapter 6 Age of Exploration
Eager to get quick fortunes through direct trade with Asians, Europeans were forced to consider
the sea as a possible route to Asia.
Overseas voyages would end Europe’s isolation and prepare the way for the rise of the world’s
first global age
Portugal Leads the Way
Portugal was the first European country to search for spices and gold in Africa
First to search for route to Asia
1488 Bartholomeu Dias discovered the southern tip of Africa, which was later named the Cape of
Good Hope; this voyage proved that ships could reach East Asia by sailing around Africa
1497 four ships led by Vasco de Gama sailed from Portugal to India, landing ten months later at
the southwest coast of India
Portugal’s main interest was in Africa and Asia and trade, not colonization; they expanded to the
Spice Islands and colonized Brazil
Spain’s Quest for Riches
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella join the race for Asian riches by backing expeditions
Italian navigator, Christopher Columbus made four voyages to the Caribben islands and South
American before he died in 1506
He died thinking he found a new route to Asia; called the people there Indians
Vespucci and Treaty of Tordesillas
Amerigo Vespucci suggests that Columbus discovered a “New World”
Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their claims in North America, so the pope draws an
imaginary line giving Spain the lands to the west of the line and Portugal lands east of the line; the
treaty that settled this was called the Treaty of Tordesillas
Magellan
1519 a five ship expedition led by the Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan set sail under the
Spanish flag to find a western route to Asia
Magellan’s ship and two others passed around the southern tip of South America and entered the
South Sea, which was renamed the Pacific Ocean by Magellan
When the ships reached the Philippines, Magellan was caught in a local skirmish and was killed.
The surviving crew escaped and sailed for Spain, completing the first circumnavigation of the
globe, proving the world is round.
Overseas Empires: Spain
Spanish Conquistador Hernan Cortes traveled to Mexico (1518); allied with enemies of the Aztecs
Fighting began and within three years Aztecs were conquered; Cortes ruled Mexico
Francisco Pizarro in 1532 invaded the Inca Empire in present-day Peru and conquered the Incas
By 1600s, Spain’s empire included much of North and South America as well as islands in the
West Indies
Spain’s two main goals were get wealth and convert Native Americans to Christianity
Native American population declined due to mistreatment and disease brought over by Europeans;
millions died
Spaniards also brought enslaved workers from Africa
Overseas Empires and the Slave Trade
Colonies of the Netherlands
 1602 the Dutch chartered the Dutch East India Company to expand trade and ensure close
relations with Asia
 Dutch soon controlled trade with present-day Indonesia and pushed the Portuguese and English
out of Asian outposts
 1621 Dutch chartered the Dutch West India Company to establish colonies in the Americas; they
founded New Amsterdam or Manhattan Island, which would soon be a center for colonial trade
 Henry Hudson claimed land for the Dutch along the Atlantic coast of North America
 They also colonize parts of African, but by this time Britain is on the rise!
France in Exploration
 Tries to find a Northwest Passage through America to Asia
 Turn to North America and the Caribbean for trading colonies
 French navigator Jacques Cartier looks for Northwest passage; he finds Montreal and claims some
of Canada for France
 Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, the first permanent French settlement in North America
 The French traded with Native Americans and also used Africans as slave labor to work on
plantations
 The French also established trading posts in India
England in Exploration
 English wanted trade and to use colonies for raw materials
 1600s The English founded settlements in the Americas
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1607 Earliest English settlement at Jamestown
1620 Pilgrims (who were English Protestants) landed in Massachusetts for religious freedom and
created the Mayflower Compact – a set of written laws that formed a social contract
 English settlements thrive and African slave labor was established
 Governors of the colonies from England had a large amount of power
 Native Americans are pushed out of their land and many die of disease
 By 1765 England is the leading European Power in North America
 Francis Drake raided Spanish ships for gold and silver
 English East India company was established for trade in India and Southeast Asia
Triangular Trade Route and the Slave Trade
 1600s European territories in the Americas based their agricultural economies on the labor of
enslaved Africans
 In the Triangular Trade Routs, European ships carried manufactured goods to West Africa and
sold the goods for enslaved people; the ships then carried the slaves across the Atlantic and sold
them in the Americas; finally the ships returned to Europe to sell the American goods
 An enslaved person’s journey from Africa to the Americas was called the Middle Passage, the
middle leg of the triangular trade route
 It was a 3000 mile journey
 Each person had a space about 4-5 feet long and 2-3 feet wide; they were chained together in
darkness
 Many suffered and died from disease
 1 in 5 died on the trip; because slaves had enormous value, traders wanted to keep them alive
 When they arrived in American ports, there were slave auctions
 Anti-slavery movements gained power in the early 1800s
 The most successful slave uprising was in the French-ruled West Indian island of Saint Domingue,
leading to the creation of Haiti in 1804
The Commercial Revolution and Globalization
Commercial Revolution
 1600s nations had replaced cities as the basic economic unit in Europe
 This change became known as the Commercial Revolution
 Governments and rich merchant had been funding trading voyages
 Even they needed additional financial assistance sometimes
 Before the 1600s, families with lots of money who funded trips and loaned money to people were
being replaced by government-chartered banks, which provided many additional services
 Individual merchants who wanted to invest in exploration often raised money by combining their
resources in joint-stock companies
 Money became more widely available
 A system based on the belief that the goal of a business is to make as much profit as possible takes
shape
 In the 1600s, the greatest increase in trade took place in countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean
Mercantilism
 Mercantilism said that because a state’s power depended on its wealth, the goal of every nation
should be to become as wealthy as possible
 Europeans believed that the measure of a nation’s wealth was the amount of bullion or gold and
silver it owned
 Nations could gain wealth by mining gold and silver at home or overseas and through trade
 To increase national wealth, governments often aided businesses producing goods for export
 Colonies, or overseas territories ruled by a parent country, were highly valued in the mercantilist
system as sources of raw materials and as vital markets for finished goods provided by the parent
country
European Daily Life
 Merchants prospered mostly from the expansion of trade and empire and began to surpass the
nobility in wealth and power
 In the countryside, peasants still lived as meagerly as they ever had
Global Exchange
 During the Commercial Revolution, Europe’s population grew rapidly and became more mobile
 As Europe’s trade expanded, it contributed to a worldwide exchange of people, goods, technology,
ideas, and diseases
 European influences profoundly affected cultures, sometimes negatively; in turn, local cultures,
particularly those in Asia influenced European arts, styles, and foods
Effects of the Slave Trade and Spice Trade in Asia
Effects of the Slave Trade
 Many slaves were prisoners of war. Some local slave traders raided villages in search of victims.
 King Afonso of Congo writes the Portuguese king in 1526 and said “so great is the corruption that our
country is being completely depopulated.” Protests were ignored by Europeans and some Africans.
 slave trade deprived African communities of young, strong men and women; increased warfare in
Africa; destroyed cultures
 European presence mostly on west coast, also in South Africa and Mozambique
 -1500s-monarchies throughout Africa; some areas tied together by kinship or other loyalties;
 -Ibo society in east Nigeria had independent villages; they were traders who produced more slaves
than anywhere else on the continent
 -Europeans introduced sweet potatoes, corn, peanuts to Africa; shifted trade to the coast;
 -Islamic culture spreads to North Africa; Muslim beliefs dominant on north coast and spread
southward; some spread of Christianity
Southeast Asia and the Spice Trade
 several kingdoms in Southeast Asia in 1500
 -conflict between the Thai and the Burmese; Burmese army sacked Thai capital in 1767, forcing
the movement of the capital to Bangkok
 -Indonesia penetrated by Muslim merchants attracted to the spice trade; Islamic trade made new
states rise around the spice route;
 1511 Portuguese seized Melaka and occupied the Moluccas (Spice Islands); set up small
settlements on the coast for trading posts
 -1600s Dutch push Portuguese out of spice trade and drove English traders out; only one main English port
 -Dutch tried to dominate clove trade, forced others to stop growing it, and brought Java under their control
 Europeans had less impact on mainland Southeast Asia; established trade relations with mainland
states including Thailand, Burma, Vietnam and Cambodia
 -late 1600s, economic opportunities limited; mainland tries to push Europe out; French missionaries pushed out
by authorities who thought they were a threat to the prestige of the Vietnamese emperor.
 -mainland states had stronger national identity than the islands; had strong monarchies that
resisted foreign intrusion
Religious and Political Systems of Southeast Asia
 Religion in Southeast Asia changes from 1500 to 1800
 -in nonmainland states and Philippines, Islam and Christianity attract converts; Buddhism
advancing on the mainland and became dominant in Burma and Vietnam
 -political systems evolved into four styles of monarchy: Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Islamic
sultans, and Vietnamese emperors
Buddhist Kings
 Buddhist kingship became chief form of government in mainland states of Burma, Thailand, Laos,
and Cambodia; king considered superior to other human beings and serves as link between human
society and the universe
Javanese Kings
 Javanese kingship was rooted in political traditions of India; kings believed to have sacred quality
and maintained balance between the sacred and material world; palaces designed to represent
center of the universe with rays extending outward
Islamic Sultans
 Islamic sultans on Malay Peninsula; head of state was Sultan; viewed as mortal with some special
qualities; was defender of the faith and his bureaucracy was aristocrats
Vietnamese and Chinese Emperors
 Vietnamese and Chinese emperor ruled according to the teachings of Confucius; he was seen as a
mortal appointed by heaven to rule because of his talent and virtue and was an intermediary
between heaven and earth
Chapter 8 – The Safavids
1400s, Persia and central Asia fell into anarchy
1500s Safavids took control
They were Shiite Muslims
Safavid dynasty was founded by Shah Ismail; he seized much of Iran and Iraq and called himself Shah or
king and ordered the massacre of many Sunni Muslims when he conquered Baghdad in 1508
Resistance by the Ottomans
 Ottoman sultan Selim I advanced against the Safavids in Persia and won a major battle at Tabriz
but could not maintain control of the area and Ismail regained Tabriz
 Safavids used the Shiite Muslim faith as a unifying force.
 The Shah claimed to be the spiritual leader of all Islam
Shah Abbas
 Leader during Safavid glory; he created trained administrators, strengthened the army and got the best weapons
 He was helped by Europeans against the Ottoman Turks and had some success
 After Shah Abbas dies in 1629, the Safavid dynasty lost power; leaders lacked leadership skills
 Traditional religion very important in society
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Traditional Islam
 Pressure for people to conform to traditional religious beliefs called religious orthodoxy
 Persian women who had freedom earlier in the empire were forced into seclusion and required to wear a veil
Afghans invade
 1700s Afghan people invade and seize the capital of the Safavid empire, Isfahan; what is left of
Safavid dynasty falls apart
 Turks seize territories and Persia falls into anarchy once again
 Most people in Persia were nomads and farmers and townspeople
Society
 Shah was at the top of society, bureaucracy and landed classes below him, common people below them
 Shiites-believed that Shah Ismail was a direct descendant of Muhammad
 Shiite Islam was the state religion during Safavid rule
 Positions in government were based on merit
 Shahs were available to their subjects
 Had large middle class in Persia involved in trade
 Most goods traveled by caravan
 Governments provided resting places for travelers
 Capital Isfahan had palaces, mosques, bazaars, metalwork, tiles, and glass; this city still stands in Iran
 Also had silk-weaving, silver and gold threads for weaving
 Persian carpets were wanted all over the world
 Riza-i-Abbasi was the most famous artist of this period in Persian society
Chapter 8 – The Moguls
► 1500 Indian subcontinent divided into Hindu and Muslim kingdoms
► Moguls start new dynasty and brought unity to the region; they came from the Indus River Valley
Babur
► The found of the Mogul dynasty was Babur; seized Kabul in 1504
► Had smaller army than enemies but better weapons (12000 troops)
► Babur captured Delhi and conquered North India until he died in 1530 at age 47
Akbar
► Akbar was Babur’s grandson and was 14 when he came to the throne
► 1605 Moguls rule most of India
► He was a great negotiator, tolerant of religions, welcomed advisors from different religions, very humane
► He was Muslim but married a Hindu
► Local officials were called zamindars; they kept a portion of taxes paid by peasants as a salary
► People paid 1/3 of an annual harvest to the state, but the system was applied justly
► When there was bad weather, taxes were reduced or suspended
► Trade and manufacturing flourished
Jahangir
► Took over after Akbar died in 1605 and continued to strengthen the central government
► His wife convinced him to arrange a marriage between his son and her niece, which would be his successor
Shah Jahan
► Shah Jahan could not deal with domestic problems
► Had empty treasury, had expensive projects, military put strain on finances, many lived in poverty
► Built the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife who died giving birth to her 14th child; government
raised taxes to pay for it
► When he died his sons fought for power, one son killed the other son and crowned himself emperor
► Son Aurangzeb, emperor forbade sutee
► He was a devout Muslim who forbade drinking and gambling and prohibited building Hindu temples
► People were unhappy, empire is unstable; Persians attack in 1739
British in Mogul Empire
► British arrive at Mogul empire by 1650 and established forts in India
► French wanted to trade and have forts in India
► British fought the Moguls and won the rights to collect taxes in areas surrounding Calcutta
► Indian commanders began to ambush the British troops like modern day guerrillas
► British became rich off of trade
Mogul Society and Culture
► Muslims – some women fought battles, female relatives were advisors to leaders
► Hindu practices such as suttee and child marriage were common but eventually abolished by Moguls
► Moguls brought together Indian and Persian influences
► Arts and architecture flourished in Mogul India blending Indian and Persian culture