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Chapter 1
New World Beginnings
Earth’s Origin
Originally a single continent
Appalachian Mts formed during this time
Split slowly occurs
N. America
Rockies/Sierra Nevadas/Cascades formed
later and held together by the Canadian
Shield
Ice Age: Water freezes, water level goes
down exposing land bridge between
Eurasia and N. America
Early America
Early Americans came from Asia (native
Am. Indians)
Relied on corn/maize
3 sister farming: ***Corn, Beans,
Squash***
Loosely defined tribes w/substantial
authority given to women
Indirect Discoverers
Norse: Scandinavians- New Foundland perished
Crusades (1000-1400 AD) Muslim vs. Christians
Marco Polo (1295) news of riches in Far East:
– Silk
– Opium
– Perfumes
– Tapestry
– Spices, especially sugar and salt
Obtained items overland through Muslim territory who
charged a toll. Made end price expensive (only
royalty could afford, which made Muslims wealthy)
Europeans
Couldn’t sail South along coast of Africa
and return against prevailing winds.
1450-caravel invented (ship that could sail
closer to the wind
– Impact: exposed to Africa’s gold and slave
trade.
Africans/Arabs
Flesh markets- increase $ if slave was
from distant source
slave less likely to be rescued or escape
– Didn’t know language or the terrain
– Indirect impact: fosters extension of regional
African culture and tribal identities
Portugese
Est. Sugar plantations on various islands
off coast of Africa.
Brazil
Created demand for slave labor
Starts the African slave trade
Explorers
Bartholomew Diaz 1488-explored and
rounded horn of Africa
Vasco de Gama- 1498- explored east
coast of Africa to India
Age of Renaissance:
Exploration flourished
3 reasons why sailing improved:
– Compass invented which created better maps
using the concept of latitude and longitude
– Printing Press invented –better
communication
– Improvements in naval architecture- Prince
Henry “the Navigator” of Portugal—hull of
ships got bigger to carry more supplies and
water
Spain
The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella created
a single state when the Moors/Muslims were
expelled from the Iberian Peninsula
– Columbus contracted with Isabella to find alternate
route to the Far East
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Admiral
Land claimed for Spain
Columbus gets to keep 10%
100 soldiers
3 ships (Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria)
Sails west and sites land October 12, 1492 (San
Salvador/Bahamas)
Stage is now set for the Columbian
Exchange
Columbus opens door to the transfer of
plants, animals, goods, diseases from
Europe, Africa, and the Americas
Europe: Markets, Capitals and Technology
Africa: Slave Labor
N. America: Raw Materials (Precious
metals and soil for sugar cultivation)
Colombian Exchange
Old World
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Cattle
Pigs
Horses
Seeds
Bluegrass
Dandelions
Daises
Diseases
Smallpox
Malaria
Yellow fever
New world
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Animals
Buffalo
Iguana
Rattlesnakes
Tobacco
Corn
Beans
Potatoes
Tomatoes
Raw materials
Treaty of Tordesillas
New world divided- Treaty of Tordesailles1494- divides new world in a civilized
manner by the pope who draws the line
Spanish Conquistadors
1513- Vasco Balboa- Panama, Pacific Ocean
1513- Juan Ponce de Leon- Florida; myth of the fountain of youth
1519- Ferdinand Magellan- straits of Magellan/ S. Am; credit for
sailing 1st around the world
1519- Hernan Cortes- Mexico/Aztecs; fights Montezuma; known for
creating Mestizos ( Mexicans) ½ Indian and ½ European
1532- Francisco Pizarro- Peru/Incas
1539- Hernandez de Soto- Florida, Miss/Arkansas river
1540-Francisco Coronado- TX/ AZ/NM/KA and discovered the
Grand Canyon
Black Legend
False concept that all conquers
– Tortured
– Butchered (Killings for Christ)
– Stole gold
– Spread diseases
– Left only misery behind
Reality: some of the above was done.
Erected colossal empire
Blended culture, laws, religion, and people
1542- California Coastline
15651598
1769- San Diego, mission
1497/98 John Cabot North East Coast of
North America