Download Lab Biology NJBCT Review Guide

Lab Biology NJBCT Review Guide
Test Dates: Tuesday, May 21st and Wednesday, May 22nd
Format: 60 Multiple Choice and 2 Performance Assessment Questions
Unit 1: Scientific and Laboratory Procedures (Chapter 1)
What are the goals of science?
To investigate, predict and explain events in the natural world
Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative expressed as numbers and can be measured and qualitative is
descriptive
What is the difference between an inference and a hypothesis?
Inference: a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge
Hypothesis: proposed explanation for a set of observations or possible
answer to a scientific question
What is a theory?
A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
List the steps of the scientific method.
Question, hypothesis, experiment, observe, analyze and share results
List and explain the two types of variables you will find in a scientific experiment.
Dependent variable (aka: responding variable)- factor you want to observechanges in response to the independent variable
Independent variable (aka: manipulated variable)- factor that you
purposefully change
What is the purpose of a control variable in an experiment?
It is purposefully kept the same- used to compare the dependent variable to
List the 8 characteristics that all living things have in common.
1. Made of cells
2. Reproduce
3. Universal genetic code (DNA)
4. Grow and develop
5. Obtain and use materials for energy
6. Respond to environment
7. Maintain stable conditions (homeostasis)
8. Evolve
What is the difference between a compound microscope and an electron
microscope?
Compound uses light and electron uses a beam of electrons to magnify an
image/object
List the units used in the metric system when measuring: length, volume, mass and
temperature.
Length: use a ruler (meters)
Volume: use a graduated cylinder (liters)
Mass: use a triple beam balance/scale (gram)
Temperature: use a thermometer (Celcius)
What tools might you use to measure each of the above factors?
See above
List some common safety rules and procedures.
Wear goggles/aprons, do not eat in lab, tie hair back, pay attention, wash
hands, no horseplay, etc.
Unit 2: Matter, Energy and Organization of Living Things (Chapters 2, 7, 8 and 9)
(Part A)
What is all matter made up of?
atoms
List and explain the 2 types of chemical bonds.
Ionic: electrons transferred from one atom to another
Covalent: electrons are shared between atoms
What is a monomer? What is a polymer?
Monomer: small individual molecules
Polymer: compound formed by joining monomers
Identify the structure (monomer) and roles of each of the 4 macromolecules.
Carbohydrates- made up of monosaccharides-> polysaccharides
Lipids- made up of glycerol molecules and fatty acid chains
Nucleic acids- made up of nucleotides
Proteins- made up of amino acids
What are some important properties of water?
Density- ice is less dense that liquid water
Polarity- uneven distribution of electrons- gives slightly + and slightly - sides
Adhesion- ability of water to “stick” to other surfaces
Cohesion- ability to “stick together”
High specific heat- takes long time to heat up/cool down
Explain the difference between a mixture, a solution and a suspension.
Mixture: 2 or more elements physically but NOT chemically combined
Solution: when the molecules of a mixture are evenly distributed
Suspension: mixture of water and non-dissolvable material
What does the pH scale show us? What numbers indicate a base? An acid?
Concentration of H+ ions in a solution- acids= 1-7 and bases= 8-14
What does the basic formula of a chemical reaction show?
Reactants (what goes in) on the left side and products (what comes out) on
the right- the arrow signifies the reaction
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to get a reaction started
What is an enzyme?
Type of protein that works as a biological catalyst and lowers the activation
energy of a reaction so it can happen quicker/faster
Explain the Cell Theory.
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3. New cells come from older cells
Identify the major organelles and their function in a cell.
Nucleus- control center of cell- contains DNA
Cytoplasm- area outside the nucleus- holds all the organelles in place and
helps transport materials
Ribosomes- make proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum- conveyor belt for cell products leaving the cellrough ER: transports proteins; smooth ER: makes membrane lipids
Golgi apparatus- modifies, sorts and packages proteins
Vacuoles- storage
Mitochondria- takes chemical energy from food and turns it into ATP
Chloroplasts- (plants only) take light energy and turn it into chemical energy
for the cell
Cell membrane- controls what goes in/out of cell
Cell wall (plants only)- structural support
Identify how cell specialization involves the relationship between structure and
function.
Different types of cells have different structures because the perform
different functions (ex: blood cells shaped the way they are so they can carry
oxygen)
Unit 2: Matter, Energy and Organization of Living Things (Chapters 2, 7, 8 and 9)
(Part B)
How are diffusion and osmosis similar?
Both go from high concentration to low- osmosis is diffusion of water
What is facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion across membrane with the “facilitation” (help) of protein channels
What is active transport?
Moves materials across membrane against the concentration gradient from
low to high- requires energy to work- examples include protein channels,
exocytosis (getting things out) and endocytosis (taking things in)
What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Autotroph: produces its own food (from chemicals or sunlight)
Heterotroph: gets energy from consuming food
What is ATP? What is ATP synthase?
ATP is a chemical compound that living things use to store and release
energy- ATP synthase is a protein that makes ATP
What are the reactants of photosynthesis? What are the products?
Reactants (in) CO2, water and light energy (sunlight)
Products (out): sugar and O2
What is the role of a pigment?
Absorb light energy from the sun
What happens in the light dependent reactions? What happens in the Calvin Cycle?
Light dependent reactions: use light and water to make ATP, NADPH and O2
Calvin Cycle: ATP and NADPH combine with CO2 to make sugars
List a few environmental factors that influence the rate of photosynthesis.
Amount of light and H2O available and the temperature
What are the reactants of cellular respiration? What are the products?
Reactants (in): sugar and O2
Products (out): CO2, water and ATP (energy)
What happens in glycolysis?
Sugar is split (1 glucose splits into 2 pyruvic acids)
What is fermentation?
Where cells can release energy from food without O2 present
What is an electron transport chain? Why is it important?
A series of proteins that convert ADP into ATP- important because it creates
ATP
Unit 3: Diversity and Biological Evolution (Chapters 15, 16, 17 and 18)
(Part A)
What is evolution?
Change over time
Explain natural selection (aka: survival of the fittest)
Process by which those best suited/adapted to their environment reproduce
and pass on their genes moat successfully- successful adaptations will
increase your fitness
Explain the three types of natural selection.
1. directional: one end of the curve has increased fitness
2. stabilizing: center of the curve has increased fitness
3. disruptive: both ends of the curve have increased fitness
What is artificial selection?
Selection by humans for the breeding of useful traits
What is an adaptation? Why are these important?
Inherited characteristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
Explain descent with modification.
Each living thing has descended (with modifications) from other species over
time
What are homologous body structures? What can they tell us?
Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but
develop from the same embryonic tissue- they can be sued to tell how closely
related two organisms are
Explain what relative frequency means in a gene pool?
Number of times an allele appears in a gene pool
List and explain the two type of evolution without natural selection.
1. genetic drift: random change in alleles frequency occurring in a small
population
2. founder effect: change in allele frequency due to the migration of a small
subgroup of a population
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Principle state?
Allele frequencies will remain constant in a population (no evolution will
occur) as long as there is random mating, large populations, no movement
in/out of the population, no mutations and no natural selection (THIS DOES
NOT USUALLY HAPPEN!)
How are speciation and reproductive isolation related?
Speciation occurs with reproductive isolation which is when two organisms
become separated to the point where they can no longer breed with each
other
List and explain the three types of reproductive isolation.
1. behavioral: different mating behaviors
2. geographic: physical barriers separate
3. temporal: mate ad different times/seasons
Unit 3: Diversity and Biological Evolution (Chapters 15, 16, 17 and 18)
(Part B)
Compare and contrast relative dating and radioactive dating of fossils?
Relative dating: uses vertical order (older rocks at the bottom)
Radioactive dating: uses half-life- it is more accurate
What is the endosymbiotic theory?
Eukaryotic organisms came from a symbiosis among prokaryotic organisms
What is extinction?
When an entire species dies out
Explain adaptive radiation Give an example.
When a group of species evolves into several different forms living in
different ways (ex: Darwin’s finches)
Explain convergent evolution. Give an example.
Unrelated organisms develop similarities from living in similar ways or in
similar environments (ex: penguins, sharks, dolphins all have swimming
appendages)
Explain coevolution. Give an example.
When to species evolve together (ex: moth and orchid flower)
Explain how punctuated equilibrium is different from Darwin’s idea of gradualism.
Gradualism (Darwin) said everything evolves slowly but constantly and
punctuated equilibrium says there are periods of rapid change
What is taxonomy? What are the seven taxa (in order)?
Classifying organisms and assigning each a universally accepted name
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is binomial nomenclature?
Classification system that assigns each organism a two-part (genus and
species) scientific name
What can a dichotomous key show us? What can a phylogenetic tree show us?
Dichotomous key: uses observable characteristics to classify
Phylogenetic trees show ancestral relationships
List some defining characteristics for each of the six kingdoms.
Eubacteria: prokaryotes
Archaebacteria: live in harsh environments
Protista: unicellular heterotrophs
Fungi: decomposers
Plantae: photosynthetic autotrophs
Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs
Unit 4: Reproduction and Heredity (Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13)
(Part A)
List and explain the four phases of the cell cycle.
G1 phase- growth
S phase- chromosomes replicate
G2 phase- more growth
M phase- cell division
What is a chromosome?
Structure that contains the genetic information passed from generation to
generation
What are the two parts of cell division?
Mitosis and meiosis
List and explain the four phases of mitosis.
Prophase- chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope disappears
Metaphase- centrioles move out and spindle appears, chromosomes line up
on metaphase plate
Anaphase- sister chromatids pulled apart
Telophase (Cytokinesis too)- cytoplasm divides equally, new nuclear
envelopes form in each new cell
What is cancer?
Uncontrolled cell division
What are alleles?
Different forms of a gene
What are gametes?
Specialized haploid cells involved in sexual reproduction
Explain cross breeding.
Genetically crossing two different organisms
What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?
Dominant traits show as long as there is at least one dominant allele presentrecessive trait only show if you have two recessive alleles
What does a Punnett Square show?
Used to predict the possible outcome for the offspring of 2 specific parents
whose genotypes are known
Contrast homozygous and heterozygous alleles.
Homozygous: you have two of the same allele (ex: RR or rr)
Heterozygous: you have two different alleles (ex: Rr)
Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
Genotype: genetic makeup (ex: Ff, FF or ff)
Phenotype: physical trait (ex: freckles or no freckles)
What is Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment?
Genes are inherited independently of one another, each time a new offspring
is produced
Unit 4: Reproduction and Heredity (Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13)
(Part B)
Explain incomplete dominance. Give an example.
One allele is not completely dominant over another (ex: pink flowers as a
result of crossing red and white)
Explain codominance. Give an example.
Both alleles contribute to the phenotype (ex: chicken with both black and
white feathers)
Explain multiple alleles. Give an example.
When there are more than just two alleles for a trait (ex: blood types)
Explain polygenic traits. Give an example.
When more than one gene controls a trait (ex: skin color)
What is meiosis? What do you begin with and what do you end with?
What is the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell?
Diploid contains both sets of homologous chromosomes and haploid only has
one set- haploid cells are your gametes
Identify the structure of DNA.
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine,
guanine and thymine)- the shape is a double helix or “twisted ladder”
What is complimentary base pairing?
A=T and C=G
Identify the enzymes involved in DNA replication.
Helicase: unzips the DNA strand
DNA polymerase: forms the new DNA strand
What is protein synthesis? List and explain the two main parts of this process.
When DNA codes for proteins and “makes proteins”- two parts are
transcription (turning DNA into RNA) and translation (using RNA to code for
amino acids/proteins)
What is a codon?
Sequence of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid
Identify the different types of gene and chromosomal mutations.
Gene mutations = change in a single gene (ex: point)
Chromosomal mutations = change in entire chromosome or a big piece of a
chromosome (ex: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation)
What does gene expression mean?
When a gene is “turned on” and you express that trait
Unit 5: Environmental Systems and Interactions (Chapters 3, 4 and 19)
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining internal balance
List the four major types of pathogens.
Viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi
How do bacteria replicate?
1. Binary fission (DNA replicates and organism splits in two)
2. Conjugation (a “bridge” allows genetic info to pass from one parent to
another
3. Spores (haploid reproductive cells enclosed in a protective covering can
withstand harsh conditions and become useful when conditions improve
How are bacteria useful?
Decomposers, can cycle nutrients through a system (nitrogen), found in
human digestive systems to help digestion, human uses include food
treatments, medical uses, etc.
How may you treat bacteria?
Sterilization (heat), disinfection (chemicals) or antibiotics
How do viruses replicate?
Lytic replication: virus enters host and continuously replicates until the host
cell is full and bursts
Lysogenic replication: viral DNA combines with host cell’s DNA
How may you treat a virus?
Vaccinations can be used to prevent
Explain the roles that antigens, antibodies and WBCs have in the immune system?
Antigens are part of pathogens that attack the body, antibodies are created
by WBC’s to fight the antigens
What is ecology?
The study of interaction between organisms and their environment
What is the difference between a producer and a consumer?
Producers: use energy from environment (chemicals or light) to make their
own food
Consumers: get energy from the food they eat
List and explain the five different types of consumers.
1. Herbivores: eat only plants
2. Carnivores: eat only meat
3. Omnivores: eat both plants and meat
4. Detritivores: eat detritus (dead decaying organic matter)
5. Decomposers: eat decaying organic matter and return nutrients to earth
What do food chains/webs and ecological pyramids show us?
How energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next- pyramids show
the amount of energy contained in each trophic level- bottom is always the
producers and always the largest population
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Additional review questions NOT answered by lab groups this week (Chapter 4):
Briefly explain the water cycle.
Evaporation and transpiration bring water from earth into atmospherecondensation forms clouds- precipitation brings water back down to earth
Why are the nitrogen and carbon cycles important to humans?
Nitrogen makes up parts of amino acids- carbon makes up all of the
macromolecules and is involved in photosynthesis and cell respiration
What does nutrient limitation mean?
When a nutrient is limited the primary productivity in the ecosystem will be
limited as well- productivity depends entirely on the most limiting nutrient
What is the difference between climate and weather?
Weather: conditions at a specific time and place
Climate: average conditions for a specific region
What is the greenhouse effect?
Natural layer of gases in the atmosphere that acts as an insulator to the
planet
Explain how biotic and abiotic factors are different. Give examples of each.
Biotic factors are all factors that are living (ex: predator/prey relationships)
Abiotic factors are the nonliving factors (ex: weather and nutrient
availability)
What is a niche? What does the competition exclusion principle state?
An organisms role in its ecosystem including where it lives, the factors
influencing the organism and how it uses those factors
List and explain the 5 types of interaction organisms may have in a habitat.
Competition: fighting for resources
Predation: one animal hunts and kills another for food
Mutualism: symbiosis where both organisms benefit from one another
Commensalism: symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is
neither hurt nor helped
Parasitism: symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other is harmed
What is a biome? How are aquatic ecosystems classified?
A group of ecosystems with the same climate and communities- aquatic
ecosystems are classified by abiotic factors such as light availability and
currents