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The Renaissance and Reformation – in sum
The thirteenth century (1200s) is considered by many to be the peak of civilization in the Middle Ages.
New ideas, however, were afloat and by the 1300s a new movement was beginning to permeate the European
world. Starting in the city states on the ________________ peninsula, there was a shift in the focus of man
that could be seen in many different fields such as ____________________, architecture, _____________,
and ________________, as well as many others. Whereas in the Medieval World all things were directed
toward ______, by the 1300s the focus was on ______ and nature. In many ways, this hearkened back to the
days of Greece and __________. The period has even come to be called the Renaissance, or ___________,
because folks so tried to imitate the ancients. Artists exhibited a trend toward ________________ as their
works portrayed things as they really were. Among the great artists of the day were _________________,
the painter of the Sistine Chapel and a great sculptor. Others there were whose works remain famous to this
day including ________________, and _________________. Eventually the Renaissance would wind its
way northward where the great William Shakespeare would write poetry and plays that expressed the depths
of human emotions – thus personifying certain aspects of ________________. Meanwhile, medicine and
mathematics progressed rapidly as people looked to nature to explain why things were as they were instead of
merely to supernatural explanations. All told, although there was a Christian as well as a Pagan variation of the
Renaissance, the general trend was away from spiritual things. This is known as _________________.
The ______________ Church, which was the bedrock of Medieval society saw some benefits as well
as some disturbances in the Renaissance. However, no pains caused by the Renaissance could match what was
in store in the 1500s. When ________________ _________________ nailed his ____ Theses to a church
door in Wittenburg, he had no way of knowing that he was about to change the world forever. Yet he did just
that as this action precipitated what has become known as the ________________ _________________.
Problems had been creeping up on the Church for a long time before Martin Luther. The rise of
strong _______________ threatened the Church’s power and landholdings. In the 1300 and 1400s, the
prestige of the Papacy was obliterated by the __________________ _________________ when the popes
were held hostage in ______________, and the Great ______________, when there were as many as
_____ people claiming to pope at the same time and everybody was excommunicated by somebody. To top it
all off, the buying and selling of church offices, or _________________, plus the favoritism toward family
members, or _____________, was running rampant through the Church. Many bishops didn’t even live in
their diocese (______________________) or had more than one at a time (pluralism). Meanwhile, certain
worldly bishops seemed dead set on creating great public scandal as they mastered the ___ _____________
Sins. Ultimately, these things would contribute to the eventual breakup of _________________, which was
marked by the unity of Europe under one faith.
It all came to a head when Pope Leo X sought money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in __________. The
sale of ______________ (which decrease one’s punishment in ________________) was promoted
throughout Europe to raise that money. Martin Luther argued against indulgences by nailing his opinions on
the church door. But they did not stay there. Instead, his theses spread all over the Holy _______________
_____________ through the use of the recently invented ______________ _______________.
Eventually, he became popular enough to stand up to both the Church and the state as led by ___________V.
By 1521, Luther had been ________________ by the Church and his books banned by the __________.
He likely would have been killed had he not been granted refuge by _______________ the Wise of Saxony.
While under Frederick’s care, he continued to formulate his ideas which would eventually include the belief in
Faith alone for salvation, the Bible alone as the guide, a total denial of the authority of the _________, and
support for the _______________ of all believers since everybody could interpret the Bible for themselves.
As with all previous heresies (as the Catholic Church sees it), this one led to massive bloodshed.
Immediately came the ______________ Revolt followed by intermittent war within the _________ Roman
Empire that did not end until _______ with the Peace of ______________. This peace allowed for lands
ruled by Lutheran princes to remain Lutheran, while those ruled by Catholics stayed Catholic. Nevertheless,
war would soon return in the form of the ________ ____________ War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648.
This war resulted in the death of 1/3 of the population of the H.R.E.. It ended with the ______________ of
________________ in 1648. Since this time the ______________ part of Germany has been Protestant
and the ______________ part Catholic.
One of the earliest followers of Martin Luther was a fellow from France named John ___________.
He would systematize his theology in a hugely influential book called The Institutes of the _______________
____________ in 1535. Among other things it spoke of Calvin’s doctrine of the ___________, or chosen
people of God. These were the folks whom God had chosen from birth to go to heaven. They were
predestined and therefore could not lose their souls. Ultimately, Calvin would set up a ________________
government in Geneva. This was a government in which the religious leaders ruled. It was very strict. He
also set up a school to train others in his religion. Thus it spread to France, where the Calvinists are called
______________ and have always been in the minority. Calvinism also spread to the Netherlands and
Scotland where it would be called Presbyterianism. Meanwhile, in France religious violence proceeded apace
until the _________ of Nantes in 1598 officially allowed for toleration of the Huguenots.
While all of the above was going on in continental Europe, the island of England was having its own
little revolution. King _______________ VIII (ruled 1509-1547) wanted a new wife so he could have a
__________ heir. His wife, _________________ of Aragon was in the way and had only provided him with
one surviving child – a daughter named ________________ _____________. Seeking an
_______________ from the pope stating that his marriage never really occurred, Henry was turned down.
Consequently, the Act of _______________ was passed in 1534. This established the Church of England, or
________________ Church, as separate from the Catholic Church, and it made the _______ the head of
the Church. With his marriage now ended, Henry married Anne ________________ and eventually four
others in succession. Finally, he had his son who succeeded him as __________________ VI in 1547.
Edward died young and was succeeded by ______________ ______________ (1553-1558) who was a
Catholic and _____________________ I (1558-1603), who would become an Anglican. Through it all, many
died as the government switched faiths back and forth and rebellions broke out sporadically
As every action will have its reaction, so too did the Protestant Revolt. The Catholic Church in the
1500s, led especially by Popes Paul III and Pius V, cleaned up its own act and counterattacked the Protestants.
The major reforms were instituted by the _____________ of _________ which met from 1545-1563 with
numerous intermissions. The intellectual arm of the Catholic counter-reformation was led by a new society of
priests called the _______________, or the Society of Jesus, which was founded by Ignatius of __________.
They combated heresy all over Europe while spreading the Catholic Faith all over the world. They found
some success winning back converts in France and the ___________ _____________ _____________.
They were supported again by the Holy Roman Emperor, ______________ V and later his son Philip II.
The Renaissance and Reformation – in sum
The thirteenth century (1200s) is considered by many to be the peak of civilization in the Middle Ages.
New ideas, however, were afloat and by the 1300s a new movement was beginning to permeate the European
world. Starting in the city states on the _Italian________ peninsula, there was a shift in the focus of man
that could be seen in many different fields such as ______art________, architecture, ___medicine__, and
____philosophy__, as well as many others. Whereas in the Medieval World all things were directed toward
_God__, by the 1300s the focus was on _man__ and nature. In many ways, this hearkened back to the days
of Greece and ___Rome___. The period has even come to be called the Renaissance, or _”Rebirth”_,
because folks so tried to imitate the ancients. Artists exhibited a trend toward _realism________ as their
works portrayed things as they really were. Among the great artists of the day were _Michelangelo__, the
painter of the Sistine Chapel and a great sculptor. Others there were whose works remain famous to this day
including _Raphael________, and ____da Vinci___. Eventually the Renaissance would wind its way
northward where the great William Shakespeare would write poetry and plays that expressed the depths of
human emotions – thus personifying certain aspects of _humanism_______. Meanwhile, medicine and
mathematics progressed rapidly as people looked to nature to explain why things were as they were instead of
merely to supernatural explanations. All told, although there was a Christian as well as a Pagan variation of the
Renaissance, the general trend was away from spiritual things. This is known as _secularism______.
The __Catholic____ Church, which was the bedrock of Medieval society saw some benefits as well
as some disturbances in the Renaissance. However, no pains caused by the Renaissance could match what was
in store in the 1500s. When ___Martin_______ _____Luther______ nailed his _95_Theses to a church
door in Wittenburg, he had no way of knowing that he was about to change the world forever. Yet he did just
that as this action precipitated what has become known as the _Protestant_____ __Reformation____.
Problems had been creeping up on the Church for a long time before Martin Luther. The rise of
strong __monarchs_____ threatened the Church’s power and landholdings. In the 1300 and 1400s, the
prestige of the Papacy was obliterated by the __Babylonian______ __Captivity____ when the popes were
held hostage in __Avignon____, and the Great Western ___Schism_____, when there were as many as
_3___ people claiming to pope at the same time and everybody was excommunicated by somebody. To top it
all off, the buying and selling of church offices, or __simony_________, plus the favoritism toward family
members, or __nepotism___, was running rampant through the Church. Many bishops didn’t even live in
their diocese (___absenteeism________) or had more than one at a time (pluralism). Meanwhile, certain
worldly bishops seemed dead set on creating great public scandal as they mastered the _7_ __Deadly_____
Sins. Ultimately, these things would contribute to the eventual breakup of _Christendom_____, which was
marked by the unity of Europe under one faith.
It all came to a head when Pope Leo X sought money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in _Rome_____.
The sale of __indulgences_ (which decrease one’s punishment in _Purgatory______) was promoted
throughout Europe to raise that money. Martin Luther argued against indulgences by nailing his opinions on
the church door. But they did not stay there. Instead, his theses spread all over the Holy
__Roman________ __Empire_____ through the use of the recently invented __Printing__
___Press_______. Eventually, he became popular enough to stand up to both the Church and the state as
led by _Charles___V. By 1521, Luther had been _excommunicated_ by the Church and his books banned
by the _state____. He likely would have been killed had he not been granted refuge by _Frederick_ the
Wise of Saxony. While under Frederick’s care, he continued to formulate his ideas which would eventually
include the belief in Faith alone for salvation, the Bible alone as the guide, a total denial of the authority of the
_Pope___, and support for the _priesthood____ of all believers since everybody could interpret the Bible
for themselves.
As with all previous heresies (as the Catholic Church sees it), this one led to massive bloodshed.
Immediately came the _Peasant’s____ Revolt followed by intermittent war within the _Holy____ Roman
Empire that did not end until _1555__ with the Peace of _Augsburg_____. This peace allowed for lands
ruled by Lutheran princes to remain Lutheran, while those ruled by Catholics stayed Catholic. Nevertheless,
war would soon return in the form of the _30___ ___Years’___ War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648.
This war resulted in the death of 1/3 of the population of the H.R.E.. It ended with the __Treaty______ of
__Westphalia____ in 1648. Since this time the __northern____ part of Germany has been Protestant and
the _southern_____ part Catholic.
One of the earliest followers of Martin Luther was a fellow from France named John _Calvin____.
He would systematize his theology in a hugely influential book called The Institutes of the _Christian_____
_Religion___ in 1535. Among other things it spoke of Calvin’s doctrine of the _elect_____, or chosen
people of God. These were the folks whom God had chosen from birth to go to heaven. They were
predestined and therefore could not lose their souls. Ultimately, Calvin would set up a _theocratic___
government in Geneva. This was a government in which the religious leaders ruled. It was very strict. He
also set up a school to train others in his religion. Thus it spread to France, where the Calvinists are called
_Huguenots____ and have always been in the minority. Calvinism also spread to the Netherlands and
Scotland where it would be called Presbyterianism. Meanwhile, in France religious violence proceeded apace
until the _Edict___ of Nantes in 1598 officially allowed for toleration of the Huguenots.
While all of the above was going on in continental Europe, the island of England was having its own
little revolution. King __Henry________ VIII (ruled 1509-1547) wanted a new wife so he could have a
___male___ heir. _Catherine_______ of Aragon was in the way and had only provided him with one
surviving child – a daughter named ___Mary________ __Tudor____. Seeking an __annulment__ from
the pope stating that his marriage never really occurred, Henry was turned down. Consequently, the Act of
_Supremacy_____ was passed in 1534. This established the Church of England, or _Anglican_____
Church, as separate from the Catholic Church, and it made the _king__ the head of the Church. With his
marriage now ended, Henry married Anne _Boleyn_________ and eventually four others in succession.
Finally, he had his son who succeeded him as __Edward__________ VI in 1547. Edward died young and was
succeeded by Mary Tudor (1553-1558) who was a Catholic and Elizabeth I (1558-1603), who would become
an Anglican. Through it all, many died as the government switched faiths back and forth and rebellions broke
out sporadically.
As every action will have its reaction, so too did the Protestant Revolt. The Catholic Church in the
1500s, led especially by Popes Paul III and Pius V cleaned up its own act and counterattacked the Protestants.
The major reforms were instituted by the _Council____ of ___Trent__ which met from 1545-1563 with
numerous intermissions. The intellectual arm of the Catholic counter-reformation was led by a new society of
priests called the __Jesuits_______, or the Society of Jesus, which was founded by Ignatius of _Loyola___.
They combated heresy all over Europe while spreading the Catholic Faith all over the world. They found
some success winning back converts in France and the _Holy_____ __Roman_____ ___Empire____.
They were supported again by the Holy Roman Emperor, __Charles_____ V and later his son Philip II.