Download Rayven - Virtual Cold War Museum

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Room
Five
Museum Entrance
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Welcome to the Museum of
The Korean War
Curator’s
Offices
Rayven Moon
Curator’s
Office
Rayven Moon is a sophomore student at
Clear Springs High school. She is enrolled in
Mr.Collin’s Pre-Ap World History class.
Contact me at [[email protected]]
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Note: Virtual museums were first introduced by educators at Keith Valley Middle School in Horsham,
Pennsylvania. This template was designed by Dr. Christy Keeler. View the Educational Virtual Museums
website for more information on this instructional technique.
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Artifact 1: The Korean War and the 38th
Parallel
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 at
4:30 am, when 75,000 North Korean soldiers
crossed over the 38th parallel into South Korea
to impose communism on its neighbor. The
38th parallel is 38 degrees north longitude and
dates back to 1896. That was when Korea was
first divided by foreign powers. The 38th
parallel is the location of the demilitarized zone
that separates North Korea and South Korea.
It's important in the Korean War because this
where the countries were separated. This is
also where the front line between the
Communist and Allied forces were stabilized.
Swartout, Robert R., Jr. "Into the Breach at Pusan: The 1st Provisional
Marine Brigade in the Korean War." The Historian 76.1 (2014): 117+. World
History in Context. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
"Conflict in the Koreas." Anderson Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 2: Harry S. Truman
“If we let Korea down,” President Harry Truman
(1884-1972) said, “the Soviets will keep right
on going and swallow up one after another.”
The fight on the Korean peninsula was a
symbol of the global struggle between east and
west, good and evil. As the North Korean army
pushed into Seoul, the South Korean capital,
the United States readied its troops for a war
against communism itself. By the end of the
summer, President Truman and General
Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964), the
commander in charge of the Asian theater, had
decided on a new set of war aims. Now, for the
Allies, the Korean War was an offensive one: It
was a war to “liberate” the North from the
communists.
"Korean War." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 20 Apr.
2014.
"America's War against the People of Korea: The Historical Record of US
War Crimes." Global Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 3:The Korean Armistice Agreement
The Korean Armistice Agreement was the
longest negotiated armistice in history
was negotiated over 2 years and 17 days.
It consisted of 18 official copies and was
tri-lingual. The agreement went into effect
at 10 pm on July 27th, 1953 and was
signed by US Army Lt. Gen. William K.
Harrison, Jr., UN Command Delegate,
North Korean Gen. Nam Il, and volunteers
from the People’s Republic of China. This
agreement ended the Korean War.
Kwak, Tae Yang. "Selling the Korean War: Propaganda,
Politics, and Public Opinion, 1950-1953." Journal of World
History 21.3 (2010): 558+. World History in Context. Web. 20
Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 4: Kim Il Sung
Kim II Sung (1912-94) was the dictatorial
leader of North Korea from shortly after
World War II until his death in 1994. As a
young man, Kim led guerrilla forces against
the Japanese imperial army until he was
forced to flee Korea in the late 1930s. There
is some debate about what he did next; the
North Koreans claim that he organized the
Anti-Japanese Guerilla Army in Manchuria,
but other accounts suggest that he fought in
the Russian Red Army. By the end of World
War II, Kim had returned to the Korean
peninsula along with Russian forces. Having
become an ardent Communist, Kim went on
to lead the first government in the North—the
People's Democratic Republic of North
Korea.
"Il Sung Kim." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 1994. World History in
Context. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
"North Korea, Citizens of the Isolated Country :: History." North Korea, Citizens
of the Isolated Country :: History. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 5: General Douglas MacArthur
In Korea, MacArthur organized a brilliant
amphibious attack behind enemy lines at
Inchon, nearly allowing the United States to win
the war in the fall of 1950. However, MacArthur
badly underestimated the threat of Chinese
intervention, and was caught completely offguard by the Chinese advance of November
1950. His forces thrown into retreat, MacArthur
demanded a massive retaliation—possibly
involving nuclear weapons—against China
itself. President Truman denied his request,
fearing such an escalation would lead to World
War III.
"You're Fired! President Truman v. General MacArthur." : Process. N.p., n.d.
Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
"Truman, Harry S." In Uebelhor, Tracy S. The Truman Years, Presidential
Profiles. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. American History Online.
Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=TTY400&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22,
2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 6: The Centurion
The Centurion, a 67-ton tank with a
105 mm main gun, was introduced
in 1945. The Centurion was the
primary British main battle tank of
the post-World War II period. It was
a successful tank design, with
upgrades, for many decades. It first
entered combat with the British
Army in the Korean War in 1950, in
support of the UN forces. It was
also the most powerful tank to see
action in the Korean War.
"Centurion (A41) - History, Specs and Pictures - Military Armor." Centurion (A41).
N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
Genovese Michael A. "North Korea." In Genovese, Michael A. Encylopedia of the
American Presidency, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009.
American History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EOAPR0469&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22, 2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 8: Bodo League and Bodo League
Massacre
Under the leadership of President Syngman
Rhee, a group called the “Bodo League” was
born. The League’s mission in the public eye
was “re-education” of suspected Communists
or North Korean sympathizers in the Republic
of Korea. The Bodo League massacre was a
massacre and war crime against communists
and suspected sympathizers that occurred in
the summer of 1950 during the Korean War.
Estimates of the death toll vary. According to
Prof. Kim Dong-Choon, Commissioner of the
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, at least
100,000 people were executed on suspicion of
supporting communism; others estimate
200,000 deaths. The massacre was wrongly
blamed on the communists for decades.
"Death Camps on the Korean Peninsula." The Crimes of Colonialism. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.“
Korean War (1950–1953)." Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War. Vol. 2.
Detroit: Gale, 2008. World History in Context. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 7: Syngman Rhee
Syngman Rhee (1875-1965) was an Americaneducated Korean exile who returned to his country to
become the first president of South Korea in 1948. A
fierce anticommunist but also an unpopular autocrat,
Rhee led his nation—rather ineffectually—throughout
the Korean War. As a young man, Rhee was
imprisoned from 1897-1904 for his activism in support
of internal reforms in Korea. Following his release,
Rhee traveled to the United States, attended
Princeton, and became the first Korean student to
receive a PhD in America. He then returned home
and participated in the Korean rebellion against the
Japanese occupation in 1919. With American backing
Rhee was elected first President of Korea, which he
ruled with a strong hand for twelve critical years. He
was forced to resign on 26th April 1960 over the
results of the disputed Vice Presidential election,
which was fraudulent in favor of Rhee's apparent
successor, with 90% of the vote claimed.
"Syngman Rhee." Syngman Rhee. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
Bio.com. A&E Networks Television, n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
Axelrod, Alan. "Korean War." Eyewitness to America's Wars, Vol. 2. New York:
Facts On File, Inc., 2011. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc.
http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EAW12&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22, 2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 9: Sergeant Reckless
Sergeant Reckless, a horse that held
official rank in the United States military,
was a mare of Mongolian horse breeding.
Out of a race horse dam, she was
purchased in October 1952 for $250 from
a Korean stable boy at the Seoul racetrack
who needed money to buy an artificial leg
for his sister. She served in numerous
combat actions during the Korean War,
carrying supplies and ammunition, and
was also used to evacuate wounded.
Learning each supply route after only a
couple of trips, she often traveled to
deliver supplies to the troops on her own,
without benefit of a handler.
"Sergeant Reckless: The Korean War Horse." EQUINE Ink. N.p., n.d. Web.
20 Apr. 2014.
Roberts, Priscilla. "Korean War, causes of U.S. intervention." In
Tucker, Spencer C., gen. ed. Encyclopedia of American Military
History. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2003. American History
Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EMHII0165&SingleRecord=True (accessed
April 22, 2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 10: General Francis Townsend Dodd
Francis Townsend Dodd was a U.S. Army
brigadier general held hostage by North
Korean POWs during a camp uprising
when he was commander of the United
Nations-administered prisoner-of-war
camps on Koje Island during the Korean
War. The incident led to a North Korean
propaganda victory after the Army was
forced to make embarrassing admissions
to secure Dodd's release. Dodd and others
involved in the incident subsequently
suffered career-ending damage to their
reputations. This incident was one of the
most embarrassing incidents during the
Korean War.
"Francis Dodd." Francis Dodd. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
"Townsend Foster Dodd." Townsend Foster Dodd. N.p., n.d. Web. 20
Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 11: The Sinchon Massacre
The Sinchon Massacre was a mass murder of
civilians, communist sympathizers and North
Korean loyalists in the autumn of 1950, in or
near the town of Sinchon, during the outbreak
of the Korean War. Sinchon is currently located
in South Hwanghae province, North Korea.
North Korean sources claim that approximately
35,000 people were killed by American military
forces and other supporters during the course
of 52 days, which would have been about a
quarter of the population of the county. Korean
sources claim that approximately 35,000
people were killed by American military forces
and other supporters during the course of 52
days.
"Sue Wombat." : Journal. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
"John Foster Dulles Travels to Korea on the Eve of the Korean War."
American History Online. Facts On File, Inc.
http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=WPA0488&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22,
2014)
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Exhibit
Artifact 12: Pablo Picasso and Massacre in Korea
Massacre in Korea is a 1951 expressionistic
painting by Pablo Picasso which is seen as a
criticism of American intervention in the Korean
War. It depicts the 1950 Sinchon Massacre, an
act of mass killing carried out by North
Koreans, South Koreans, and American forces
in the town of Sinchon located in South
Hwanghae Province, North Korea. Although the
actual cause of the murders in Sinchon is in
question, Massacre in Korea appears to depict
them as civilians being killed by antiCommunist forces.
"Pablo Picasso." Massacre in Korea, 1951 by. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
Schwartz, Richard A. "The Cold War Settles In: 1951." The 1950s, An
Eyewitness History. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2003. American History
Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EH50SEssay03&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22,
2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 13: The Battle of Taejon
The Battle of Taejon (14–21 July 1950) was an early
battle between American and North Korean forces
during the Korean War. Forces of the United States
Army attempted to defend the headquarters of the
24th Infantry Division. The 24th Infantry Division was
overwhelmed by numerically superior forces of the
Korean People's Army (KPA) at the major city and
transportation hub of Taejon. The 24th Infantry
Division's regiments were already exhausted from the
previous two weeks of delaying actions to stem the
advance of the KPA. he entire 24th Division gathered
to make a final stand around Taejon, holding a line
along the Kum River to the east of the city. Hampered
by lack of communication, equipment and shortage of
heavy weapons to match KPA firepower, the
American forces being outnumbered, ill-equipped and
untrained were pushed back from the river bank after
several days before fighting an intense urban battle to
defend the city. After a fierce three-day struggle, the
Americans withdrew.
"Korean War Review." Korean War Review. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
"Harry S. Truman, presidency of." In Uebelhor, Tracy S. The Truman Years,
Presidential Profiles. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2006. American History
Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=TTY001&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22,
2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 14: Dogfights in the Korean War
A dogfight, or dog fight, is a form of
engagement between fighter aircraft; in
particular, combat of maneuver at short
range, where each side is aware of the
other's presence. Dogfighting first
appeared during World War I, shortly after
the invention of the airplane. Until at least
1992, it was a component in every major
war, despite beliefs after World War II that
increasingly greater speeds and longer
range weapons would make dogfighting
obsolete. The world’s first all-jet dogfight
occurred ruing the Korean War on
September 8, 1950.
"Axis History Forum." • Korean War Aces. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Apr.
2014.
Canby, Courtlandt, and David S. Lenberg. "Korea." World Geography
and Culture Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
<http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE39&Details.aspx
&iPin= EHP4562&SingleRecord=True
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Exhibit
Artifact 15:The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital
The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH)
refers to a United States Army medical unit
serving as a fully functional hospital in a
combat area of operations. The units were
first established in August 1945, and were
deployed during the Korean War and later
conflicts. The U.S. Army deactivated the last
MASH unit on February 16, 2006. The
successor to the Mobile Army Surgical
Hospital is the Combat Support Hospital.
MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) units
were first used in the Korean War. Their aim
was to be closer to the combat zones to save
more soldiers’ lives. This medical unit played
a important role in saving lives and
supporting Korean troops.
Lewis, Adrian R. "Korean War." In Tucker, Spencer C., gen. ed.
Encyclopedia of American Military History. New York: Facts On File, Inc.,
2003. American History Online. Facts On File, Inc.
http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=EMHII0164&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22,
2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 16: The Battle of Chosin Reservoir
The Battle of Chosin Reservoir, also known as
the Chosin Reservoir Campaign or the
Changjin Lake Campaign, was a decisive battle
in the Korean War fought between November
27 to December 13, 1950. Shortly after the
People's Republic of China entered the conflict,
the People's Volunteer Army interred the
northeastern part of North Korea and surprised
the US X Corps at the Chosin Reservoir area.
The Baffle of Chosin Reservoir was one of the
most brutal battles of the Korean War. This
battle made it different from other fierce
fighting. It was the intensely cold and bitter
weather. Temperatures dropped to -54° F. One
survivor of the battle designed a bumper sticker
that read: “Once Upon a Time Hell Froze Over.
We Were There.”
Allan R. "Battle of the Chosin Reservoir (Korean War)."
Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d.
Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 17: M20 “Super Bazooka”
The M20 "Super Bazooka" gave the foot
soldier a portable anti-tank weapon, as
well as a super bunker-clearer. Weighing
only 12 pounds, it fired a shaped charge
which concentrated the rocket's energy in
a small area, and was effective against up
to eleven inches of armor at a range of
almost 900 yards. In Korea, that was worth
taking to the dance. During the first few
weeks of the Korean War, the U.S. rushed
a new weapon into service to provide an
effective counter to North Korean armor:
M-20 bazooka. It was capable of
penetrating North Korean armor.
"Super Bazooka: M20 3.5in Rocket Launcher." Super Bazooka: M20 3.5in
Rocket Launcher. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
"UAE seized North Korean ship with weapons." World Geography and
Culture Online. Facts On File, Inc. 28 Aug. 2009. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 18: The Battle of Kapyong
The Battle of Kapyong, 22–25 April 1951, also
known as the Battle of Jiaping, was fought
during the Korean War between United Nations
(UN) forces—primarily Australian and
Canadian—and the Chinese communist
People's Volunteer Army. The fighting occurred
during the Chinese Spring Offensive and saw
the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade
establish blocking positions in the Kapyong
Valley, on a key route south to the capital,
Seoul. . As thousands of South Korean soldiers
began to withdraw through the valley, the
Chinese infiltrated the brigade position under
the cover of darkness, and assaulted the
Australians on Hill 504 during the evening and
into the following day.
"Out in the Cold: Australia's Involvement in the Korean War." Home.
N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
"Harry S. Truman Hints at the Possibility of Using Atomic Weapons in the
Korean War." American History Online. Facts On File, Inc.
http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=WPA0494&SingleRecord=True (accessed April 22, 2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 19: Cause of the Korean War
The USA went to war in Korea for three reasons. The
first reason was the ‘Domino theory’. Tactics in
eastern Europe was not the only place where
Communists were coming to power. In the Far East,
too, they were getting powerful – China turned
Communist in 1949. Truman believed that, if one
country fell to Communism, then others would follow,
like a line of dominoes. He was worried that, if
Korea fell, the next ‘domino’ would be Japan, which
was very important for American trade. The second
reason was just to try to undermine Communism.
President Truman believed that capitalism, freedom
,and the American way of life were in danger of being
overrun by Communism. The Truman Doctrine had
been one of ‘containment’ – stopping the Communists
gaining any more territory. Finally, Truman realized
the USA was in a competition for world domination
with the USSR. By supporting South Korea, America
was able to fight Communism without directly
attacking Russia.
"Why Did the Korean War Break out in 1950." Why Did the
Korean War Break out in 1950. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
"Remembering the Korean War, 60 Years Ago." Boston.com.
The New York Times, 23 June 2010. Web. 19 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 20: Effects of the Korean War
After the Korean War, there were many long term
effects that were hard live through. Korea is still two
different countries. Korea is divided by the 38th
parallel. Many families are still separated because of
the war. The people in North Korea has to suffer
because Communism. Communism makes a lot of
limits for the people. Their freedom is very controlled
so they don't have the freedom of press, religion, or
speech. Though it failed to unify the country, the
United States achieved its larger goals, including
preserving and promoting NATO interests and
defending Japan. The war also resulted in a divided
Korea and complicated any possibility for
accommodation between the United States and
China. The Korean War served to encourage the U.S.
Cold War policies of containment and militarization,
setting the stage for the further enlargement of the
U.S. defense perimeter in Asia.
Madison. "Why the Korean War Still Matters." CNN. Cable News
Network, 01 Jan. 1970. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit
Artifact 21: Korean War Statistics
The Korean War started June 25, 1950. It
lasted 3 years, approximately the average
length for a war (3.00 years). The high death
toll estimate is 3,000,000, which is 215 times
higher than the average war death count
(13,929). There were 6.8 million American men
and women who served during the Korean War
period, June 27,1950 to January 31, 1955.
There are an estimated 3.9 million Korean War
veterans in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, down
about 21 percent from the nearly 2 million
Korean War veterans in 1990. An estimated
86,300 Korean War veterans are women,
making up 7 percent of the estimated number
of all female veterans.
"Koreastats." Koreastats. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
"Korean Children during the Korean War." American History Online.
Facts On File, Inc. http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE52&iPin=AHI0767&SingleRecord=True (accessed April
22, 2014).
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Exhibit
Artifact 22: The Korean Demilitarized Zone
The Korean Demilitarized Zone is a strip
of land running across the Korean
Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone
between North and South Korea. The
DMZ is a de-facto border barrier, which
runs along the 38th parallel north. The
DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula roughly
in half, crossing the 38th parallel on an
angle, with the west end of the DMZ
lying south of the parallel and the east
end lying north of it. It was created as
part of the Korean Armistice Agreement
between North Korea, the People's
Republic of China, and the United
Nations Command forces in 1953.
Szoldra, Paul. "The Border Area Between North And South Korea
May Be The Tensest Place On Earth." Business Insider. Business
Insider, Inc, 02 Mar. 2013. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
"The Incredible Isolation of North Korea - In One Map."
RocketNews24 RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
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Entrance
Artifact 23: Economic impact of the Korean War
The impact of the Korean War on the economy
of the United States refers to the ways in which
the American economy was affected by the
Korean experience from 1950 to 1953. While
the cost of the Korean War was less significant
than that of World War II, it still changed the
structure of the American growth as a result of
its financing. The Korean War boosted GDP
growth through government spending, which in
turn constrained investment and consumption.
While taxes were raised significantly to finance
the war, the Federal Reserve followed an antiinflationary policy. Though there was a large
increase in prices at the outset of the war, price
and wage controls ultimately stabilized prices
by the end of the war.
"Korean War Educator: Topics - Cost of the Korean War."
Korean War Educator: Topics - Cost of the Korean War. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.
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Entrance
Back Wall Artifact: “The Forgotten War”
Though some insist it should be referred to as
the "Korean Conflict" or a police action
because the participants never officially
declared "war," there are few veterans who
would disagree that the fighting in Korea
between 1950 and 1953 was as bitter as any
war. In recent years, the Korean War has been
called "The Forgotten War," because it has
been overshadowed by the more immediate
memories of Vietnam, Desert Storm and the
fiftieth anniversary commemorations of World
War II. With four million casualties, however,
the war that President Truman declared a
testing ground in the conflict between
communism and democracy has left an
indelible imprint on the history of the twentieth
century.
"US Navy Art Collection Main Page." US Navy
Art Collection Main Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 20
Apr. 2014.
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Exhibit