Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
WOMEN IN THE RENAISSANCE I. WOMEN IN THE RENAISSANCE A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1. RENAISSANCE C 1350-1650 a. FIRST IN ITALY b. NOT IN ENGLAND UNTIL LATE 16TH C c. SCARCE IN FRANCE d. LATE 15TH -16TH C. NORTHERN EUROPE 2. REBIRTH 3. MOVEMENT THAT RECLAIMED GREEK & ROMAN CULTURE 4. REVITALIZED WESTERN ART & ARCHITECTURE 5. ESTABLISHED MODERN POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PRACTICES 6. IDEAS SUCH AS HUMANISM, COURTIER TYPE 7. GREAT DISPARITIES BETWEEN LIFE OF RICH WOMAN & POOR ONE 8. BETWEEN RURAL ONE AND URBAN ONE B. DID WOMEN HAVE A RENAISSANCE? 1. CLASSIC QUESTION SINCE HISTORIAN JOAN KELLY ASKED IT SEVERAL DECADES AGO 2. DISAGREEMENT WHETHER WOMEN HAD RENAISSANCE 3. SOME HISTORIANS SAY - NOT A RENAISSANCE FOR WOMEN 4. BECAUSE THEIR STATUS, ESPECIALLY IN THE UPPER CLASSES 5. DECLINED ONCE MEDIEVAL TIMES OVER a. ESPECIALLY IN ITALY b. WHERE POLITICAL STRUCTURE PRECLUDED WOMEN FROM PARTICIPATING 6. MEN IN CHARGE OF BUSINESSES & RULING 7. WOMEN TO BE ORNAMENTS OF THEIR CLASS NOW a. NOT SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTORS 8. BALDASSARE CASTIGLIONE a. THE COURTIER 1528 b. EPITOMIZES THIS AUXILIARY ROLE FOR ARISTOCRATIC LADIES TO MEN OF THEIR CLASS 9. BUT ONE OF FOREMOST HISTORIANS OF EUROPE DAVID HERLIHY a. PAST PRESIDENT AHA b. SOMETHING CHANGED IN THE RENAISSANCE IN WOMEN'S SENSE OF THEMSELVES, EVEN IF VERY LITTLE CHANGED OR CHANGED FOR THE BETTER IN THEIR SOCIAL CONDITION 10. IN COURTLY LOVE TRADITION OF MIDDLE AGES 11. MEN SUPPOSED TO PLEASE LADIES 12. WHEREAS IN RENAISSANCE WOMEN MOLDED TO SATISFY GENTLEMEN C. IDEAS ON EDUCATION FOR WOMEN IN RENAISSANCE 1. AS RENAISSANCE IDEAL OF LEARNING SPREAD, 2. GIRLS & YOUNG WOMEN OF UPPER ESTATES RECEIVED BETTER EDUCATIONS THAN THEIR MEDIEVAL COUNTERPARTS 3. BUT CLASSICAL MATERIAL THEY STUDIED REINFORCED NOTIONS OF MALE SUPERIORITY a. MORE OF ARISTOTLE, PLATO, ETC. WORKS 2 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. THEIR EDUCATION ENABLED THEM NOT TO ENTER LEARNED PROFESSIONS BUT TO ACT AS LADIES OF COURT PATRONESSES OF ARTS DECORATIVE PRESENCES IN HOUSEHOLDS BUT FOR FIRST TIME IN WESTERN HISTORY MEN STRESSING EDUCATION FOR WOMEN SOME HIGHLY EDUCATED RENAISSANCE LADIES EXERTED IMMENSE INFLUENCE OVER a. ARTS b. LITERATURE c. & SOCIAL LIFE OF RENAISSANCE & EVEN SOME HAD SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL ROLES AS WELL WHILE INITIALLY MEN FELT WOMEN SHOULD NOT BECOME TEACHERS EXCEPT TO THEIR OWN CHILDREN BY END OF 15TH C. BEGINNINGS OF GOVERNESSES IN ARISTOCRATIC HOUSEHOLDS a. THAT WILL BE SO PREVALENT LATER CENTURIES ERASMUS, MORE & OTHERS FELT WOMEN OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES SHOULD BE EDUCATED TOO a. NOT MERELY THOSE OF NOBILITY ALL FELT WOMEN SHOULD READ SPECIFIC BOOKS IN PREFERENCE TO OTHERS READ BY MEN, THIS FOR SAKE OF MORALITY & FITNESS FOR WOMEN'S ROLES IN WORLD & NOT BECAUSE THEY THOUGHT WOMEN MENTALLY INFERIOR IN HIS UTOPIA, MORE EVEN SUGGESTED THAT OLDER WOMEN & WIDOWS MIGHT BE PRIESTESSES a. A TREMENDOUS LEAP AFTER ALMOST 1500 YEARS OF CONTRARY CHRISTIAN PRACTICE BUT DOMESTIC DUTIES NEVER TO BE NEGLECTED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURSUITS IN HIS COLLOQUY BETWEEN ABBOT (ANTRONIUS) & A LEARNED WOMAN (MAGDALA) ERASMUS CONTRASTED TRADITIONAL & MORE PROGRESSIVE VIEWS ON WOMEN'S EDUCATION DURING RENAISSANCE SHORT BIT OF BELOW IS IN YOUR TEXT ANTRONIUS: IT ISN'T FEMININE TO BE INTELLECTUAL; WOMEN ARE MADE FOR PLEASURE. MAGDALA: SUPPOSE NOW THAT I TAKE MORE PLEASURE IN READING A GOOD AUTHOR THAN YOU DO IN HUNTING, DRINKING OR GAMING. WON'T YOU THINK I LIVE PLEASANTLY? ANTRONIUS: I WOULD NOT LIVE THAT SORT OF LIFE... MAGDALA: BUT WHY DOES THIS HOUSEHOLD STUFF [BOOKS] DISPLEASE YOU? ANTRONIUS: BECAUSE A SPINNING WHEEL IS A WOMAN'S WEAPON. MAGDALA: IS IT NOT A WOMAN'S BUSINESS TO MIND THE AFFAIRS OF HER FAMILY & TO INSTRUCT HER CHILDREN? ANTRONIUS: YES, IT IS 3 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. MAGDALA: AND DO YOU THINK SO WEIGHTY AN OFFICE CAN BE PERFORMED WITHOUT WISDOM? ANDRONIUS: I BELIEVE NOT MAGDALA; THIS WISDOM I LEARN FROM BOOKS... ANTRONIUS: I CAN TOLERATE BOOKS - BUT NOT LATIN ONES. MAGDALA: WHY SO? ANTRONIUS: BECAUSE THAT TONGUE IS NOT FIT FOR A WOMAN MAGDALA: I WANT TO KNOW THE REASON ANDRONIUS: BECAUSE IT CONTRIBUTES NOTHING TOWARD THE DEFENSE OF THEIR CHASTITY...THE COMMON PEOPLE THINK AS I DO, BECAUSE IT IS SUCH A RARE & UNUSUAL THING FOR A WOMAN TO UNDERSTAND LATIN... MAGDALA: WHY THEN IS IT NOT BECOMING FOR ME TO LEARN LATIN, THAT I MAY BE ABLE DAILY TO HAVE CONVERSATION WITH SO MANY ELOQUENT, LEARNED & WISE AUTHORS AND FAITHFUL COUNSELORS? ANTRONIUS: BOOKS DESTROY WOMEN'S BRAINS WHO HAVE LITTLE ENOUGH OF THEMSELVES...BOOKISHNESS MAKES FOLK MAD...BY MY FAITH, I WOULD NOT HAVE A LEARNED WIFE...I HAVE OFTEN HEARD IT SAID THAT A WISE WOMAN IS TWICE A FOOL... MAGDALA: A WOMAN THAT IS TRULY WISE DOES NOT THINK HERSELF SO; BUT ON THE CONTRARY, ONE THAT KNOWS NOTHING THINKS HERSELF TO BE WISE, AND THAT IS BEING TWICE A FOOL. ANTRONIUS: I CAN'T WELL TELL HOW IT IS, THAT AS PACKSADDLES DON'T BECOME AN ASS, SO NEITHER DOES LEARNING BECOME A WOMAN. AS WOMAN DID NOT GO TO UNIVERSITY THEY HAD NO OPPORTUNITY TO ENTER LEARNED PROFESSIONS WOMEN HUMANISTS TYPICALLY ACQUIRED THEIR EDUCATION FROM THEIR FATHERS OR FROM PRIVATE TUTORS QUEENS, WHETHER AS RULERS IN THEIR OWN RIGHT OR CONSORTS MADE SURE THAT THEIR DAUGHTERS WERE WELL EDUCATED TO BE FIT MEMBERS OF COURT THOMAS MORE, HENRY VIII'S LORD CHANCELLOR VERY INSTRUMENTAL IN SPREADING HUMANISM EDUCATION IN ENGLAND HIS ELDEST DAUGHTER MARGARET MORE 1504-1544 a. FOR EG EDUCATED IN LATIN, GREEK, LOGIC, PHILOSOPHY, THEOLOGY, MATHEMATICS & ASTRONOMY MORE'S BELIEF IN EDUCATION OF WOMEN & ACCEPTANCE OF THAT BELIEF IN ROYAL FAMILY FOR ITS DAUGHTERS, MARY & ELIZABETH TUDOR ENCOURAGED OTHERS AMONG ENGLISH NOBILITY TO ARRANGE TUTORS FOR THEIR DAUGHTERS & THOSE PRIVILEGED WOMEN ONLY IN THE 19TH & 20TH C WOULD SUCH EDUCATION BE OPEN TO ALL WOMEN 4 55. 56. D. II. ALTHOUGH MALE HUMANISTS PRAISED WOMEN IN GENERAL THEY USUALLY PREFERRED THAT LEARNED WOMEN REMAIN SAFELY UNWED 57. & LIKENED THEM TO AMAZON QUEENS & ARMED WARRIOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF LEARNED RENAISSANCE WOMEN OR HUMANISTS 1. MORE THAN 30 WOMEN HUMANISTS OF RENAISSANCE IDENTIFIED 2. THOUGH FEW WROTE MAJOR WORKS 3. PROBABLY DUE MORE TO SOCIAL BARRIERS THAN LACK OF CREATIVE TALENT 4. CONTRIBUTIONS OF LEARNED REN WOMEN VARIED 5. MANY WROTE IN LATIN a. LETTERS, ORATIONS, TREATISES & POEMS 6. ALESSANDRA SCALA OF FLORENCE HAD COMMAND OF GREEK EQUALED BY FEW WESTERN SCHOLARS 7. LUCREZIA TORNABUONI a. MOTHER OF LORENZO THE MAGNIFICANT b. AUTHOR OF RELIGIOUS HYMNS 8. AS RENAISSANCE EXTENDED NORTH OF ALPS 9. MORE YOUNG WOMEN RECEIVED HUMANIST EDUCATION 10. & TOOK UP THEIR PENS TO WRITE LITERARY, RELIGIOUS & HISTORICAL WORKS 11. RANGE OF TOPICS AVAILABLE TO WOMEN RESTRICTED BY SOCIAL CUSTOM 12. SINCE MOST SECULAR SUBJECTS THOUGHT TO BE PROVINCE OF MEN 13. EVEN IN RELIGIOUS REALM WOMEN EXPECTED TO CONFINE THEMSELVES TO a. HYMNS b. POEMS c. DEVOTIONAL WORKS d. TRANSLATIONS 14. GREAT THINGS BY REASON OF MY SEX I MAY NOT DO a. ADMITTED ENGLISH TRANSLATOR ANNE LOCKE 15. THUS HUMANIST EDUCATION TANTALIZED BRIGHT YOUNG WOMEN 16. EVEN AS SOCIETY THWARTED THEIR AMBITIONS SPECIFIC POWERFUL & EDUCATED WOMEN OF RENAISSANCE A. ISABELLA D'ESTES 1474-1539 1. TEXT JUST BRIEFLY MENTIONS 2. TRUE RENAISSANCE WOMAN a. CF TO LEONARDO DA VINCI 3. RECEIVED EDUCATION IN HUMANITIES 4. PLAYED CLAVICHORD, LUTE, AND COULD SING 5. & 1 OF GREATEST PATRONS OF RENAISSANCE 6. HER COURT WAS A MAJOR CENTER FOR ARTISTS MUSICIANS & HUMANISTS 7. COLLECTED RARE BOOKS, ANTIQUES ART a. HAD MICHELANGELO'S FIRST STATUE 5 b. B. C. D. HER LIBRARY CALLED "IL PARADISO" = PARADISE (1) STILL EXISTS 8. IN 1493 SHE RECEIVED A LETTER FROM CADIZ (SEAPORT SW SPAIN ON ATLANTIC) REMARKING THAT a. A SAILOR NAMED COLUMBUS HAS LANDED HERE..." 9. MANTUA'S COURT ACHIEVED ITS GREATEST LUSTER UNDER HER 10. WED TO FRANCESCO GONZAGA a. MARQUIS OF MANTUA AT 16 b. ISABELLA BECAME DUCHESS OF MANTUA 11. WHEN HUSBAND CAPTURED IN WAR W/VENICE SHE RULED MANTUA a. EVEN DISARMING ENEMIES HER HUSBAND HAD PREVIOUSLY MADE 12. BUT HE COMPLAINED WHEN HE RETURNED TO MANTUA a. IT IS OUR FATE TO HAVE AS A WIFE A WOMAN WHO ALWAYS RULED BY HER HEAD 13. HER GREATEST LEGACY a. HUNDREDS OF LETTERS CHRONICLING INTERESTS OF DAY MARGUERITE OF ANGOULEME 1492-1549 1. SISTER TO FRENCH KING, FRANCIS I 2. LED FRANCE'S RENAISSANCE MOVEMENT 3. WELL-EDUCATED IN NEW HUMANISTIC LEARNING 4. HER COURT WAS SURROUNDED W/HUMANIST SCHOLARS 5. THOUGH OLDER THAN HER BROTHER, 6. FRENCH LAW EXCLUDED WOMEN FROM SUCCESSION 7. PEOPLE OF TIMES DEPLORED THIS AS SAID SHE WOULD HAVE MADE BETTER KING 8. DEALT W/AMBASSADORS & AFFAIRS OF STATE ON BROTHER'S BEHALF 9. WROTE BOOK HEPTAMERON a. MODELED ON BOCCACCIO'S DECAMERON b. DESCRIBED ABUSES OF CHURCH & MONASTERIES IN A RIBALD FASHION LOUISE LABE CA. 1524?-CA. 1565? 1. TEXT MENTIONS ITEMS BELOW 2. WELL EDUCATED DAUGHTER OF MERCHANT 3. LYON, FRANCE, 4. KNOWN AS FRENCH SAPPHO - BECAUSE OF PASSIONATE LOVE POEMS VITTORIA COLONNA 1492-1547 1. TEXT JUST MENTIONS AS WROTE LOVE SONNETS a. INFLUENCING MICHELANGELO RELIGIOUS IDEAS 2. ONE OF MOST GIFT RENAISSANCE WOMEN 3. BORN 1492 AT MARINO NEAR ROME a. DAUGHTER OF FABRIZIO COLONNA b. GRAND CONSTABLE OF KINGDOM OF NAPLES 4. BELONGED TO POWERFUL ROMAN FAMILY a. VAST HOLDINGS IN PAPAL STATES & SOUTHERN ITALY 5. AMONG HER RELATIVES a. POPE 6 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. III. b. 30 CARDINALS MARRIAGE AT AGE 19 TO MARCHESE OF PESCARA a. SPANIARD b. HAD BEEN ARRANGED FOR POLITICAL REASONS 15 YRS EARLIER c. BUT SHE FELL IN LOVE WITH HIM d. OFTEN ABSENT ON MILITARY SERVICE e. MARCHESE DIED IN 1525 LEAVING HER CHILDLESS IN HIS MEMORY VITTORIA WROTE SONNETS IDEALIZING HIM AS SAINT DESPITE FACT HE HAD BEEN UNFAITHFUL TO HER HER LOVE SONNETS WRITTEN IN TRADITION OF PETRARCH WON HER ACCLAIM IN HUMANIST CIRCLES ALSO WROTE RELIGIOUS SONNETS a. HERES AN INTENSELY PERSONAL EXPERIENCE b. I WROTE ONLY TO FREE MYSELF FROM MY INNER PAIN GREAT KINDRED SPIRIT WITH MICHELANGELO HE WAS HER BEST FRIEND THEY CORRESPONDED EXTENSIVELY & EXCHANGED SONNETS HE PAINTED AT LEAST 3 WORKS FOR HER WOMEN ARTISTS OF RENAISSANCE A. GENERAL REMARKS 1. TEXT COVERS 2. ALTHOUGH RELATIVELY LITTLE KNOWN ABOUT WOMAN ARTISTS OF PERIOD 3. SOME ACHIEVED BOTH ACCEPTANCE & DEGREE OF FAME 4. ALTHOUGH DIFFICULT TO CONSTRUCT THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS 5. BECAUSE SO MANY OF THEIR WORKS SUBSEQUENTLY LOST OF DESTROYED B. SOFONISBA ANGUISSOLA - C. 1535-1625 1. TEXT COVERS 2. OF CREMONA 3. PAINTER 4. MICHELANGELO TOOK SPECIAL INTEREST IN HER a. HER 5 SISTERS ALSO PAINTED 5. VASARI VISITED THEIR HOUSEHOLD a. & DESCRIBED WORKS OF EACH WOMAN 6. FOR NEARLY 2 DECADES SOFONISBA PAINTED AT COURT OF KING PHILIP II OF SPAIN C. LEVINA TEERLING 1576 1. ENENGLISH MONARCH HENRY VIII PATRONIZED NUMBER OF WOMEN PAINTERS 2. PAYING ONE OF THEM a. LEVINA TEERLING (1) MSS ILLUMINATOR 3. EVEN MORE FOR HER WORK THAN HE PAID FAMOUS HANS HOLBEIN 4. ROYAL PATRONAGE ALSO BESTOWED ON CATHARINA VAN HEMESSEN 1528-1587 OF NETHERLANDS 7 D. a. SHE ENJOYED SUPPORT OF QUEEN MARY OF HUNGARY b. PAINTED SOME INTRIGUINGLY INTROSPECTIVE PORTRAITS PROPERZIA ROSSI C. 1490-1530 OF BOLOGNA 1. PROBABLY LEADING WOMAN SCULPTURE IV. SEE SEPARATE SHEET FOR QUEENS & REGENTS IN RENAISSANCE V. FAMILY & MARRIAGE CUSTOMS DURING ITALIAN RENAISSANCE A. GENERAL REMARKS RE MARRIAGE 1. WHILE MARRIAGE HONORABLE STATE, PRIOR TO ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 2. IT WAS GENERALLY REGARDED BY CHURCH & OTHERS AS INFERIOR TO CELIBACY & WIDOWHOOD 3. MARRIAGE DISTRACTED FROM PRAYER & STUDY 4. FLORENTINES OF 14TH C. FULLY SHARED THESE ANCIENT PREJUDICES AGAINST MARRIAGE 5. GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO, A NOTORIOUS MISOGYNIST a. LET PHILOSPHERS LEAVE MARRIAGE TO THE IGNORANT RICH, TO RULERS & TO PEASANTS 6. BUT BLACK DEATH & SUBSEQUENT SEVERE POPULATION LOSSES CHANGED THIS 7. A NEW & MORE AFFIRMATIVE ATTITUDE TOWARDS MARRIAGE EMERGED 8. CIVIC HUMANISTS STRESSED THAT MARRIAGE SANCTIFIED NATURAL UNION OF SEXES a. CHILDREN BORN IN WEDLOCK ALONE ASSURED SURVIVAL OF FAMILY & SOCIETY b. AN ACTIVE CITIZEN NEEDED TO BE A MARRIED MAN 9. CIVIC HUMANISTS EVEN WENT ON TO EXTOL LOVE IN MARRIAGE 10. & THAT A WIFE ALONE COULD OFFER COMPANIONSHIP 11. PATRIARCHAL VIEWS OF MARRIAGE STILL ABOUNDED 12. BUT GIVEN FACT THAT URBAN MARRIAGES GENERALLY BETWEEN YOUNG GIRL OLDER MAN a. MAN IN 30'S b. BRIDE HALF HIS AGE c. WEALTHIER GIRLS MARRIED EVEN SOON AS IN DEMAND 13. A WIFE FITTING COMPANIONSHIP & FRIEND ROLE HARDLY NORMAL STATE OF AFFAIRS 14. MATURE MAN WHO MARRIED YOUNG MAIDEN SAW LITTLE ADVANTAGE IN INVOLVING HER IN HIS AFFAIRS 15. BUT OLDER HUSBANDS DID FEEL RESPONSIBLE FOR EDUCATING THEIR WIVES ON THEIR PERSPECTIVE ROLES 16. & A HUSBAND WHO FAILED TO RULE HIS WIFE PROPERLY a. THOUGHT TO RISK CREATING A SHREW (1) WHO WOULD ASSUME AUTHORITY IN MARRIAGE 17. SO IN LITERATURE PATIENT GRIESELDA a. TOUTED AS IDEAL WIFE 18. LEON ALBERTI DISCOURSES ON BOTH THESE IDEAS 19. AFTER MY WIFE HAD BEEN SETTLED IN MY HOUSE A FEW DAYS...I TOOK HER BY THE HAND & SHOWED HER AROUND THE 8 WHOLE HOUSE...I SHOWED HER MY TREASURES, SILVER, TAPESTRY, GARMENTS, JEWELS & WHERE EACH THING HAD ITS PLACE...ONLY MY BOOKS & RECORDS & THOSE OF MY ANCESTORS DID I DETERMINE TO KEEP WELL SEALED...TO TAKE AWAY ANY TASTE SHE MIGHT HAVE FOR LOOKING AT MY NOTES OR PRYING INTO MY PRIVATE AFFAIRS, I OFTEN USED TO EXPRESS MY DISAPPROVAL OF BOLD & FORWARD FEMALES WHO TRY TOO HARD TO KNOW ABOUT THINGS OUTSIDE THE HOUSE...HUSBANDS WHO TAKE COUNSEL WITH THEIR WIVES...ARE MADMEN IF THEY THINK TRUE PRUDENCE OR GOOD COUNSEL LIES IN THE FEMALE BRAIN...DEAR WIFE, LISTEN TO ME. I SHALL BE MOST PLEASED IF YOU DO JUST THREE THINGS: FIRST, SEE THAT YOU NEVER WANT ANOTHER MAN TO SHARE THIS BED BUT ME SECOND...TAKE CARE OF THE HOUSEHOLD...THIRD...SEE THAT NOTHING COMES WRONG IN THE HOUSE...THEN SHE & I KNELT DOWN & PRAYED TO GOD...THAT HE MIGHT GRANT US THE GRACE TO LIVE TOGETHER IN PEACE & HARMONY FOR MANY HAPPY YEARS & WITH MANY MALE CHILDREN, 20. 21. B. MARRIAGES GENERALLY ARRANGED BY COUPLE'S PARENTS BUSINESS OR POLITICAL PARTNERS COMMONLY SOLIDIFIED THEIR INTERESTS a. BY MARRYING THEIR CHILDREN TO EACH OTHER 22. CLANDESTINE OR SECRET MARRIAGES OCCURRED AS WELL a. MORE PREVALENT AMONG COMMON FOLK THAN WEALTHY b. DONE TO CIRCUMVENT UNWELCOME BETHROTHAL c. BUT HEAVY FINES FOR MARRYING W/O PARENTS OK d. & CLANDESTINE MARRIAGES MADE IT POSSIBLE TO DISSOLVE ONE'S OWN MARRIAGE e. IF 1 PARTY WENT TO COURT f. NO EVIDENCE OR WITNESSES TO SAY THEY WERE MARRIED g. USUALLY GRANTED ANNULMENT EVEN THOUGH KIDS DOWRY 1. NECESSARY PART OF MARRIAGE 2. DISGRACEFUL FOR EVEN A POOR GIRL NOT TO BRING A DOWRY TO MARRIAGE 3. PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENTS PART OF MARRIAGE CONTRACT 4. DOWRIES TODAY ARE STILL NB TO SOME PARTS MEDITERRANEAN a. CERTAIN AREAS RURAL GREECE GIRLS TAKE JOBS BEFORE MARRIAGE TO SAVE MONEY FOR DOWRY 5. ST. NICHOLAS, OUR ORIGINAL SANTA CLAUS 6. IN RENAISSANCE TIMES PORTRAYED COMING DOWN CHIMNEYS ALSO 7. BUT BROUGHT SACKS OF GOLD TO PROVIDE DOWRIES FOR POOR BUT HONEST GIRLS 8. HIS APPEARANCE COULD NOT BE COUNTED ON SO 9 9. C. D. WEALTHY CITIZENS SOMETIMES FORMED ST. NICHOLAS SOCIETIES TO PROVIDE DOWRIES FOR THESE GIRLS 10. IN STAINED GLASS WINDOWS OR PAINTINGS DEPICTING HIM, USUALLY SHOWN DROPPING BAGS OF GOLD INTO LAPS OF GIRLS WHO HAD FALLEN ASLEEP BY FIREPLACE WAITING FOR HIS APPEARANCE 11. IT IS SIGNIFICANT GOLD WENT INTO THEIR LAPS, BECAUSE A DOWRY WOULD SAFEGUARD THEIR CHASTITY 12. A GIRL W/O A DOWRY OFTEN HAD NO ALTERNATIVE a. BUT TO BECOME PROSTITUTE IN MUNICIPAL BROTHEL FLORENCE DOWRY FUND 1. CITY GOVT OF FLORENCE SET UP OWN FUND TO PROVIDE DOWRIES a. MONTE DELLE DOTI 2. FATHERS COULD ENROLL THEIR DAUGHTERS a. WHEN THEY WERE BORN, b. PAYING A SMALL FEE 3. WHEN GIRL MARRIED, a. MONTE PAID HER HUSBAND HER DOWRY THAT HAD ACCUMULATED ADDITIONAL FUNDS 4. FUNDS TO RUN CITY EVEN BORROWED FROM VAST ACCUMULATED FUNDS a. MUCH AS WE ARE DOING TODAY IN USING SOCIAL SECURITY MONEY TO FUND GENERAL BUDGET MARRIAGE & SEXUAL MORES 1. URBAN WOMAN SUPPOSED TO BE VIRGIN WHEN MARRIED a. CF W/PEASANT WOMEN b. COUNTRYSIDE NOT MARRY UNTIL BRIDE WAS PREGNANT 2. CITIES CLOSELY CHAPERONED GIRLS TO KEEP THEM PURE FOR MARRIAGE 3. PERUGIA STATUTE C 1400 FORBADE MEN BETWEEN AGES 15-40 TO STAND AROUND CHURCHES ON SUNDAYS & FEAST DAYS IN ORDER TO ADMIRE WOMEN ATTENDING SERVICES 4. HEAVY FINES IF MEN WENT INTO AREAS RESERVED FOR FEMALE WORSHIPPERS 5. ANOTHER TOWN STATUTE ATTEMPTED TO RESTRAIN MEN a. FROM MAKING VERBAL APPROACHES TO WOMEN ON STREETS, b. FROM TOUCHING THEM, c. FOLLOWING THEM d. OR STANDING OUTSIDE THEIR HOUSES 6. WOMEN IN RETURN NOT TO LOOK MEN IN EYE a. BUT KEEP GLANCES DOWNWARD WHEN WALKING 7. IF HUSBAND DISCOVERED ON HIS WEDDING NIGHT WIFE NOT VIRGIN a. HE COULD REPUDIATE HER & KEEP DOWRY 8. YET PUNISHMENT FOR RAPE WAS NOT AS SEVERE AS ONE MIGHT THINK GIVEN THIS MORES REGARDING VIRGINITY 9. BASICALLY HIGHER STATUS OF GIRL a. MORE ONE WAS PUNISHED 10 b. E. F. BUT RAPE STILL NOT PUNISHED AS SEVERELY AS OTHER CRIMES 10. AS YOUNG GIRLS CLOSELY SUPERVISED UNTIL MARRIAGE, 11. ONCE WEDDED THEY MIGHT SPEND HOURS UNSUPERVISED FOR FIRST TIME IN LIVES 12. HUSBANDS WORRIED ABOUT THEIR YOUNG WIVES TAKING LOVERS 13. KNOWING NEIGHBORS, ETC. PLACED HORNS ON DOORWAYS OF WAYWARD WIVES a. TO BRING SOCIAL PRESSURE TO BEAR AGAINST ADULTEROUS WIFE b. OR TO MAKE FUN OF DECEIVED HUSBAND 14. GREAT MANY MUNICIPALITIES ENACTED CRIMINAL STATUTES AGAINST ADULTERY a. MALE ADULTERERS SUBJECT TO A HEAVY FINE b. FEMALE ADULTERESSES LIABLE TO PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT (1) WHIPPING COMMON (2) MIGHT HAVE HEADS SHAVED (3) OR BE EXILED FROM CITY FOR TIME (4) DOWRY FORFEITED TO HUSBAND BIRTH CONTROL 1. PROVERB IF YOU CAN'T BE GOOD, BE CAREFUL DATES FROM THIS TIME 2. CHURCH ALWAYS AGAINST CONTRACEPTIVES a. 1 OF PRIME SINS AS REFLECTED UNRESTRAINED LUST b. & AS GRAVE A SIN AS MURDER & PAGAN WITCHCRAFT 3. ACT OF ONAN = COITUS INTERRUPTUS METHOD MOST USED a. HERBS b. ARDUOUS EXERCISES c. OINTMENTS CHILDREN 1. HIRING WET NURSES POPULAR W/TOWNSPEOPLE a. USUALLY FOR 1ST 2 YRS OR MORE b. NB TO CHOOSE WOMAN OF GOOD MORAL CHARACTER c. BECAUSE CHILDREN WERE ASSUMED TO TAKE IN A WOMAN'S CHARACTERISTIC ALONG W/HER MILK d. IE MICHAEANGLEO'S IMBIBING FAMILY OF STONE CUTTERS 2. SOME WOMEN NURSED OTHER CHILDREN FOR YEARS a. & NB SUPPLEMENT TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME 3. FATHER'S AUTHORITY OVER HIS CHILDREN ABSOLUTE a. UNTIL HE EITHER DIED b. OR EMANCIPATED HIS CHILDREN c. JUST AS IN ROMAN TIMES 4. CHILDREN WHO HAD NOT BEEN FORMALLY FREED FROM PARENTAL CONTROL a. NEVER HAD FULL LEGAL STATUS WHILE THEIR PARENTS LIVED 5. PASSING A CERTAIN BIRTHDAY WAS NOT ENOUGH IN RENAISSANCE ITALY 11 6. G. VI. FATHER HAD TO APPEAR BEFORE A JUDGE TO FORMALLY FREE THEM FROM HIS CONTROL a. SAME WORDS USED TO DESCRIBE FREEING SLAVES 7. VARIED WHEN CHILDREN EMANCIPATED a. AT SON'S BETROTHAL b. DAUGHTER'S WEDDING c. LATER WHEN FATHER OLD 8. REDISCOVERY OF ROMAN LAW IN 12TH C LED TO THIS FORMAL EMANCIPATION BEING REINTRODUCED 9. LARGE FAMILIES BUT HIGH MORTALITY 10. BLACK DEATH STILL RECURRING 15-16TH CENTURIES 11. ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN NOT STIGMA AS IN MODERN TIMES 12. MANY UNWANTED CHILDREN & ORPHANS 13. RECORDS ATTEST TO SAD CHILDHOODS OF SMALL VAGABONDS & BEGGARS a. OLDER CHILDREN SUPPORTING THEIR SIBLINGS b. GIRLS BEING SOLD BY THEIR PARENTS c. BABIES LEFT AT CHURCH DOORS INFANTICIDE 1. CONTINUATION OF PRACTICE SINCE ANCIENT TIMES a. GREEKS 2 BOYS TO 1 GIRL 2. CHURCH FROM 9TH C IN ITS PENITENTALS WARNED PARENTS NOT TO SLEEP W/THEIR CHILDREN TO AVOID SUFFOCATING THEM 3. BUT OTHER METHODS UTILIZED TO GET RID OF UNWANTED CHILDREN 4. ABORTION PRACTICED a. FETUS LESS THAN 40 DAYS ABORTED NOT MURDER (1) BUT CHURCH WANTED WOMAN TO DO PENANCE 5. AUTHORITIES TRIED DIABOLICAL PUNISHMENTS AS DETERRENTS a. BURIED ALIVE, DROWNING, BURNING AT STAKE 6. FINALLY RESORTED TO FOUNDLING HOSPITALS AS WAY TO HANDLE PROBLEM OF a. INFANTICIDE, UNWANTED CHILDREN & ORPHANS 7. ARCHITECT BRUNELLESCHI a. WHO HAD JUST COMPLETED DOME OVER CATHEDRAL OF FLORENCE b. DESIGNED FOUNDLING HOSPITAL c. 1ST BUILDING TO USE REVITALIZED ROMAN CLASSIC DESIGN THAT CHARACTERIZES RENIASSANCE ARCHITECTURE d. VERY LARGE SIZE REINFORCES GREAT NUMBER OF CHILDREN ABANDONED WOMEN & THE CHURCH A. REASONS WOMEN REJECTED MARRIED LIFE 1. THEY CAME FROM SUBSTANTIAL FAMILIES a. NOBLE, PATRICIAN, BOURGEOIS 2. ONLY FEW POOR SISTERS CARED FOR 3. DAUGHTERS & WIDOWS OF BREWERS & CLOTH MERCHANTS & 12 LANDOWNERS & CITY COUNCILLORS THESE WOMEN HAD MUCH TO LOSE WHEN THEY THRUST AWAY WEALTHY & STATUS 5. & SOUGHT LABOR, POVERTY & ISOLATION 6. THEIR ACTION BESPEAKS PROFOUND REJECTION OF SOCIAL WORLD OF THEIR ORIGINS ST. TERESA OF AVILA 1. 16TH C. SPANISH SAINT 2. MOST FAMOUS VISIONARY 3. THERE GREW LOVE OF GOD WITHIN ME THAT I DID NOT KNOW WHO HAD PLANTED IT THERE. IT WAS ENTIRELY SUPERNATURAL; I HAD MADE NO EFFORTS TO OBTAIN IT. I FOUND MYSELF DYING OF THE DESIRE TO SEE GOD & I KNEW NO WAY OF SEEKING THAT OTHER LIFE EXCEPT THROUGH DEATH COMMENTS ON MYSTICAL EXPERIENCES OF RENAISSANCE WOMEN 1. MYSTICAL EXPERIENCES OF REN HOLY WOMEN IMPRESSIVE TO CONTEMPORARIES AS PROOFS OF SANCTITY 2. BUT SO WERE ACTS OF PENITENCE & ASCETIC OBSERVANCE 3. REPETITIOUS PRAYER 4. ENDLESS GENUFLECTIONS 5. WEARING OF HAIR SHIRTS 6. & OTHER INSTRUMENTS OF BODILY MORTIFICATION a. SLEEPLESSNESS b. WEEPING & HOWLING c. SELF- MUTILATION d. ISOLATION e. CHRONIC ILLNESS PRODUCED BY THESE AUSTERITIES f. & ABOVE ALL BY SELF-STARVATION g. WERE ACTIONS PERFORMED & CONDITIONS SUFFERED BY PRACTITIONERS OF CHRISTIAN LIFE 7. COLOMBA DA RIETA WORE BENEATH HER HAIR SHIRT 8. CHAINS ADORNED WITH SHARP POINTS AROUND HER HIPS & ACROSS HER BREAST 9. THESE SO SCARRED & ABUSED HER BODY THAT 3 WOULD-BE RAPISTS DETERRED FROM THEIR OBJECT & CONVERTED TO AWED REVERENCE 10. FASTING TO EXTREME IS CHARACTERISTIC ASCETIC ACT OF RENAISSANCE HOLY WOMAN 11. MALE SAINTS MIGHT GIVE UP a. MONEY, PROPERTY & PROGENY b. WOMEN GAVE UP FOOD 12. THESE HOLY WOMEN WHOSE LIVES MARKED BY PAIN & SUPERNATURAL EXPERIENCE 13. BY DEPRIVATION & SACRIFICIAL SERVICE 14. EARNED UNPARALLELED STATURE 15. HOLY WOMEN INSPIRED LEARNED MEN TO WRITE ABOUT THEIR LIVES 16. NOT ONLY LEARNED & PROMINENT PERSONS BUT CROWDS OF FAITHFUL AWED BY HOLY WOMEN 17. EVERYWHERE IN THESE REN CENTURIES FEMALE WORSHIPPERS 4. B. C. 13 D. OF GOD AROUSED AWE a. FOR THEIR HEROIC ASCETICISM b. THEIR UNSTINTING SERVICE c. THEIR OTHERWORLDLY VISIONS d. THEIR INNER POWER 18. SO GREAT THESE HOLY WOMEN THEN MANY WOMEN FEIGNED HOLINESS OR WERE ACCUSED OF DOING SO 19. CHURCH THUS INVESTIGATED WITH CARE 20. IT APPEARS FROM RESEARCH DONE THAT DEFINITE INCREASE IN FEMALE SANCTITY IN RENAISSANCE 21. ONE SCHOLAR HAS FOUND 260 ITALIAN HOLY WOMEN a. NOT ONLY SAINTS b. BUT THOSE KNOWN AS BLESSED OR VENERABLE c. FROM 1200 TO PRESENT d. OF THESE 152 DIED IN 14TH THROUGH 17TH CENTURIES 22. PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN SAINTS ROSE FROM 15% C 1250 23. 24% BY 1300 24. 29% BY 15TH C. 25. WHILE AT SAME TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR SANCTITY BECAME TOUGHER 26. ONLY 87 SAINTS OF 3200 PLUS FOR ALL CHRISTIAN HISTORY TO END OF 1500 EMERGED DURING LAST 150 YRS OF THAT EPOCH 27. DURING MOST OF X ERA 5 MALE SAINTS TO EACH FEMALE 28. BUT AFTER MID 14TH C. 2 1/2 MALE SAINTS TO 1 FEMALE 29. IN NO OTHER PERIOD DID WOMAN WEIGH SO GREATLY IN BALANCE OF SANCTITY CONCLUSIONS 1. SO OBVIOUSLY STATUS THAT COULD BE GAINED BY FEMALE SAINT 2. EXCEEDED THAT WHICH COULD BE GAINED BY MOTHER OF CHILDREN, WIFE OF MEN OR DAUGHTER OF PATRIARCH 3. SANCTITY OFFERED HONORABLE REFUGE FROM ANONYMITY & SUBSERVIENCE OF LIFE IN FAMILY 4. & SINCE HOLY WOMEN OF REN MORE OFTEN MARRIED OR WIDOWED THAN IN EARLIER PERIODS 5. THEIR SPIRITUAL MISSION HAD TO STRUGGLE WITH THEIR SEXUAL ROLE 6. FOR IF DAUGHTERS GROWING PROBLEM FOR FAMILIES OF RENAISSANCE WHO HAD TO MAINTAIN & DOWER THEM 7. FAMILIES WERE GROWING PROBLEM FOR DAUGHTERS WHO HAD TO ENDURE STRATEGIES IN WHICH THEY WERE ALWAYS PAWNS & NEVER PRINCIPALS