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Name: _____________________________________________ Period: _______ Date: __________ Ancient Egypt Directions: Read the following article on the Ancient Egypt. Take the quiz which follows. Then construct a timeline from what you have read. You should find ten events within the text for your timeline. For thousands of years, Egypt was a divided land. The Kingdom of Upper Egypt lay in the south along the banks of the Nile River Valley. The king there wore a red crown which looked something like a chair. The Kingdom of Lower Egypt lay in the north in the lush Nile Delta. The king there wore a crown which looked like a white bowling pin. The kings of these lands fought one another for control of Egypt in the country’s deserts, marshes, and farmlands. Around 3100 BC, King Narmer united the Two Lands. He wore a double crown as a symbol of a united Egypt. It joined the white crown of Upper Egypt with the red crown of Lower Egypt. The kings of Egypt reigned over this united kingdom for the next 2,000 years, making it one of the longest-lived civilizations in history. For 400 years after Narmer, the sons of two dynasties sat on the throne of Egypt. These ruling families established the power of the kingship in the Two Lands, firmly making the king the most powerful man in Egypt. The word of these kings was law; all had to obey them. Moreover, the people of Egypt began seeing these kings as living embodiment of the god, Horus. As the link between this world and the realm of the gods, he was to be obeyed without question. Around 2700 BC, a new family took power under King Djoser. His reign launched a new age, the Old Kingdom. Assignment 4B1 (Grade Level) Updated 2012 During this time, the Egyptians created some of the greatest works ancient Egypt ever produced. They built the pyramids, starting with Djoser’s Stepped Pyramid at Sakkara. As time passed, they built smoother and larger pyramids. These eventually included the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. They also carved the Great Sphinx nearby, an image that has come to symbolize Egypt itself. By the end of the reign of Pepy II, the power of the pharaohs had begun to wane. No longer did they rule with absolute power. Instead, local strongmen gained control. They ruled over many petty kingdoms up and down the Nile Valley. They waged war against each other, trying to claim the title of pharaoh. This kept farmers from working, causing food shortages and famine in the otherwise rich lands of Egypt. This time of civil war was called the First Intermediate Period. It began around 2200 BC and lasted about 100 years. After a hundred years of bitter struggle of the First Intermediate Period, King Amenemhet I came to power c. 2100 BC. He quickly brought all the squabbling provinces of Egypt under his yoke, launching the Middle Kingdom. In the three hundred years that followed, Egypt enjoyed a golden age. Arts and literature flourished during this era of peace and stability. During this time, the pharaohs resumed their building of pyramids. But instead of stone, they built them with cheaper materials, like mud brick. They have not stood the test of time, and many have collapsed into shapeless heaps of rubble. In time, however, the kings of Egypt once again lost their control of the Page 1 kingdom in a time called the Second Intermediate Period. A group of nomads called the Hyksos arrived from the Middle East, taking over the Nile Delta c. 1800 BC. From their walled capital city of Avaris, the Hyksos warred with the native kings of Upper Egypt for a hundred years. In time, however, the Egyptians drove them out of the Delta. It was King Ahmose who drove the Hyksos from Egypt around 1700 BC, ushering in the New Kingdom. During this new age, the pharaohs of Egypt would war on their neighbors and rule lands far from their borders for about 600 years. Great warrior-kings like Tuthmosis III launched campaigns into Libya, Nubia, and Palestine. They conquered these lands, bringing riches and slaves back to the lands of Egypt while forging a great empire. Amid the prosperity of the New Kingdom, one pharaoh tried to sweep away the polytheistic religion of Egypt. His name was Akhenaton. He closed the temples of the old gods and introduced the concept of monotheism to the Egyptian people. He worshiped only one god, the sun disk which the Egyptians called the Aten. But his ideas were far too foreign to the Egyptians; they turned away from his faith soon after his death. They wrecked his temples and chiseled his face and name from every stone in Egypt. Later generations called him “That Criminal,” refusing to speak his name and expressing their great hatred for him. The kings who followed him became some of the greatest known to the Egyptians. Ramses the Great was foremost among them. He led his soldiers into battle, fighting the Hittites at the famous Battle of Kaddish. He left his mark all over Egypt, building huge statues and temples to his memory. One of the greatest was that at Abu Simbel Assignment 4B1 (Grade Level) Updated 2012 near the Nubian border. Many scholars believe he was the pharaoh Moses went toe-to-toe with during the Exodus. Again the pharaohs lost control of Egypt during the Third Intermediate Period, which began ca. 1100 BC. Never again would the native Egyptians rule over a united Egypt. Rival kings fought over control of the land. Some came close to reuniting the land during this 350 year period of turmoil, but all failed. Around 750 BC, the Late Period began with the Nubian invasion. This African kingdom took advantage of Egypt’s weakness and conquered it. For the next 400 years, Egypt was ruled by foreign conquerors. In time, the Assyrians swept away the Nubians. The Babylonians conquered the Assyrians. Finally the Persians conquered the Babylonians. Each warring people took control of Egypt as a crowning jewel in their empires. Around 330 BCE, the Greeks under Alexander the Great swept into the Persian Empire to start the Greco-Roman period in Egyptian history. They conquered Egypt, much to the joy of the Egyptians who chaffed under the yoke of their Persian masters. The priests of Egypt expressed this joy by proclaiming Alexander a god. For the next 300 years, the dynasty started by a Greek general named Ptolemy ruled over Egypt. In 30 BC, the last Greek ruler of ancient Egypt, Cleopatra, took her own life after she had lost a war with Rome. Rome soon conquered Egypt after her death and brought it under its control. From that point on, Egypt became a jewel in the Roman Empire. It would remain such for over 600 years when the Muslim Empire conquered the Two Lands and drove the Romans out. Flesch-Kincaid Reading Level 7.8 Page 2 Name: _____________________________________________ Period: _______ Date: __________ Ancient Egypt Directions: Read the article on ancient Egypt Read the following questions and all their responses carefully. Circle the response that best answers the question. 1. Where did the Kingdom of Lower Egypt lie? a. In the Sinai Peninsula. b. In the lush Nile Delta. c. Along the banks of the Nile. 2. What king united Upper and Lower Egypt for the first time? a. The Scorpion King b. King Djoser c. King Narmer 3. “For 400 years after Narmer, the sons of two dynasties sat on the throne of Egypt.” What is the most likely meaning for the word “dynasty?” a. a king b. a ruling family c. the concept of kingship 4. What king’s reign launched the Old Kingdom? a. King Snefru b. King Djoser c. King Khufu 5. Which of the following monuments was created during the Old Kingdom? a. Djoser’s Stepped Pyramid b. The Great Pyramid at Giza c. The Great Sphinx d. All of the above Assignment 4B1 (Grade Level) Updated 2012 6. What did the civil wars of the First Intermediate Period cause? a. food shortages b. the unification of Egypt c. violent desert sandstorms 7. What king unified Egypt after the First Intermediate Period to launch the Middle Kingdom? a. King Khufu b. King Pepy II c. King Amenemhet I 8. What material did the kings of the Middle Kingdom use to make their pyramids? a. mud brick b. stone c. baked clay bricks 9. What group of nomads made their capital in Avaris in the Nile Delta? a. Hyksos b. Hebrews c. Hittites 10. What king drove the Hyksos from Egypt? a. King Amenemhet I b. King Ahmose c. King Tuthmosis III 11. What king tried to sweep away the polytheistic religion of Egypt? a. King Akhenaton b. King Ramses the Great c. King Tutankhamen Page 3 12. “He closed the Temples of the old gods and introduced the concept of monotheism to the Egyptian people.” What is the most likely meaning of the word, “monotheism?” a. the belief in many gods b. the belief on one god c. the belief in no gods 13. What pharaoh do many scholars believe Moses went toe-to-toe with in the Exodus? a. King Akhenaton b. King Ramses the Great c. King Tutankhamen 14. What battle did Ramses the Great fight against the Hittites? a. the Battle of Gaugamela b. the Battle of Marathon c. the Battle of Kaddish 15. What invasion started the Late Period? a. the Nubian b. the Libyan c. the Greek 16. What Greek ruler took over Egypt to begin the GrecoRoman Period? a. Alexander the Great b. King Leonidas of Sparta c. King Agamemnon 17. ruler a. b. c. Who was the last Greek of Egypt? King Ptolmey Queen Cleopatra Caesar Augustus Assignment 4B1 (Grade Level) Updated 2012 Page 4