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Chapter 10 and 13 Review Sheet
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1. The sequence of growth and division of a cell is called the _______________.
Cell Cycle
2. The two phases of the cell cycle are:
Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Cell division (mitosis and cytokinesis)
3. The longest phase of the cell cycle is __________________.
interphase
4. Name the three phases of interphase and describe what happens in each.
G1 – Gap 1 – cell is rapidly growing, performing normal duties
S – Synthesis – a copy of each chromosome is made
G2 – Gap 2 – cell is preparing for mitosis
5. What is created during the S phase (describe the structure).
Sister chromatids – copies of a chromosome held together by a centromere
6. The process by which nuclear material is divided equally between two new cells is ________.
mitosis
7. Name the four phases of mitosis and draw what each might look like.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
8. Which phase of mitosis is the longest?
prophase
9. List two things that happen during prophase in both plant and animal cells.
Nuclear envelope disappears, chromatin coils up to become visible chromosomes
10. List something that happens during prophase only in animal cells.
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
11. Where does the spindle attach to the sister chromatids? What is the other purpose of this
structure?
Centromere; holds the sister chromatids together
12. How are the sister chromatids arranged during metaphase?
Lined up at the equator of the cell (one sister chromatid pointed at each pole)
13. What happens to the sister chromatids during anaphase?
Centromere splits and one half of each sister chromatid pair heads to an opposite pole
14. What happens in telophase?
Spindle is broken down and the nuclear envelope reappears
15. Describe cytokinesis in a plant cell and in an animal cell.
Animal – a furrow forms between the two new cells and it pinches together to split the
two cells apart
Plant – a cell plate forms between the two new cells that is eventually replaced by the
cell wall
16. How do the two daughter cells compare to the original cell?
They are identical
17. What controls when a cell starts the process of division (what are the types of signals)?
Chemical control system
Internal signals – cell senses the presence of enzymes produced within the cell
External signals – cell senses the presence of chemicals (such as growth factors)
produced by other specialized cells
Physical signals
When cells are packed in too closely, division is turned off
When cells are not in contact with other cells, division is turned on
18. What happens when mitosis occurs out of control? How might the out-of-control growth of
some cells affect the normal cells around them? Why does this over-growth not happen more
often?
Cancer
Healthy cells around the cancer cells could be deprived of nutrients and/or space
DNA’s repair system usually finds and corrects the errors
19. What is the primary function of DNA?
Holds the information needed to make proteins
20. Put the following terms in order from smallest to largest: chromosome, DNA, and gene.
DNA, gene, chromosome
21. List the three parts that make up a DNA nucleotide.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base (A,T,C, or G)
22. What is the process of making an exact copy of DNA called?
replication
23. Where is DNA found?
The nucleus of the cell
24. Where are proteins made?
Ribosomes
25. How does the code from DNA get to the site of protein production?
Transcription – a copy is made of a segment of DNA by RNA, a strand of mRNA brings
this copy out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes to be read
26. List the three parts that make up a RNA nucleotide.
Ribose, phosphate group, nitrogen base (A,U, G, or C)
27. How are the nitrogen bases different in DNA and RNA?
DNA - adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine
RNA - adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil
28. The process copying a segment of DNA using RNA to carry the message out of the nucleus
is called ________________________.
Transcription
29. What is a codon?
A set of three nitrogen bases that code for a certain amino acid
30. The process of reading the mRNA code to make an amino acid sequence is called
_________________.
Translation
31. What is the job of tRNA?
Brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome during translation
32. What is an anticodon?
The set of three nitrogen bases on tRNA that compliment the codon on the mRNA
33. When does translation stop?
When a stop codon is reached
34. What type of bonds hold amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
35. What is a mutation?
An error in the DNA or mRNA sequence
36. What is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation?
Point – one nucleotide is replaced with an incorrect one
Frameshift – one nucleotide is completely omitted causing the codon sets to be shifted
and read incorrectly
Be able to identify cells in each of the stages in mitosis.
Be able to label the parts of a DNA molecule.
Be able to identify the structures involved in translation. (pg 308)
Be able to translate an mRNA sequence (try the Quick Lab on page 310)
1. Ser – arg – glu – phe – ser
2. AGA GCA, CUU, AAA, AGG
3. AGAGCACTTAAAAGG
4. TCTCGTGAATTTTCC