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MONGOLS
The Mongols of central Asia
were nomadic herders who
roamed the grasslands with
their horses and sheep. The
Mongols were skillful riders,
fierce fighters and raider who
ruled for about 250 years.
Important Person
Genghis Khan:
The supreme ruler of
the Mongol clans
He greatly expanded
the Mongol Empire
while in power
PAX MONGOLIA
Mongols lasting effects on Russia:
1. Absolute Government – The
absolute power of the Mongol leader was
a model for later Russian rulers who
expected to rule without interference from
the church or nobles
2. Isolation – Mongol rule cut off Russia
from Western Europe, this stopped Russia
from knowing about many of the advances
in the arts and sciences during the
Renaissance
The Mongols caused political stability throughout much of Asia, this
resulted in a time called Pax Mongolia that allowed for a peaceful
exchange of ideas between Europe and Asia. (Golden Age)
Pax
means
peace
Important Points:
SILK ROAD –
a trade route that linked
China to the Middle
East, the Mongols
provided safe passage
for traders and as a
result trade flourished.
Traded goods included:
gunpowder, porcelain,
papermakin
MARCO POLO – Italian
merchant who traveled
and explored Asia for
many years, his writings
introduced Europeans to
the beauty, culture and
riches of China.
Traditional China and Chinese Dynasties
A dynasty is a
ruling family.

Chinese history is divided
into time periods based on
the dynasty that was in
control at that time.
Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C.- 221 B.C.)
Began the idea of Mandate of Heaven,
the belief that ruler was chosen by heaven and
heaven could also over throw a bad ruler
Think:
filial piety

Same idea as
Divine Right
in Absolutism
Confucius -
a Chinese philosopher, who stressed the
importance of social order, family and government
Qin Dynasty (221 B.C.- 206 B.C.)
 Great Wall of China –
the Qin Dynasty built the wall to protect China from invaders
See map on
Mongols
review page
Han Dynasty (206 B.C.- 220 A.D.)
SILK ROAD –
CIVIL SERVICE EXAMS –
Established an overland trade route
from Asia to the Middle East –
China exported silk, paper and
bronze in exchange for animals,
gold, linen, ivory.
Also, Buddhism spread to China
The Emperor created official exams
to select candidates for service,
those who passed the hard tests
were given government jobs.
This system allowed for people to
move up the social ladder
See map on pg.3 of
religions packet
T’ang and Song Dynasties (618 B.C.- 907 B.C.)
Technology
The use of paper
money and
gunpowder
Compass
The Chinese developed
the Compass
used for directional
while traveling.
The Arts
The making of paper
and porcelain
Global History and Geography 10 – NEED TO KNOW Vocabulary
Mongols and Chinese Dynasties
Mongols
Absolute Government
Silk Road
Pax Mongolia
Marco Polo
Dynasty
Mandate of Heaven
Civil Service Exams
Compass
Paper making
Most covered topics in the Regents questions:
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
4. _____________________________________
Global History 10 - Traditional China / Mongols Regents Review Questions
3. Which statement about cultural diffusion in Asia is most accurate?
(1) Byzantine traders brought the Justinian Code to China.
(2) Roman legions introduced Christianity to India.
(3) Indian monks brought Islam to the Middle East.
(4) Chinese ideas and practices spread into Korea and Japan.
Base your answer to question 7 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
7 The technology of papermaking traveled from China to Baghdad along the
(1) Saharan caravan trails
(3) Silk Roads
(2) Trans-Siberian Railway
(4) Suez Canal
8
“. . . Let the king and his ministers labor with a mutual sympathy, saying, ‘We
have received the decree of Heaven and it shall be great as the long continued
years of Hsia; yea, it shall not fail of the long-continued years of Yin.’ I wish the
king, through the attachment of the lower people, to receive the long-abiding
decree of Heaven. . . .”
— Clae Waltham, ed., Shu Ching, Book of History, Henry Regnery Company
Which concept is being referred to in this passage?
(1) dynastic cycle
(3) natural rights
(2) matriarchal society
(4) monotheism
15. What was one influence of Mongol rule on the history of Russia?
(1) Contact with kingdoms in western Europe greatly increased.
(2) The Chinese writing system was introduced and adopted.
(3) Most Russians converted from Orthodox Christianity to Islam.
(4) Russian leaders adopted the idea of strong, centralized control of the empire.
4 Before the use of the Silk Road, how did geography affect early China?
(1) The mountains and deserts in western and southwestern China slowed the exchange of ideas.
(2) The northwestern region provided many fertile areas suitable for farming.
(3) The three major river systems provided barriers against invasion.
(4) The lack of deep-water ports on the eastern coast prevented China from developing trade with
other nations.
12 The travels of Marco Polo and of Ibn Battuta were similar in that these travels
(1) led to nationalistic movements
(2) helped to spread the ideas of religious leaders
(3) stimulated the expansion of trade
(4) supported democratic forms of government
Base your answer to question 12 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
12 Which statement about the Mongols is supported by the information in the map?
(1) The Yuan dynasty kept China isolated from outside influence.
(2) Most of the Chinese people lived in the river valleys.
(3) Kublai Khan and Genghis Khan extended Mongol influence to other parts of Asia.
(4) The city of Samark and was part of the Yuan Empire.
Base your answer to question 16 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
16 According to the map, which conclusion about China during the Tang and Song dynasties is
accurate?
(1) Most trade routes began in Beijing.
(2) China’s overland trade routes connected China to Japan.
(3) The areas under the control of these dynasties did not change.
(4) China traded extensively with other nations and regions.
17. Some historians suggest that as a result of the Mongol invasions of Russia, the Russian people
were
(1) united with the Ottomans
(2) converted to Christianity
(3) freed from serfdom
(4) cut off from most of western Europe
Base your answers to questions 8 and 9 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
8. The map shows that on his voyages, Zheng He explored
(1) both the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans
(2) at the same time as the Spanish explorers
(3) lands in the Western Hemisphere
(4) Arabia and the east coast of Africa
9 One result of the voyages of Zheng He was that
(1) Chinese merchants began trading with Africa
(2) Christian missionaries arrived in China
(3) Indian artisans showed the Chinese how to make Ming porcelain
(4) China set up colonies in Europe
14 Which statement best describes an impact of geography on the history of the Korean peninsula?
(1) Large deserts have led to isolation.
(2) Location has led to invasion and occupation by other nations.
(3) Lack of rivers has limited food production.
(4) Lack of natural resources has prevented development of manufacturing.
15. “. . . If from now on the King starts by rising early and going to bed late, and if the ministers take
oaths among themselves to cut out the evils of parties and merriment, be diligent in cultivating frugality
and virtue, do not allow private considerations from taking root in their minds, and do not use artifice as
a method of operation in government affairs, then the officials and common people will all cleanse and
purify their minds and be in great accord with his will. . . .”
— Yi Hang-no, Korean Royal Adviser
Which Confucian principle is reflected in this statement?
(1) The ruler must set an example for the people.
(2) Respect for elders is the foundation of civilization.
(3) Virtue increases with education.
(4) Compassion and sympathy for others is important.
4 The Silk Road was important because it allowed for the
(1) exploration of China by the Roman Army
(2) development of agriculture by the nomadic people of Central Asia
(3) movement of Chinese armies through Southeast Asia
(4) exchange of goods between Asia and the Middle East
Base your answer to question 21 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
21. Which conclusion is best supported by the map?
(1) Eastern Chinese cities had extensive contact with the Persian Empire in 1405.
(2) Rivers and mountains prevented the expansion of overland Chinese trade.
(3) The Chinese came into contact with peoples of other cultures between 1405 and 1422.
(4) China was isolated from outside contact under the rulers of the Ming Empire.
-------------------------------------------------13 The travels of Marco Polo resulted in the
(1) introduction of gunpowder to China
(2) decline of Mongol rule in China
(3) expansion of trade between China and Europe
(4) use of Confucian teachings in Europe
14
• In less than 50 years, it was the largest unified land empire in history.
• In 1279, it was the first foreign group to gain complete control of China.
• It made the caravan routes across Asia safe for trade and travel.
• When attempting to conquer Japan in 1274 and 1281, its fleets were destroyed by storms.
Which empire is most closely associated with these statements?
(1) Persian
(3) Ottoman
(2) Gupta
(4) Mongol
49
• Block printing, gunpowder, and the abacus were developed.
• Porcelain making and black-ink painting on silk paper were perfected.
• The compass was discovered and used to improve the determination of direction when sailing.
These advances are associated with the
(1) Tang and Sung dynasties of China
(2) Gupta Empire in India
(3) Ghana and Mali civilizations of Africa
(4) Byzantine Empire in the Middle East
4 Hammurabi’s code of laws and Qin dynasty legalism are similar in that both promoted the
idea that
(1) worship of leaders will maintain the power of an empire
(2) an informed citizenry will help maintain peace and prosperity
(3) equality of the people is the most important goal of government
(4) harsh punishments for crimes will lead to a more orderly society
6. China under the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire were similar in that both grew wealthy
because they
(1) developed extensive trade networks
(2) created classless societies
(3) encouraged democratic ideals
(4) established free-market economies
10 One similarity between the Mongols of Central Asia and the Incas of South America was that
both societies
(1) developed cash-crop farming
(2) based their wealth on the slave trade
(3) adapted to difficult physical environments
(4) practiced monotheistic religions
Base your answer to question 17 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
17 Based on this map, which statement is accurate concerning China between 1400 and
1500?
(1) Most of China’s commerce was conducted on overland trade routes.
(2) China remained isolated from outside contacts.
(3) The Ming dynasty traded more with Persia than with any other culture.
(4) China interacted and traded with many diverse cultures.
Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
7 The information provided by the map indicates that in 1280 the Mongols controlled
(1) areas of Africa, Asia, and Europe
(2) territory from eastern China to eastern Europe
(3) Japan and Korea
(4) all of Asia
8 What was the effect of the extensive Mongol Empire on the people who lived in Europe
and Asia in the 1200s?
(1) development of a common language
(2) adoption of Confucian ideas and practices
(3) expansion of Japanese cultural traditions
(4) significant increases in trade and travel
13 “The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the Earth have all become subjects and
to the most western of the western or the most northern of the northern countries however far
away they may be.”
— Ming dynasty official
The intent of this statement about the Ming dynasty was to
(1) demonstrate supremacy and strength in China
(2) control the Mongols
(3) stop European imperialism
(4) impose Chinese culture and slavery on neighboring countries
14 Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo were similar in that both
(1) ruled over vast empires that included diverse peoples
(2) produced written records of their extensive travels
(3) converted thousands of people to Christianity
(4) fought to free their people from Mongol rule
Base your answers to questions 9 , 10 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
9 The purpose of the Great Wall was to
(1) protect the Chinese from the nomadic tribes of northern and central Asia
(2) supply food from the south to Khanbalik (Beijing)
(3) control the flood waters of the Huang He and the Chang Jiang rivers
(4) protect the port city of Guangzhou
10 Which statement is best supported by the information on this map?
(1) By 1300, the Mongol Empire had reached the Red Sea.
(2) The Mongol Empire controlled India and Japan by 1300.
(3) By 1300, most of Europe had been conquered by the Mongols.
(4) The Mongol Empire controlled a large portion of Asia by 1300.
12 Carefully drawn calligraphy, Zen gardens, and the tea ceremony are examples of
(1) artifacts of Mansa Musa’s Timbuktu
(2) the accomplishments of the Protestant Reformation
(3) early Japanese culture
(4) the achievements of Renaissance Florence
• Developed a tribute system
• Reestablished trade along the Silk Roads
• Created an empire from Eastern Europe to the Pacific coast of Asia
Which group was responsible for the results described above?
(1) Huns
(3) Koreans
(2) Japanese
(4) Mongols
7
16 Zheng He contributed to the prosperity of China under the Ming dynasty by
(1) defeating the Manchu invaders
(2) constructing the Great Wall along the northern frontier
(3) expanding trade with nations of Asia and Africa
(4) establishing colonies in Korea and Japan
Base your answer to question 20 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
20 Which conclusion can be made about the Ming dynasty of China as a result of the
travels of Zheng He?
(1) China profited more from African trade than from Asian trade.
(2) Islam became the dominant religion of China.
(3) The Ming dynasty established trade routes to Europe.
(4) Advanced navigation technology was available in China.
4 One way in which the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire were similar is that both
(1) governed large areas around the Mediterranean Sea
(2) created democratic societies in which people elected their government officials
(3) developed a social system in which great equality existed
(4) promoted unity and communication by building a strong system of roads
11 The journals of early travelers such as Ibn Battuta of Morocco, Zheng He of China, and Mansa
Musa of Mali are examples of
(1) primary sources describing observations of the travelers
(2) works of fiction intended to describe the adventures of the travelers
(3) secondary sources that record the travelers’ interpretations of history
(4) outdated resources for historical research
12 The Tang dynasty of China, the Gupta Empire of India, and the Mali Empire of Africa were similar
in that each experienced a period of
(1) prosperity and artistic creativity
(2) feudalism and oppression
(3) war and constant invasion
(4) mercantilism and industrial expansion
14 Which factor contributed to the success of the vast empire created by the Mongols?
(1) avoiding contacts with the West
(2) paying monetary tribute to local rulers
(3) employing superior military skills
(4) converting conquered peoples to Confucianism
Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on the map below.
9 Which conclusion is supported by information provided by the map?
(1) Traders depended mainly on rivers as avenues of transportation.
(2) More products were carried on the ocean than across the land.
(3) Silk was the principal product traded.
(4) Traders often combined sea and land routes.
10 Which concept is illustrated by the map?
(1) socialism
(3) self-sufficiency
(2) interdependence
(4) cultural isolation
6 The use of the Silk Road in Asia and caravan routes in northern Africa and southwestern Asia
encouraged
(1) self-sufficiency
(3) ethnocentrism
(2) cultural isolation
(4) cultural diffusion
8 One similarity between the Gupta Dynasty (A.D. 320–550) in India and the Tang Dynasty
(A.D. 618–907) in China is that each dynasty
(1) promoted equality for women
(2) made advances in the arts, sciences, and mathematics
(3) gained overseas colonies
(4) developed a representative government
17 Which statement supports the claim that diversity was an important characteristic of the Mongol
Empire (1200–1350)?
1 All people in the Mongol Empire were Hindu.
2 The Mongol Empire ruled peoples from China, Russia, eastern Europe, and India.
3 Genghis Khan organized a network of communication across the Empire.
4 The Mongol Empire covered only central Asia
46 Throughout much of history, both China and Japan held a common view that other nations
were
1 valued sources of worthwhile knowledge
2 envoys of an advanced civilization
3 barbarians not worthy of their attention
4 sources of cheap labor and goods
50 A similarity of the rule of the ancient Mongols and the ancient Greeks is that both
1 protected the human rights of the peoples they controlled
2 destroyed the civilizations they defeated
3 remained isolated and peaceful for centuries
4 established vast empires and spread their cultures to the people they conquered
Base your answer to question 9 on the map below and on your knowledge of social studies.
9 The map shows that the Mongol Empire stretched across
1 Africa and Southeast Asia
3 Europe and Asia
2 North America and Europe
4 South America and Asia
6
Which civilization first developed a civil service system, invented gunpowder,
and manufactured porcelain?
(1) Aztec
(3) Japanese
(2) Chinese
(4) Roman