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Rocks •Nearly all ___________ are composed of _________ or more _____________ •_________________ classify rocks according to how they were ______________ –_______________ rocks form from _________ when it reaches the surface, ____________ and solidifies –________________________ rocks result from the ____________ and __________________ of ______________ of ____________________ –________________________ rocks form when other types of __________ are _____________ by _____________ and/or _______________ Igneous Rocks •The result of the __________________ of ____________ or ___________ •Most lack _______________, however successive _______ flows can form a ________________ rock structure •Those that cool _____________, deep within ___________, are composed of ____________ crystals •Those that cool _____________, at or near the Earth’s _____________, have _________________ or no visible __________________ Igneous Rock Formation Igneous Rock Classification Sedimentary Rocks •Most are composed of the ___________________ remains of other ___________ •Usually are formed by the _______________ and _______________ of particles of _______________ •Generally exist as a ____________ layer over _______________ and __________________ rocks Sedimentary Rock Characteristics •_________________________ rocks are made up of different sized ___________ such as ___________, sandstone and conglomerate (composed of ____________ or larger ____________ held together by natural _______________) •________________ sedimentary rock contain the accumulation of _________ and _______________ remains –______________ are commonly found •___________________ sedimentary rocks are _______________ by the settling of _________________ from solution in ________________ –This occurs during the ______________ of _______________ and when chemical reactions in the __________ form compounds that ____________ –___________________ is an example Sedimentary Rock Classification Metamorphic Rocks •Form when _________________ and ______________ rocks are changed by __________ and/or ________________ •The only kind of _________ that _________ directly from another ___________ •____________________ may cause structures, such as ______________, to become _________________ or to disappear •It also may cause new _____________ to form, and/or _____________ to grow •Most are formed _________ within the ________ and ___________ to the surface when ________________ are formed Metamorphic Rock Classification •________________ –_________________ and __________ of the rock ________________ •________________ Size •___________________ •Type of ____________________ Metamorphic Rock Classification The Rock Cycle •________________ changes in _________ and rock ____________ that takes place at the Earth’s ___________ and ____________ Earth •Nearly all _____________ are made from the _____________ of other ________ •Rocks are _________________ based of their ____________ •Rocks can _____________ in response to changing _______________ at the ____________ or ______________ Earth The Rock Cycle Natural Resources •__________________ from the _____________ –_______________ resources can be __________ after they have been used •___________, fresh __________, ______________ –_________________ resources can ________ be ________________ after they are used for ____________________ of years, if at all •_____________ - gold, copper, iron, _______________ – coal, oil and natural gas Alternative Energy Sources •_______________ energy can be used to provide ________, hot water and generate __________________ –However, the amount of _____________ energy that reaches Earth ______ with the ___________ of __________ and the _______________ •_____________________ energy, ___________ from ___________ Earth, can be used but is ________________ only in certain areas around the world. •_____________________ generators are used in many areas to provide __________________ where there are ___________, ____________ ___________ •______________ energy can generate electricity without ______________ –However, there is a danger of a ____________ accident and long-term storage of ______________ wastes Minerals, Rocks and Resources Outline - Teacher Guide (Key) © Lisa Michalek Minerals • Natural substances that are inorganic – The substance was not formed by or from living things such as plants or animals • Chemical elements or compounds • Minerals can be identified by their physical and chemical properties – Color, Luster, Streak, Hardness, Breakage, Specific Gravity (Density), Structure, and Cleavage Luster • The way light is reflected from a cut surface of a mineral – Metallic Luster • hard, shiny – Nonmetallic Luster • shiny, glassy, waxy, pearly, earthy (dull) Streak • Rubbing a fresh corner of the mineral across a white, unglazed streak plate • The streak is the powdered form of the mineral • Some metallic minerals leave behind a powder that is not the same color as the mineral Crystal Structure • A regularly shaped solid formed by an ordered pattern of atoms – Examples include: Six sided, cubic, rectangular, sheets, fibers Hardness • Minerals can be tested by scratching the unknown mineral with the edge or point of other minerals of known harness • Mohs Scale of Hardness Cleavage • If a mineral breaks along a flat surface, it shows cleavage (to cut, or cleave) • Many minerals break along cleavage planes, sometimes parallel to the sides of crystals • Those that break along even surfaces that do not follow the crystal arrangement are said to fracture Density • Can be found by either dividing the mass of a sample by its volume or flotation • Water’s density is 1 g/cm3 • A substance will sink in water if it is more dense and float if it is less dense • Specific Gravity is a ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water Rocks • Nearly all rocks are composed of one or more minerals • Geologists classify rocks according to how they were formed – Igneous rocks form from lava when it reaches the surface, cools and solidifies – Sedimentary rocks result from the compaction and cementing of layers of sediment – Metamorphic rocks form when other types of rocks are changed by heat and/or pressure Igneous Rocks • The result of the solidification of magma or lava • Most lack layering, however successive lava flows can form a layered rock structure • Those that cool slowly, deep within Earth, are composed of large crystals • Those that cool faster, at or near the Earth’s surface, have smaller or no visible crystals Sedimentary Rocks • Most are composed of the weathered remains of other rocks • Usually are formed by the compression and cementing of particles of sediment • Generally exist as a thin layer over metamorphic and igneous rocks Sedimentary Rock Characteristics • Fragmental rocks are made up of different sized particles such as shale, sandstone and conglomerate (composed of pebbles or larger stones held together by natural cement) • Organic sedimentary rock contain the accumulation of plant and animal remains – Fossils are commonly found • Chemical sedimentary rocks are deposited by the settling of materials from solution in seawater – This occurs during the evaporation of seawater and when chemical reactions in the water form compounds that settle – Rock Salt is an example Metamorphic Rocks • Form when sedimentary and igneous rocks are changed by heat and/or pressure • The only kind of rock that forms directly from another rock • Metamorphism may cause structures, such as layering, to become distorted or to disappear • It also may cause new minerals to form, and/or crystals to grow • Most are formed deep within the Earth and pushed to the surface when mountains are formed Metamorphic Rock Classification • Texture – Appearance and feel of the rock surface • Grain Size • Composition • Type of Metamorphism The Rock Cycle • Natural changes in rocks and rock material that takes place at the Earth’s surface and within Earth • Nearly all rocks are made from the remains of other rocks • Rocks are classified based of their origin • Rocks can change in response to changing conditions at the surface or within Earth Natural Resources • Substances from the Earth – Renewable resources can be replaced after they have been used • trees, fresh water, wind – Nonrenewable resources cannot be replenished after they are used for millions of years, if at all • Metals - gold, copper, iron, Fossil Fuels – coal, oil and natural gas Alternative Energy Sources • Solar energy can be used to provide heat, hot water and generate electricity – However, the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth varies with the time of day and the seasons • Geothermal energy, heat from within Earth, can be used but is available only in certain areas around the world. • Wind-driven generators are used in many areas to provide electricity where there are strong, steady winds • Nuclear energy can generate electricity without pollution – However, there is a danger of a nuclear accident and long-term storage of radioactive wastes