Download Minerals, Rocks and Resources Outline

Rocks
•Nearly all ___________ are composed of _________ or more _____________
•_________________ classify rocks according to how they were ______________
–_______________ rocks form from _________ when it reaches the
surface, ____________ and solidifies
–________________________ rocks result from the ____________ and
__________________ of ______________ of ____________________
–________________________ rocks form when other types of __________
are _____________ by _____________ and/or _______________
Igneous Rocks
•The result of the __________________ of ____________ or ___________
•Most lack _______________, however successive _______ flows can form a
________________ rock structure
•Those that cool _____________, deep within ___________, are composed of
____________ crystals
•Those that cool _____________, at or near the Earth’s _____________, have
_________________ or no visible __________________
Igneous
Rock
Formation
Igneous Rock Classification
Sedimentary Rocks
•Most are composed of the ___________________
remains of other ___________
•Usually are formed by the _______________ and
_______________ of particles of _______________
•Generally exist as a ____________ layer over
_______________ and __________________ rocks
Sedimentary Rock Characteristics
•_________________________ rocks are made up of different sized ___________
such as ___________, sandstone and conglomerate (composed of ____________
or larger ____________ held together by natural _______________)
•________________ sedimentary rock contain the accumulation of _________ and
_______________ remains
–______________ are commonly found
•___________________ sedimentary rocks are _______________ by the settling
of _________________ from solution in ________________
–This occurs during the ______________ of _______________ and when
chemical reactions in the __________ form compounds that ____________
–___________________ is an example
Sedimentary Rock
Classification
Metamorphic
Rocks
•Form when _________________ and ______________ rocks are changed by
__________ and/or ________________
•The only kind of _________ that _________ directly from another ___________
•____________________ may cause structures, such as ______________, to
become _________________ or to disappear
•It also may cause new _____________ to form, and/or _____________ to grow
•Most are formed _________ within the ________ and ___________ to the
surface when ________________ are formed
Metamorphic Rock Classification
•________________
–_________________ and __________ of the rock ________________
•________________ Size
•___________________
•Type of ____________________
Metamorphic Rock Classification
The Rock Cycle
•________________ changes in _________ and
rock ____________ that takes place at the Earth’s
___________ and ____________ Earth
•Nearly all _____________ are made from the
_____________ of other ________
•Rocks are _________________ based of their
____________
•Rocks can _____________ in response to
changing _______________ at the ____________ or ______________ Earth
The Rock Cycle
Natural Resources
•__________________ from the _____________
–_______________ resources can be __________ after they have been used
•___________, fresh __________, ______________
–_________________ resources can ________ be ________________ after
they are used for ____________________ of years, if at all
•_____________ - gold, copper, iron, _______________ – coal, oil
and natural gas
Alternative Energy Sources
•_______________ energy can be used to provide ________, hot water and
generate __________________
–However, the amount of _____________ energy that reaches Earth ______
with the ___________ of __________ and the _______________
•_____________________ energy, ___________ from ___________ Earth, can be
used but is ________________ only in certain areas around the world.
•_____________________ generators are used in many areas to provide
__________________ where there are ___________, ____________ ___________
•______________ energy can generate electricity without ______________
–However, there is a danger of a ____________ accident and long-term
storage of ______________ wastes
Minerals, Rocks and Resources Outline - Teacher Guide (Key)
© Lisa Michalek
Minerals
• Natural substances that are inorganic
– The substance was not formed by or from living things such as plants
or animals
• Chemical elements or compounds
• Minerals can be identified by their physical and chemical properties
– Color, Luster, Streak, Hardness, Breakage, Specific Gravity
(Density), Structure, and Cleavage
Luster
• The way light is reflected from a cut surface of a mineral
– Metallic Luster
• hard, shiny
– Nonmetallic Luster
• shiny, glassy, waxy, pearly, earthy (dull)
Streak
• Rubbing a fresh corner of the mineral across a white, unglazed streak plate
• The streak is the powdered form of the mineral
• Some metallic minerals leave behind a powder that is not the same color
as the mineral
Crystal Structure
• A regularly shaped solid formed by an ordered pattern of atoms
– Examples include: Six sided, cubic, rectangular, sheets, fibers
Hardness
• Minerals can be tested by scratching the unknown mineral with the edge or
point of other minerals of known harness
• Mohs Scale of Hardness
Cleavage
• If a mineral breaks along a flat surface, it shows cleavage (to cut, or cleave)
• Many minerals break along cleavage planes, sometimes parallel to the
sides of crystals
• Those that break along even surfaces that do not follow the crystal
arrangement are said to fracture
Density
• Can be found by either dividing the mass of a sample by its volume or
flotation
• Water’s density is 1 g/cm3
• A substance will sink in water if it is more dense and float if it is less dense
• Specific Gravity is a ratio of the density of a substance to the density of
water
Rocks
• Nearly all rocks are composed of one or more minerals
• Geologists classify rocks according to how they were formed
– Igneous rocks form from lava when it reaches the surface, cools and
solidifies
– Sedimentary rocks result from the compaction and cementing of
layers of sediment
– Metamorphic rocks form when other types of rocks are changed by
heat and/or pressure
Igneous Rocks
• The result of the solidification of magma or lava
• Most lack layering, however successive lava flows can form a layered rock
structure
• Those that cool slowly, deep within Earth, are composed of large crystals
• Those that cool faster, at or near the Earth’s surface, have smaller or no
visible crystals
Sedimentary Rocks
• Most are composed of the weathered remains of other rocks
• Usually are formed by the compression and cementing of particles of
sediment
• Generally exist as a thin layer over metamorphic and igneous rocks
Sedimentary Rock Characteristics
• Fragmental rocks are made up of different sized particles such as shale,
sandstone and conglomerate (composed of pebbles or larger stones held
together by natural cement)
• Organic sedimentary rock contain the accumulation of plant and animal
remains
– Fossils are commonly found
• Chemical sedimentary rocks are deposited by the settling of materials from
solution in seawater
– This occurs during the evaporation of seawater and when chemical
reactions in the water form compounds that settle
– Rock Salt is an example
Metamorphic Rocks
• Form when sedimentary and igneous rocks are changed by heat and/or
pressure
• The only kind of rock that forms directly from another rock
• Metamorphism may cause structures, such as layering, to become
distorted or to disappear
• It also may cause new minerals to form, and/or crystals to grow
• Most are formed deep within the Earth and pushed to the surface when
mountains are formed
Metamorphic Rock Classification
• Texture
– Appearance and feel of the rock surface
• Grain Size
• Composition
• Type of Metamorphism
The Rock Cycle
• Natural changes in rocks and rock material that takes place at the Earth’s
surface and within Earth
• Nearly all rocks are made from the remains of other rocks
• Rocks are classified based of their origin
• Rocks can change in response to changing conditions at the surface or
within Earth
Natural Resources
• Substances from the Earth
– Renewable resources can be replaced after they have been used
• trees, fresh water, wind
– Nonrenewable resources cannot be replenished after they are used
for millions of years, if at all
• Metals - gold, copper, iron, Fossil Fuels – coal, oil and natural
gas
Alternative Energy Sources
• Solar energy can be used to provide heat, hot water and generate
electricity
– However, the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth varies with
the time of day and the seasons
• Geothermal energy, heat from within Earth, can be used but is available
only in certain areas around the world.
• Wind-driven generators are used in many areas to provide electricity
where there are strong, steady winds
• Nuclear energy can generate electricity without pollution
– However, there is a danger of a nuclear accident and long-term
storage of radioactive wastes