Download Περίληψη : Άλλες Ονομασίες Γεωγραφική Θέση Ιστορική Περιοχή

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Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία , "Diocese of Asiana (Byzantium)",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7627>
Περίληψη :
The Diocese of Asiana of the prefecture of Oriens (praefectura praetorio per Orientem), an administrative division of the Roman Empire, was formed in 314 in the west and south territories of Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea. It included eleven densely populated provinces. The cities and the harbours of Asiana were centres of the Greco‑Roman civilisation in Late Antiquity. The Diocese of Asiana ceased to exist in the third fourth of the 7th century, when its provinces came under the Themes of Opsikion and Thrakesion.
Άλλες Ονομασίες
Diocese of Asia (Διοίκησις Aσίας), Asiana (Aσιανή)
Γεωγραφική Θέση
Western Asia Minor
Ιστορική Περιοχή
Asia, Hellespont, Phrygia, Lydia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia, Lycia, Caria, Aegean Islands
Διοικητική Υπαγωγή
Prefecture of Oriens
1. From the Province of Asia to the Diocese of Asiana
Under the Administrative Reformation by Diocletian (284-305) the wide administrative divisions of the Roman Empire were divided
into smaller territories, the provinces. The new provinces in the region of Asia (territories of the west and south Asia Minor as well as
the Aegean Islands) formed the Diocese of Asiana of the prefecture of Oriens (praefectura praetorio per Orientem) in 314.1 To the
north and east of the unofficial geographical division of the Diocese of Asiana were the provinces that formed the Diocese of Pontica.
In the southeastern corner Pamphylia of Asiana bordered Isauria. The Mediterranean Sea lay to the south and the Aegean west of the
diocese.
The commanders of the provinces of Asiana were accountable to the vicar of Asiana, who was under the praetorian prefect
(praefectus praetorio) and actually carried out the duties of the deputies (agentes vicarii) in the Late Roman Province of Asia.2 The
vicar of Asiana was responsible mainly for supervising the economy, the justice and the road system of the provinces.3 The mint of
Asiana was in Kyzicos, the metropolis of the Province of Hellespont.
The fact that the territory of the Late Roman province of Asia coincided with the Diocese of Asiana, as it happened with the posts of
the deputy of Asia and the vicar of Asiana, but also the cultural superioriy of the Early Byzantine province of Asia and its cities, are
reflected in the frequently used name of the diocese: Diocese of Asia.
2. The Provinces of Asiana
The Diocese of Asiana consisted of the historical regions of Caria, Lydia, Pisidia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Phrygia, Asia and the Aegean
Islands as autonomous provinces. During the administrative reforms carried out in the 4th century the united Phrygia and Caria were
divided into Phrygia Pacatiana and Phrygia Salutaris. In the early 4th century the united Lycia and Pamphylia was divided by
Constantine I (306/324-337). The establishment of the Province of Lykaonia in territories of the provinces of Pisidia of the Diocese
of Asiana, Isauria of the Diocese of Oriens and Galatia of the Diocese of Pontica took place in 370 and was carried out by Emperor
Valens (364-378). The regions finally formed eleven administrative divisions. It should be pointed out that this was the smallest
number of provinces forming a diocese, although they were the most densely populated provinces of the entire empire. As regards
ecclesiastical administration, it should be mentioned that the provinces of the Hellespont and Asia formed the single ecclesiastical
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Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία , "Diocese of Asiana (Byzantium)",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7627>
province of Asia at least until 325, as it happened with the provinces of Phrygia. From 348 onward, the ecclesiastical geography of
the provinces of Asiana coincided with their political geography.
3. Reforms
The reforms of Justinian I (527-565) in the provinces of Asiana originally concerned the replacement of the vicar of Asiana with the
comes of Phrygia Pacatiana for the period 535-548/553, when the eparch was assigned additional judicial jurisdictions and the
governors of the provinces became more independent than the governors of the dioceses in financial matters. The substitutes of the
vicars had military jurisdictions as well. The vicars had already lost a large part of their initial power: in the third fourth of the 4th
century they lost many judicial jurisdictions, while from the 5th century on they lost economic jurisdictions. They gradually became
decorative parts of the administrative mechanism.4 In the first decades of the 6th century they retained jurisdictions of minor
importance as well as the supervision of the road system.
At the same time a new administration was established, the quaestura iustiniana exercitus, which was assigned the provinces of Caria
and the Islands of the Diocese of Asiana in 535. This was due to the way the troops on the Danube were provisioned; as a result, the
Carians and the islanders would have a serious burden, since from then on they would address their requests to the quaestor in
Moesia. The reform was de facto abolished against the judicial jurisdictions of the quaestor.
The ranks of the eparch of the praetorio and the vicars of the dioceses subjected to him were abolished in the 7th century. The
dioceses were immediately dissolved. The provinces that had formed the Diocese of Asiana came under the themes of Opsikion and
Thrakesion from the third fourth of the 7th century onward, while the harbours came under the naval Theme of Kibyrrhaiotai after
719-720.
4. Cities and Economy in Asiana
According to a novel (imperial decree) of 535, the proconsul of Asia was included in the list of those paying the highest annual
contributions to the imperial treasury; the same list also included the comes Orientis. The comes of Phrygia Pacatiana and Galatia I,
who had just replaced the vicars of Asiana and Pontica, and the vicar of the Long Wall paid as much as the consuls of the provinces. 5
The single fact that the consul of the province of Asia paid more than the other consuls and comes, that is, an amount equal to that
paid by the comes of the Diocese of Oriens, clearly shows that its cities and citizens prospered.
The provinces of Asiana were densely populated and their cities prospered thanks to, among other factors, the transcontinental transit
trade that directed their goods from their markets to Rome and Constantinople. The numerous harbours in south and west Asia
Minor, such as Ephesus, Kyzicus, Perge, Myra and, finally, Rhodes – a city and emporion with low custom duties already from
Antiquity – secured sufficiency of goods produced in the prefecture of Oriens or imported from the East. Although of minor
importance at first, Phaselis, Olympos, Miletus and Cibyra were significant harbours for a long time. The midland cities of Sardis,
Laodikeia, Synada, Ikonion and Antioch also prospered, despite the advantage the coastal cities had in transactions.
1. The Roman/early Byzantine empire was geographically arranged according to its Asian and European territories, which formed the prefecture of Oriens and the prefectures of Illyricum and of Italy respectively. The administration of the wider territories was assigned to the prefect. The establishment of the institution of the dioceses, six per prefecture, under the official vicar, is safely dated from 314.
See Zuckerman, K., ‘Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de grande Arménie, la division de l’Empire et la date de création des diocèses’, Travaux et
Mémoires 14 (2002), pp. 617-638, especially from p. 617 on and p. 636.
2. See RE 2 R 8 (1958) s.v. Vicer (Enssiln, W.), 2015-44.
3. See Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire 284-602 I (Oxford 1964, reprinted 1990), p. 373.
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Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία , "Diocese of Asiana (Byzantium)",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7627>
4. See Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire 284-602 I (Oxford 1964 reprinted 1990), p. 374, note 21.
5. Schöll, R. (edit.), Corpus Juris Civillis v. tertium: Novellae (Dublin - Zürich 10 1972), pp. 80-81. The comes of Anatolis and the proconsul of Asia
pay the largest amounts. The comes of Phrygia Pacatiana and Galatia I as well as the vicar of the Long Wall pay as much as the consuls, while smaller
amounts are paid by the potentates. It should be added that the dioceses of Egypt and Thrace, whose provinces are included in the list with the
lowest amounts paid, generated even smaller income.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Fedalto G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis 1: Patriarchatus Constantinopolitanus Series
Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum Orientalium, Padova 1988
Barnes T.D., The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine, Harvard 1982
Honigmann E., "La liste originale des pères de Nicée (À propos de l’évêché de Sodoma: en Arabie)",
Byzantion, 14, 1939, 17-76
Vogel C., "Circonscriptions ecclésiastiques et ressorts administratifs civils durant la première moitié du IVe
siècle [du consile de Nicée (325) au consile d’Antioch (348)", La géographie administrative et politique
d’Alexandre à Mahomet : actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 14 - 16 juin 1979. - Strasbourg, 1979. (Travaux du Centre de Recherche sur le Proche-Orient et la G, Strasbourg 1981, 273-291
Hendy M.F., Studies in the Βyzantine Μonetary Εconomy c. 300-1450, Cambridge Mass. 1985
Rousselle A., Carrié J.M., L’Empire romain en mutation. Des Sévères à Constantin ,192-337, Paris
1999
Chastagnol A., L’évolution politique, sociale et économique du monde romain de Dioclétien à Julien. La
mise en place du régime de Bas-Empire (284-363), 1982 Paris
Jones A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire, 284-602. A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey, 1-2,
Oxford 1964
Christol M., L’Empire romain du IIIe siècle - Histoire politique (de 192, mort de Commode, à 325,
concile de Nicée), Errance, Paris 1997
Kolbe H.-G., Die Statthalter Numidiens von Galliens bis Konstantin (288-320), C.H. Beck'sche
Verlagsbuchhandlung, München 1962, Vestigia. Beiträge zur alten Geschichte 4
Fedalto G., Hierarchia Ecclesiastica Orientalis. Series Episcoporum Ecclesiarum Christianarum
Orientalium II. Patriarchatus Alexandrinus, Antiochenus Hierosolymitanus, Padοva 1988
Migl J., Die Ordnung der Ämter. Prätorianerpräfektur und Vikariat in der Regionalverwaltung des
Römischen Reiches von Konstantin bis zur Valentinianischen Dynastie, Frankfurt 1994
Curta F., "Quaestura exercitus Iustiniani: the evidence of seals", Acta Byzantina Fennica, 1, 2002, 9-26
Jones A.H.M., "The date and value of the Verona List", Journal of Roman Studies, 43, 1953, 21–29
Noethlichs K.L., "Zur Entstehung der Diözesen als Mittelinstanz des Spätrömischen Verwaltungssystems",
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Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία , "Diocese of Asiana (Byzantium)",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7627>
Historia, 31, 1982, 70-81
Zuckerman C., "Sur la Liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la division de l’Empire et la date de
création des diocèses", Mélanges Gilbert Dagron, Paris 2002, Travaux et Mémoires 14, 617-638
Barnes T.D., "Emperors, Panegyrics, Prefects, Provinces and Palaces (284-317)", Journal of Roman
Archaeology, 9, 1996, 532-552
Bury J.B., "The Provincial List of Verona", Journal of Roman Studies, 13, 1923, 127-151
Δικτυογραφία :
Map of the Roman Empire
http://intranet.dalton.org/groups/Rome/RMap.html
Provincial Reorganisation
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/21*.html#2
Roman Imperial Provinces
http://www.roma-imperiale.com/roman_province.html
The Roman Empire. Diocese of Asiana
http://www.roman-empire.net/maps/empire/dioceses/diocl-asiana.html
Γλωσσάριo :
agentes vices
Officials of the Roman and of the Early Byzantine Empire. They had administrative responsibilities being in the service of the praetorian
prefects.
comes
1. A title in the Roman and the Byzantine Empires, designating an official with political but mostly military jurisdiction. Especially the comes Orientis
held the position corresponding to that of a vicar in Early Byzantine period. In the years of Justinian I, the comes in head of wider provinces assumed
political and military powers, while in the Middle Byzantine period the Opsikion theme was one of the few themes which was the jurisdiction of a
comes instead of a strategos.
2. A nobility title in medieval Europe.
emporion, the
Places where trade was conducted, usually small settlements of urban character on the borders or along the coasts and the commercial routes. With
the same term are characterized the trade districts, the markets outside the walls of a city and/or settlements being themselves trade centers.
novel (novella)
Τerm meaning ad verbum "new decree" and used since around the 4th century in order to denote the provisions of the emperors as separate
from the organized codes. They were written mainly in Greek and used extensively in the Middle Byzantine Era. Since the days of
Komnenoi and after, they were replaced by other more specialized terms and they are very rare in the Late Byzantine era
praetorian prefect (praefectus praetorio)
Commander of the emperor's bodyguard under the principate. During the regne of Constantine I the praetorian prefect becomes a dignitary
responsible for the administrative unit called the prefecture, which was subdivided into dioceses. In 400 A.D. there were four such praetorian
prefectures, of Oriens, of Illyricum, of Illyricum, Italia and Africa and of Gallia. The praetorian prefects were second only to the emperor. The
praetorian prefect of Oriens was the mightiest among prefects. His office is for the last time mentioned in 680.
praetorian prefecture (praefecura praitorio)
In Late Roman Empire it was the basic administrative unit. Prefectures were estabished by Constantine I (4th century). The Empire was then divided
to four praetorian prefectures: i) praefectura praetorio per Orientem (prefecture of Oriens), ii) praefectura praetorio Galliarum (prefecture of Galliae), iii)
praefectura praetorio per Illyricum (prefecture of Illyricum), iv) praefectura praetorio Italiae, Illyrici et Africae (prefecture of Italia and Africa).
proconsul, -lis
A quite high ranking official, vir spectabilis according to the rank of the senate, who was inequable only to the Domestikos of the Scholae and to the
Magister Militum per Orientem. The proconsul usually served as a governor of the Imperial provinces (i.e. in Asia Minor the provinces of Asia and
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Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία , "Diocese of Asiana (Byzantium)",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7627>
Cappadocia). The office was demoted from the 9th century onwards and the term was in use until the 12th century meaning a dignity.
quaestor iustinianus exercitus
High ranking political and military official. The office of quaestura iustiniana exercitus was created by Justinian I (Nov. 51) with authority
over the two frontier provinces of Moesia Secunda and Scythia Minor, as well as the provinces of the Islands, Caria and Cyprus. Probably
the reform aims to ensure the enforcement of the frontier forces. However shortly the responsibilities of the quaestor exercitus were
limited.
vicarius
Τhe term refers to the substitute of various officials. Since the 3rd century, the vicarius replaced mostly procuratores from the equestrian class. The
most important vicarii were those who replaced the Praetorian eparchs in the dioceses set up by Diocletian. In addition, the vicarii could have military
(like the command of the garrison in Egypt) or even judicial responsibilities.
Πηγές
Honigmann, E. (ed.), Le Synekdèmos d’Hiéroklès et l’opuscule géographique de Georges de Chypre (Bruxelles 1939), pp. 21‑33, 658.1‑690.2. Schöll, R. (ed.), Corpus Juris Civilis v. tertium: Novellae ( Dublin ‑ Zürich1972) pp. 68, 80‑88, 262.
Παραθέματα
Quaestor tries the appeals of the Carians in Constantinople: ʹMA΄ H ΔIATAΞIΣ BONON KYAIΣTΩPA EXERCITOY TATTEI TAΣ EKKΛHTOYΣ AΠO TΩN ΠENTE EΠAPXIΩN KAPIAΣ KAI KYΠPOY KAI TΩN KYKΛAΔΩN NHΣΩN KAI MYΣIAΣ KAI ΣKYΘIAΣ, ΠAPATINI ΔEI TAYTAΣ EΞETAZEΣΘAI … <Προοίμιον> … Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν πολλοὶ προσῆλθον ἡμῖν τῶν ἐκ Kαρίας καὶ Pόδου καὶ Kύπρου δυσχεραίνοντες καὶ φάσκοντες ἀναγκάζεσθαι πολλάκις καὶ χειμῶνος ὣρα … καὶ κινδυνεύειν καὶ πελάγη διαπερῶντας …ʹ Schoell, R. – Kroll, G. (ed.), Corpus Juris Civilis v l-IV: Novellae (reprinted Dublin–Zürich 1972), p. 262. Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι
Provinces-metropolises (early 5th c. and evidence of administrative reforms in the provinces)
ASIA, metropolis Ephesus HELLESPONT, metropolis Cyzicus PHRYGIA PACATIANA, metropolis Laodikeia LYDIA, metropolis Sardis PISIDIA, metropolis Antioch LYCAONIA, metropolis Ikonio PHRYGIA SALUTARIS, metropolis Synada
PAMPHYLIA, metropolis Perge
LYCIA, metropolis Myra
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία
Βελέντζας Γεώργιος
Γυφτοπούλου Σοφία , "Diocese of Asiana (Byzantium)",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7627>
CARIA, metropolis Aphrodisias (in Quaestura Exercituta from 536/7)
ISLANDS, metropolis Rhodes (in Quaestura Exercituta from 536/7)
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