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Competency Goal 1:The New Nation (1789-1820) 1. Judiciary Act of 1789: Act of Congress that created the federal court system 2. Bill of Rights: The 1st ten amendments to the Constitution Designed to protect the rights of citizens from government 3. Hamilton’s Economic Plan: Hamilton was Washington’s Secretary of Treasury and a leader of the Federalist Party Believed the US federal government should pay off all national and state debts Believed in the creation of a national bank to promote economic growth 4. Democratic-Republican Party: Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison Advocated weak central government and strong state governments Opposed the creation of the national bank 5. Whiskey Rebellion: Rebellion of western farmers against the federal government’s 1794 excise tax on whiskey Federal revenue officials were tarred and feathered, riots were conducted, and mobs burned homes of tax collectors The rebellion was put down and served as evidence of the new Federal Government’s increased power 6. Federalist Party: Favored strong central/national government Supported ratification of the Constitution 7. Election of 1800: Election of Thomas Jefferson as President Sometimes referred to as the Revolution of 1800 because the Democratic-Republican Party took control of the Congress and the Presidency away from the Federalist Party 8. “Midnight Judges”: On John Adam’s last day as President he appointed large numbers of Federalist judges in order to keep his party in control of the judicial branch 9. Laissez-faire: Hands-off approach to governing Approach to governing that advocates no government regulation/intervention in the economy 10. Marbury v. Madison, (1803): Established the principle of judicial review Judicial review: the power of the Supreme Court and the Judicial branch to rule federal laws unconstitutional 11. John Marshall: Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835 Increased the power of the Supreme Court with the principle of Judicial Review Increased the power of the federal government over state governments 12. Louisiana Purchase: President Thomas Jefferson purchase of the Louisiana territory Created a dilemma for Jefferson because buying land from a foreign nation is not an enumerated power of the president Doubled the size of the United States. 13. Lewis and Clark: Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Purchase from 1804-1806 14. Alien & Sedition Acts: Passed by the Federalist controlled Congress and President John Adams The Alien Act allowed the exportation of any alien believed to be a threat to national security The Sedition Act made it illegal to plot against or criticize the federal government The acts were criticized by Democratic-Republicans as a violation of the 1st Amendment right to free speech 15. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions: Written by Jefferson and Madison The states of Virginia and Kentucky ruled the Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional and therefore not binding on the states Nullification: the power of a state to rule a federal law unconstitutional 16. Hartford Convention (1814): New England Federalists met in response to the negative effects of the War of 1812 on their industries and shipping Some Federalists advocated secession The convention eventually agreed to a proposed constitutional amendment that increased the power of the New England region The unpopularity of the Hartford Convention and its proposals led to the end of the Federalist Party 17. Suffrage requirements: During the late 1700s and early 1800s only white males who owned property were allowed to vote 18. Tecumseh: A Shawnee leader, who tried to unite Indian tribes against United States expansion into the Midwest Opposed any surrender of Native American land to US settlers Tecumseh was defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 19. Cotton Gin: Machine that removed seeds from cotton Made cotton the south’s major cash crop Led to a dramatic increase in the use of slave labor on cotton plantations 20. Eli Whitney: Credited with inventing the cotton gin and interchangeable parts 21. “Necessary Evil”: Phrase used by southerners as a defense of slavery Argued that the emergence of cotton as the most important crop in the country made slave labor a necessity 22. Emancipation: Granting freedom to slaves. 23. Treaty of Greenville 1796: Opened Indian lands in the Northwest Territory to settlement by United States citizens Battle of Fallen Timbers 24. XYZ Affair: US diplomats were sent to negotiate a trade treaty with France Three French agents (X,Y, and Z) demanded bribes to the French government in order to negotiate The XYZ Affair nearly led to war with France 25. Impressment: British practice of kidnapping American sailors at sea and forcing them into service in the British Navy A major cause of conflict between the US and Britain One of the causes of the War of 1812 26. Embargo Act 1807: Jefferson’s attempt to punish the British and French for not respecting American neutrality at sea Halted all US trade with Europe. 27. President Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality: After the French Revolution, war broke out in Europe Hamilton wanted the US to support the British Jefferson wanted the US to support France Washington declared that the US would remain neutral in the conflict 28. President Washington’s Farewell Address: Washington warned against the following: o Political parties o Sectionalism o Involvement in foreign alliances 29. War Hawks: A term that generally refers to supporters of war During the War of 1812, War Hawks were southerners and westerners who supported war with Britain in the War of 1812 30. Pinckney’s Treaty: Treaty between the US and Spain that secured US access to the Mississippi river and the port of New Orleans 31. War of 1812: Sometimes referred to as the second war for independence The US declared war on Britain for the following reasons: o Anger at the British over impressment o Anger at British support for Native American attacks on US settlers o Western and southern desires to take Canada and Florida 32. Battle of New Orleans: A major American victory in the War of 1812 Technically took place after the war of 1812 Made General Andrew Jackson a national war hero 33. Treaty of Ghent: Treaty that ended the War of 1812 34. Adams-Onis Treaty: Treaty from which the U.S. gained Florida from Spain 35. Jay’s Treaty: Treaty signed pre-war of 1812, Britain agreed to remove their troops from western U.S. The treaty was unpopular because it did not end British impressement of American sailors Competency Goal 2: Expansion and Reform (1801-1850): 36. Missouri Compromise: Maine admitted as a free state. Missouri as a slave state. Limited slavery to below Missouri’s southern border. Temporarily ended the conflict over the expansion of slavery into new territories. 37. The Indian Removal Act 1830: Authorized the President to exchange Native American land in the east for lands west of the Mississippi Act used as the basis for the Trail of Tears 38. Sequoyah: Cherokee silversmith (1767-1843) Invented a Cherokee Alphabet 39. Worchester v. Georgia, 1832: Supreme Court case that ruled Cherokee Indians could not be removed from their lands in Georgia and be relocated to lands west of the Mississippi President Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling, allowing the state of Georgia to remove the Cherokee to present-day Okalahoma The forced removal would become known as the trail of tears 40. Trail of Tears: Forced removal of Cherokee Indians in Georgia to present-day Okalahoma 41. White man suffrage: All white males were allowed to vote regardless of property ownership Usually associated with the idea of Jacksonian Democracy 42. Stephen Austin: Often referred to as the “Father of Texas” Led American colonists who settled in Texas when it was still a colony of Mexico 43. The Alamo: Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1837 The Alamo was a battle between Texans and Mexico Although the Texans lost the battle, it served as turning point in the war and became a rallying cry for Texans 44. Election of 1844: Election of James K. Polk Polk was “dark horse” candidate and a proponent of manifest destiny Polk promised to expand the US by taking Texas, Oregon, and California 45. “54-40 or Fight!” James K. Polk’s campaign slogan in the election of 1844 The 54-40 line was the latitude line that Polk claimed to be the Northern border of Oregon Although promised to fight for the 54-40 border, he agreed to a compromise border with the British at the 49 th longitude line 46. Texas Annexation: Texas joined the United States in 1845 Served as a source of conflict between the US and Mexico 47. Mexican War: The US vs Mexico 1846-1848 Polk provoked war as a means of taking California from Mexico The US defeated Mexico and gained the Mexican Secession The Mexican Secession included California and New Mexico (present-day Arizona and New Mexico) 48. Wilmot Proviso: Proposed act of Congress that would have outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the Mexican War Was never passed but served as a source of conflict between north and south 49. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: Treaty that ended the Mexican War 50. 49ers: Nickname referring to people who moved California in 1849 during the California Gold Rush 51. Gadsden Purchase: Region of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico purchased by the US from Mexico for $10 million Purchased so that the US could build a southern transcontinental railroad 52. Oregon Trail: Trail used by US settlers traveling to the Pacific Northwest 53. Noah Webster: Textbook author and education reformer His “Blue-Backed Speller” was one of the first and most widely used spelling and reading textbooks Webster was also involved in the development of American dictionaries 54. Ralph Waldo Emerson: 1803-1882 Transcendentalist author, poet, and philosopher Supported abolitionism and individualism 55. Henry David Thoreau: 1817-1862 Transcendentalist author and philosopher Supported abolitionism and civil disobedience Civil disobedience: breaking an unjust law and accepting the consequences as a form of protest His ideas on civil disobedience influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. 56. Neoclassical Architecture: Architecture style of the mid-1800s Tried to recreate the architecture style of ancient Greece and Rome 57. Washington Irving: American author in the early 1800s Part of a generation of artists and authors who represented a new American style of Art and literature Writings were an example of nationalism after the War of 1812 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle” 58. Edgar Allen Poe: American poet and short story writer during the early 1800s One of the leaders of the American Romantic movement 59. Nathaniel Hawthorne: American author in the early 1800s Part of a generation of artists and authors who represented a new American style of Art and literature Writings were an example of nationalism after the War of 1812 “Moby Dick” 60. James Fennimore Cooper: American author in the early 1800s Part of a generation of artists and authors who represented a new American style of Art and literature Writings were an example of nationalism after the War of 1812 “Leather Stocking Tales” and “The Last of the Mohicans” 61. Hudson River School of Artists: School of painters who glorified the American landscape Representative of American nationalism after the War of 1812 62. Alex de Tocqueville: French historian who wrote Democracy in America Praised American democracy and social mobility 63. Samuel Morse: Invented the telegraph and Morse Code 64. John Deere: Invented the steel plow 65. Cyrus McCormick: Invented the mechanical reaper 66. Robert Fulton: Developed the first commercially successful steamboat, the ship was named the Clermont 67. Erie Canal: Made NY a major trade center by connecting transportation from Lake Erie to the Hudson River Began a boom in canal building in the U.S. 68. Cotton Kingdom: Phrase used to describe the importance of cotton to the southern economy and to the larger economy of the US Southern cotton plantations exported cotton to Europe 69. 1st Industrial Revolution: Advancement in technology during the late 1700s and early 1800s Human labor was replaced by manufacturing and machinery Beginning of the textile industry and improved iron production 70. Nativism: Anti-immigration movement 71. Know-Nothings: Anti-immigration political party/organization 72. Henry Clay: US Senator from Kentucky A founder and leader of the Whig party Developed a plan for strengthening the American economy called the “American System” Known for brokering compromises: Missouri Compromise, Nullification crisis, Compromise of 1850 73. American System: Programs designed to create economic prosperity and independence from Europe. Consisted of a national bank, protective tariffs, and transportation improvements. 74. Panic of 1819: The first major financial crisis in US History, it marked the end of the economic expansion that followed the War of 1812 75. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819: The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States. 76. Election of 1824: Presidential election between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson received more popular votes but did not receive a majority of electoral college votes, as a result the House of Representatives chose the winner of the Presidential election The House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as president Jackson supporters referred to the election as the “corrupt bargain” 77. “corrupt bargain”: Nickname for the election of 1824 Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams’ selection as president by the House of Representatives Critics claimed that in exchange for his support Henry Clay was selected to be the Secretary of State by John Quincy Adams 78. suffrage: The right to vote Race was removed as a deterrent to voting with the 15 th amendment Women received the right to vote with the 19th amendment 79. spoils system: System in which the President rewards friends and supporters with government jobs The beginning of the spoils system is usually associated with the election of Andrew Jackson 80. Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe and Secretary of States John Quincy Adams declared that European nations were no longer allowed to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere 81. Tariff of Abomination: Name used by southerners to refer to the tariff of 1828 Southerners felt the tariff benefited northern manufacturers and hurt southerners by raising prices 82. South Carolina Exposition and Protest: Written by Vice President John C. Calhoun of SC under the name “Mr. X” The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828 The document presented Calhoun’s doctrine of nullification and stated that if the tariff was not repealed SC would secede Nullification: the power of a state to overrule or ignore a federal law 83. South Carolina Nullification Crisis: Nullification: the power of a state to overrule or ignore a federal law SC nullified the Tariff of 1828 John C. Calhoun was a major leader of the SC nullification movement Congress passed the “Force Bill” authorizing President Andrew Jackson to use military power to force SC to pay the tariif Henry Clay proposed a compromise tariff that resolved the conflict 84. Election of 1832: Andrew Jackson was elected Began era of increased democracy and political participation Jackson is considered the founder of the Democratic Party 85. Pet Banks: State banks in which Jackson placed the federal government’s money as a means of destroying the national bank 86. Whig Party: Anti-Jackson party that formed after 1832 Whigs were similar to the old Federalist Party in the sense that they believed the federal government should be involved in economic development Advocated: the national bank, federally funded internal improvements, and protective tariffs 87. Election of 1840: election of Martin Van Buren as President 88. Nat Turner’s Rebellion: Nat Turner led a failed slave rebellion in 1831 The rebellion led white southerners to impose strict restrictions of slave called “slave codes” 89. Dorothea Dix: Led the fight for asylums and more humane treatment for the mentally ill 90. Horace Mann: Advocated compulsory, publicly funded education 91. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: She along with Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls which convention She was also active in the fight for abolition and temperance, but is mainly remembered for her work in women’s right 92. Lucretia Mott: Women’s rights leader In 1848 Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls 93. Seneca Falls Convention: Women’s rights convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Issued the Declaration of Sentiments, based on Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Advocated voting rights and equal economic opportunities for women 94. Sojourner Truth: A runaway slave who became an influential figure in the women’s movement and the abolitionist movement 95. Prison Reform: Prison went from being a means of separating criminals from society to a means of rehabilitation 96. Susan B. Anthony: Mid-1800s women’s rights leader Founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton 97. Utopian Communities: Utopian communities tried to create perfect living arrangements Common goals such as self-sufficiency 98. Brook Farm: Example of Utopian Communities that formed in the early 1800s Brook Farm was established by Transcendentalists 99. Oneida: Utopian religious community formed 1848 100. New Harmony: Utopian religious community formed 1825 101. Rehabilitation: The idea that prisons should focus on rehabilitation and not punishment 102. William Lloyd Garrison: 103. 104. 105. 106. Abolitionist leader Believed in the abolition of slavery with no compensation for slave owners Published an abolitionist journal titled “The Liberator” Grimke Sisters: Faced gender discrimination in the antislavery movement Became women’s rights advocates as well as antislavery activists David Walker: Free African-American who published his “Appeal” in 1829 Advocated a black rebellion to crush slavery Frederick Douglass: Douglass was an escaped slave, who became an abolitionist leader Published an abolitionist newspaper titled the North Star Charles G. Finney: Known as the "father of modern revivalism" Believed that people’s destinies were in their own hands Competency Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction (1848-1877) 107. Anti-slavery movement: also called the abolitionist movement 108. Slave codes: Laws passed in slave states that limited the movement and activities of slaves Based on a view of slaves as property rather than as human beings Slave codes became more stringent and brutal after slave rebellions 109. Underground Railroad: Its not a real train Network of secret (underground) escape routes for slaves in the early to mid 1800s Individuals who assisted escaped slaves were referred to as conductors 110. Harriet Tubman: An former slave and African-American abolitionist Made 19 trips into the south to lead escaped slaves to freedom as a part of the Underground Railroad 111. Popular Sovereignty: The idea that territories should decide whether to be free or slave territories for themselves by popular election Stephen Douglas was its most popular proponent 112. Kansas-Nebraska Act: Plan proposed by Stephen Douglas that allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty 113. Bleeding Kansas: Fighting between pro-slavery & anti-slavery groups rushing into Kansas to form a majority and win the territories’ referendum on slavery 114. Republican Party: Party founded in 1854 as a coalition of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers Opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories Won its first Presidential election in 1860 with Lincoln 115. Compromise of 1850: Proposed by Henry Clay Dealt with the conflict over the expansion of slavery into territories won in the Mexican War The north got: California as a free state, Slave trade prohibited in DC The south got: 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. o a stronger fugitive slave law o Texas received money for territory that became part of New Mexico o Utah & New Mexico by popular sovereignty Summer-Brooks Incident: In 1856 Senator Charles Sumner made an abolitionist speech insulting SC Senator Andrew Butler Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew and Congressman from SC, heard Sumner’s speech and on the Senate floor beat him into a coma with his cane The beating helped to escalate tensions between north and south Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857: Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom arguing that living in a free territory where slavery did not exist made him a free man The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott and declared that Scott had no right to sue because he was a slave The Court also ruled that the Federal government could not limit the right of property owners to own slaves in any territories, in effect ruling that there was no such thing as a free territory The Court’s decision was very controversial and served to increase tensions between north and south Lincoln-Douglas Debates: A series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas for the US Senate seat from Illinois A major issue of the debate was the expansion of slavery in to new territories and Douglas’s idea of popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine: A part of Lincoln’s strategy during the Lincoln-Douglas Debates was to force Douglas to choose between popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott decision Popular Sovereignty: The idea that territories should decide whether to be free or slave territories for themselves by popular election The Dred Scott decision: all territories are slave territories With the Freeport Doctrine, Douglas stated that slavery could be prevented by any territory if the people of the territory refused to pass laws supporting slavery Free Soil Party: Mid-1800s political party that opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories Was eventually absorbed by the Republican Party John Brown and Harper’s Ferry: John Brown was a radical abolitionist who hoped to form an army of freed slaves Brown seized the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry as a means of arming slaves for revolt but was captured and executed for treason Brown was seen as a hero to abolitionists and a terrorist to slave owners Fugitive Slave Act: A part of the compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act required northerners to return escaped slaves to their owners Based on a view of slaves as property rather than as human beings Missouri Compromise Maine admitted as a free state Missouri as a slave state Limited slavery to below Missouri’s southern border Temporarily ended the conflict over the expansion of slavery into new territories Harriet Beecher Stowe: Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” a novel that described the horrors of slavery The book was popular with abolitionists, but angered many slave owners The book increased tensions between north and south Uncle Tom’s Cabin: A novel that described the horrors of slavery The book was popular with abolitionists, but angered many slave owners The book increased tensions between north and south 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. Election of 1860: The election of Lincoln as president Lincoln’s campaign was based on stopping the spread of slavery into new territories The first presidential victory for the Republican Party Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to the secession of the seven states of the deep south Secession: The withdrawal of a state from the Union (the United States) A state leaves the US and declares itself independent Fort Sumter, S.C.: Fort Sumter was a Union Army Fort located in Confederate SC SC laid siege to the fort and captured it in 1860 Fort Sumter led to the secession of the four states of the upper south Abraham Lincoln: Union President during the Civil War Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to the secession of the seven states of the deep south Jefferson Davis: The Confederate President during the Civil War Confederation: A loose organization of states The Confederate States of America were a Confederation in the sense that individual states held almost all political power, while the Confederate federal government was very weak First Battle of Bull Run/ Manassas: The first battle of the Civil War Confederate victory John Wilkes Booth: Lincoln’s assassin Antietam: The bloodiest battle of the Civil War The first major Union victory The victory at Antietam gave the Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation Vicksburg: Ulysses S. Grant captured the confederate city of Vicksburg The Union victory at Vicksburg gave the Union control of the Mississippi River Gettysburg: The turning point of the Civil War Before Gettysburg the South was winning, after Gettysburg momentum shifted to the north Gettysburg Address: One of the most famous speeches in US History Lincoln made a speech four months after the battle of Gettysburg at the Gettysburg Cemetery Writ of Habeas Corpus: The right of a prisoner accused of crime to ask a court to determine if the imprisonment is legally justified Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus during the Civil War Election of 1864: Lincoln was reelected Former Union General George McClellan was the Democratic Party nominee McClellan ran as an anti-war candidate, advocating a peace treaty with the Confederacy The 11 Confederate states did not participate in the election 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. William Sherman’s March: Union soldiers led by General Sherman cut a path of destruction from Tennessee to Savannah, Georgia Total War: anything was a target (farms, homes, crops, etc.) Sherman hoped to destroy the south’s ability to fight the war Anaconda Plan: Union General Winfield Scott’s plan to defeat the Confederacy The plan included: 1) a naval blockade of the South 2) capturing the Mississippi River Copperheads: Northern Democrats who advocated an end to the war and a peace treaty with the Confederacy Also called “Peace Democrats” Emancipation Proclamation: Executive order issued by Lincoln that freed all slaves in the Confederate states Did not free slaves in the Union border states African-American participation: 180,000 African-American soldiers served in the Union Army Freedmen and escaped slaves both served The 54th Massachusetts division was the most famous group of African-American soldiers Appomattox Court House: Location in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant Lee’s surrender represented the end of the Civil War Robert E. Lee: The lead Confederate General during the Civil War Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House represented the end of the Civil War Ulysses S. Grant: The lead Union General during the Civil War Grant was elected President in 1868 George McClellan: Former Union General George McClellan was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1864 McClellan ran as an anti-war candidate, advocating a peace treaty with the Confederacy Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson: Confederate General General who led Confederate soldiers to victory at the Battle of Bull Run Freedman’s Bureau: Federal Agency designed to help freed slaves (freedmen) adjust to freedom during Reconstruction Provided: Education, jobs, and assistance buying land Also provided aid to poor whites Radical Republicans: Congressional Republicans who wanted to punish the south for the Civil War and to protect African-American civil rights more aggressively Reconstruction plans: After the Civil War the southern economy and political system were destroyed Reconstruction was an attempt by the federal government to readmit the former Confederate states to the Union, rebuild the southern economy, and guarantee civil rights for African-Americans Presidential Reconstruction: o Lincoln and Andrew Johnson’s plan for quickly and painlessly readmitting former Confederate states to the Union o Offered a full pardon to southerners 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. o Required ten percent of voters in a state to take a loyalty oath to the US before a being readmitted to the Union Congressional Reconstruction: o Radical Republicans took control of Congress in 1866 and instituted a more harsh reconstruction plan than Lincoln and Johnson’s o The former Confederate states were divided into five military districts and place under marshal law o The former Confederate states were forced to rewrite their constitutions and ratify the Reconstruction amendments to the US Constitution Thaddeus Stevens: One of the major leader of the Radical Republicans who took control of Congress in 1866 Andrew Johnson: Lincoln’s Vice President Johnson became President when Lincoln was assassinated Election of 1876: The results of the 1876 election were disputed Both the Republican nominee Rutherford B. Hayes and the Democratic nominee Samuel Tilden claimed victory The Compromise of 1877 settled the dispute Compromise of 1877: The Compromise of 1877 resolved the disputed Election of 1876 by doing the following: o The North got the Republican nominee, Rutherford B. Hayes, as President o The South got an end to military reconstruction Tenure of Office Act: Act passed by Radicals Republicans that required Andrew Johnson to get permission from the Senate before firing members of his cabinet When Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in 1867 Congress impeached Johnson but did not remove him from office Johnson’s impeachment: The Tenure of Office Act required Andrew Johnson to get permission from the Senate before firing members of his cabinet When Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in 1867 Congress impeached Johnson but did not remove him from office Scalawags: Derogatory term for white southerners who joined the Republican Party during Reconstruction Carpetbaggers: Derogatory term for Northerners who moved south during reconstruction Black Codes: Laws passed in southern states after the Civil War and before the beginning of Reconstruction Black Codes restricted the civil rights of African-Americans Ku Klux Klan: Organization founded after the Civil War by former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest The Klan used violence and acts of terrorism as a means of intimidating African-Americans Tenant farmers: A farmer who rents farmland from a landlord Sharecroppers: A type of farming where a farmer pays for the use of farmland with a share (portion) of his crops Widely used during Reconstruction Jim Crow laws: Laws that required racial segregation Passed by southern states after Reconstruction The Whiskey Ring: Federal liquor taxes were increased dramatically after the Civil War Liquor distillers bribed government officials to avoid paying taxes More than 100 government officials were convicted Example of widespread corruption in the Grant administration Solid South: From the end of reconstruction until the 1960/70s the Democratic party dominated elections in southern states 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. Many southerners continued to view the Republican Party as the party of Lincoln and the North Military reconstruction: The former Confederate states were divided into five military districts and place under marshal law Military Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 and the election of Rutherford B. Hayes The 13th amendment: Abolished slavery The 14th amendment: Guaranteed citizenship rights for all regardless of race The 15th amendment: Guaranteed voting rights for all regardless of race Civil Rights Act of 1866: Act passed by Congress to counteract southern Black Codes African-Americans were granted rights that had been previously denied to them by Black Codes The Civil Rights Act was eventually added to the US Constitution as a part of the 14 th Amendment Competency Goal 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896) 173. Joseph Smith: Founder of the Mormons 174. Brigham Young: Led the Mormons after Joseph Smith was killed Brought the Mormons to Utah 175. Mormons: Members of the Church of Latter-day Saints Founded by Joseph Smith 176. Homestead Act: Federal law of 1862 Granted 160 acres of land to any settler agreeing to cultivate the land for 5 years 177. Roles of women: Frontier women Worked just as hard as men to settle in the Great Plains 178. Comstock Lode: Largest silver discovery in U.S. history Brought 1000s of prospectors to Nevada 179. Morrill Land Grant Act 1862: Civil War federal legislation Granted land to states loyal to the Union for establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges 180. Sod houses: Houses built of blocks of turf on the Great Plains There were no trees on the Great Plains to build log cabins 181. Oklahoma Land Rush: 1889 U.S. granted land in Indian Territory to white settlers and supported a race Settlers were known as “sooners” 182. Dawes Severalty Act: Law that provided for Native Americans to own reservation land privately 183. Chief Joseph: Leader of the Nez Perce Indians U.S. broke treaty allowing Nez Perce to keep land 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194. 195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. Chief Joseph led the Nez Perce to Canada Nez Perce: Native American nation Lived in Oregon but was displaced to Oklahoma Battle of Little Big Horn: Sitting Bull (and the Cheyenne and Sioux) defeated General Custer “Custer’s Last Stand” Sand Creek Massacre: 1864 Cheyenne returned to Colorado’s Sand Creek Reserve Militia killed over 150 inhabitants Wounded Knee: 1890 7th Calvary rounded up about 350 starving Sioux and took them to a camp @ Wounded Knee, South Dakota American soldiers slaughtered 300 unarmed Native Americans Brought the Indian wars to an end Helen Hunt Jackson’s Century of Dishonor: Novel exposing the federal government’s mistreatment of Native Americans Buffalo Soldiers: U.S. troops began a campaign to keep Native Americans on the land set aside for them in early 1870s The troops included black soldiers called Buffalo Soldiers Promontory Point, Utah: Site where the two tracks of the transcontinental railroad met, completing the railroad Transcontinental Railroad: First railroad that connected the West and the East Irish immigrants: Worked on the railroads Chinese immigrants: Worked on the railroads; subjected to violence, discrimination and segregation The Grange: 19th century economic and political movement Worked to improve the situation of farmers National Farmer Alliances: Late 19th century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the west and south Southern Alliance: Grange organization supporting Southern farmers Colored Farmers Alliance: Grange organization that represented black farmers, mainly in the South Omaha Platform: Political demands of the populist People’s Party Interstate Commerce Act: Federal law of 1887 Established the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads and other forms of interstate commerce Rebates: Practice of railroad companies giving special freight rates to preferred customers William Jennings Bryan: 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. Democratic candidate for president in 1896 Considered “patron saint of lost causes” “Cross of Gold Speech”: William Jennings Bryan’s speech at the 1896 Democratic Convention Against the gold standard; in favor of free silver Greenbacks: 19th century name for paper money the North issued during the Civil War Printed in green ink Barbed wire: Prevented animals from trampling crops and wandering off Refrigerator car: Allowed cattle to be transported to processing centers w/out spoiling Windmill: Prevented crop dehydration regions of unpredictable rainfall Brought up underground water Farmer’s Cooperatives: 19th century attempts by farmers to join together to improve their economic situation Steel Plow: Invented by John Deere Made planting more efficient in root-filled soil Vertical/horizontal integration: Vertical: practice of a company buying up its suppliers and means of transportation Horizontal: merger of competitors in the same industry Interlocking directorates: Business practice Same people serve on the board of directors of competing companies Competency Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial Society (1877-1900) 211. Elevator: As buildings became taller in the cities to conserve space, elevators were needed Invented in the 1800s 212. Electric trolleys: New form of transportation in the late 1800s 213. Jacob Riis: Wrote How the Other Half Lives Showed nation the conditions of the NYslums Brought about tenement house reform 214. Ellis Island: Point of entry to New York Harbor for millions of immigrants to the US Opened in 1892 215. Culture shock: Initial impact from moving to a different culture with different customs 216. Settlement houses: Urban institutions meant to help the poor and immigrants Offered support, education, arts, sports and other opportunities 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232. 233. Jane Addams: Founded Hull House in Chicago 1889 Dumbbell tenements: Most infamous tenement Designed in dumbbell shape Offered little room for light or ventilation Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882 barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to the US for 10 years Telephone: Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 Alexander Graham Bell: Invented the telephone Thomas Edison: Invented the phonograph and sound machine Typewriter: Machine invented in the late 1800s making new jobs in offices Sweatshops: Many immigrants worked in these Long hours, danger & unhealthy conditions Little pay Amusement parks: Opened in late 1800s as source of entertainment Coney Island, NY Spectator sports: People gathered to watch baseball, college football and boxing Frederick Olmstead: Landscape architect Created and designed public parks to create community and peace and foster health Cultural pluralism: Idea that immigrant groups should keep their culture and customs and contribute to a diverse American culture Urbanization: Rapid growth of American cities Beginning the second half of the 19th century Created distinct social and cultural forms Nativism: American born citizens Feared and disliked foreign ethnic and religious minorities Believed they were protecting America from outside influences Tried to protect their standard of living from low-wage, unskilled foreign competitors Melting pot: Belief that immigrant groups should give up their ethnic identities and blend into one American identity Bessemer Process: Made possible the mass production of steel Andrew Carnegie: Formed a company to produce iron railroad bridges 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240. 241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. Built a steel mill and an industrial empire Controlled about 25% of steel production Created US Steel Robber Barron or Captain of Industry John Rockefeller: Unified many oil refiners in Cleveland into the Standard Oil Company Robber Barron or Captain of Industry J. P. Morgan: Greatest American financier of the 19th century Raised millions of dollars in foreign investment to help build the railroads Vanderbilt family: Cornelius-Robber Barron/Captain of Industry Became one of the richest in America through shipping and railroads Edwin Drake: First person to drill the first productive oil well in the US Invented an effective drill and pump system Standard Oil Company: John Rockefeller’s Oil Co. Became a monopoly Ordered to be dissolved by Ohio Supreme Court in 1892 U. S. Steel: Industrial giant Andrew Carnegie George Westinghouse: Invented air brakes for the railroad Developed wiring system for telephones Created drilling technique for drilling oil and protecting natural gases Gospel of Wealth: Essay written by Andrew Carnegie Argued that the wealthy should support institutions such as hospitals and public libraries to improve society Horatio Alger: Writer who portrayed underprivileged youths who won fame and wealth by being honest and hard-working Advised Americans to seek success based on values Social Darwinism: Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution Theory that humans compete in a struggle for existence in which only the fittest survive through natural selection Used to justify class differences in America Argued that class differences reflected differences of power, ability, and initiative, rather than injustice Trust: Owners of a number of companies of the same business give up their interests to a board of trustees The owners receive shares in the trust, which gives them claims on the profits of the consolidated company Fixed prices and wages Monopoly: A corporation so powerful it can block competition Gilded Age: 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. Name Mark Twain gave to the superficial and gaudy lifestyle of America’s late-1800s wealthy industrialists Working conditions: Harsh, dangerous, long hours, low pay Wages: Fixed monetary compensation for work done per hour or day Very low in the 19th century Child labor: Common in the late 19th century No laws against it Craft unions: Organized workers in the same occupation or craft Carpenters and printers are examples Trade unions: Organized different kinds of workers Laborers, bricklayers, and painters all might belong to a building trades union Knights of Labor: Founded in 1869 Trade union organized for all workers – no matter skill level/race/gender Haymarket Riot: Workers and supporters met at Haymarket Square to discuss previous day’s violence at the McCormick Reaper Works in Chicago A bomb was thrown that killed 8 policeman Caused people to believe labor unions were radical and dangerous American Federation of Labor: Formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers Craft union that inspired other unions to join it Samuel Gompers: President of the AFL Eugene Debs: Part of the AFL 5 time Socialist candidate for U.S. President Strike: Union tactic of walking off the job and trying to shut down a company’s operations Negotiation: Talks with opposing groups Mediation: A third party helps employers and unions clarify their points of view, differences and common ground Try to work out differences Collective bargaining: When labor unions represented their members in negotiations to discuss issues like wages and working conditions Arbitration: Settles disputes between employers and employees by each accepting the binding decision of a 3 rd party Yellow-dog contract: In order to be hired, workers were forced to sign these agreeing not to join a union Closed shop: Tactic unions used to require a business to only employ union members 264. 265. 266. 267. 268. 269. 270. 271. 272. 273. 274. 275. 276. Sherman Antitrust Act: Outlawed business monopolies because they stifled competition Authorized the nation’s Attorney General to force monopolies to break up into smaller companies The Great Strike (1877): Nationwide railway workers strike Caused rioting in Baltimore, Chicago, Pittsburg, San Francisco, and Buffalo Pullman Strike: Workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company went on strike Workers were angry over low pay and long hours Co. cut wages but not rents on worker housing Fed troops came in to keep the trains moving and to break the strike Homestead Strike: Five month long strike of steel workers Shut down a giant factory at A. Carnegie’s Homestead steel works Eventually unsuccessful but created sympathy for workers Pendleton Act: 1833 Created the civil service system Offered alternative to patronage system Staffed government w/ trained, talented professionals who were hired for qualifications not political connections Political machines: Usually corrupt political organizations that trade political jobs and votes for money and support Found in urban areas in late 19th cent. Boss Tweed: Boss of Tammany Hall Tammany Hall: Democratic political machine in New York City Provided more services to the poor than any city government before it In return, it could mobilize large numbers of votes for candidates they supported Thomas Nast: America’s most powerful political cartoonist of 19th century Attacked the corrupt Tweed Ring Introduced the political symbols of the tiger for Tammany Hall, the donkey for the Democratic Party and the elephant for the Republican Party Credit Mobilier scandal: 1872-1873 scandal where stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed the Credit Mobilier company to build railroads Shares were sold or given to congressmen, who then approved federal money to help build the railroads Congress did not monitor or regulate how the money was spent Graft: Government money that was taken by political machines that was meant for city projects Whiskey Ring scandal: Scandal during Pres. Grant’s administration involving a secret association of distillers and federal officials They defrauded the government of high taxes imposed on liquor Liquor taxes were set high and then transferred to the Republican Party so it could increase its campaign funds Populism: 19th century reform and progressive political movement that criticized large corporations and supported farmers 277. 278. 279. 280. 281. Began during the economic depression of the 1870s Income of farmers dropped while their costs rose so large numbers of farmers join such movements as the National Grange and the Farmers’ Alliance Secret ballot (Australian): Election process in which votes are kept confidential Initiative: In politics, an initiative uses a public petition to propose legislation Popular vote can then approve the initiative Meant to give the people a voice in politics Referendum: Submits an issue to a popular vote Recall: Method of removing elected officials from office before the end of their terms by calling a special election Mugwumps: Independents who left the Republican Party to vote for Democratic nominee for president in the election of 1884 Means “great man” Blamed partisanship for the corruption of Gilded Age politics Supported civil service reform Competency Goal 6: The emergence of the United States in World Affairs (1890-1914) 282. Alfred T. Mahan: Argued that to be powerful, nations needed strong navies Mahan advocated: o Large navies o Modern steel-hulled steamships o Naval bases o A canal connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific His book “The Influence of Sea Power on History” encouraged many nations to expand and modernize their Navies 283. Josiah Strong: Protestant clergyman and author Founder of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply religious principles to the social problems that existed in the late 1800s In his book “Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis,” Strong supported American imperialism as a means of spreading Christianity 284. Frederick Jackson Turner: Presented his Frontier Thesis in his book “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” Argued that American success was directly tied to nation’s westward expansion The taming of the frontier promoted strength and individualism in Americans 285. Imperialism: Taking over or controlling other countries The “Age of Imperialism” refers to the late 1800s 286. Spheres of influence: Spheres of Influence refers to regions or countries that are controlled by a more powerful nation 287. Queen Liliuokalani: The last queen of Hawaii 288. 289. Liliʻuokalani was overthrown by American settlers to Hawaii who set up a new government and then asked to join the US Seward’s Folly: Derogatory term used to refer to Secretary of State William Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Russian in 1867 Treaty of Paris 1898: 290. 291. 292. 293. 294. 295. 296. 297. 298. 299. 300. Treaty that ended the Spanish-American War The treaty included the following: o Cuban independence o The US got Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain o The US bought the Philippines from Spain for $20 million The treaty was controversial because many Americans opposed the idea of the United States becoming an imperialist power Platt Amendment: An addition to the Cuban constitution that gave the US economic and political power over Cuba The treaty included: o A US naval base in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay) o Required Cuba to get US permission before entering treaties with other nations or before going into debt “Splendid Little War”: Name used to refer to the Spanish-American War The US intervened on behalf of Cuba in its revolution from Spain Social Darwinism: The idea of survival of the fittest applied to life and business The strong are successful, while the weak are not Philippines: The Philippines were a Spanish Colony until it was seceded to the US with the Treaty of Paris 1898 The Philippines were granted independence in 1946 Commodore George Dewey: US Navy Admiral who led US forces at the Battle of Manila (Philippines) The US Navy captured Manila and destroyed the Spanish fleet Theodore Roosevelt: Secretary of the Navy when the Spanish-American War began He resigned his position and began the volunteer cavalry division called the “Rough Riders” Was later elected president Rough Riders: Volunteer cavalry division called the “Rough Riders” Founded by Teddy Roosevelt Famous for its participation at the Battle of San Juan Hill William Randolph Hearst: American newspaper publisher His paper, the New York Morning Journal, became known for its sensationalism and its role in US involvement in the Spanish-American War Competed with Pulitzer’s New York World Joseph Pulitzer: American newspaper publisher His paper, the New York World, became known for its sensationalism and its role in US involvement in the Spanish-American War Competed with Hearst’s New York Morning Journal USS Maine: US battleship that exploded and sank in the port of Havana, Cuba American newspapers (Hearst and Pulitzer) blamed the explosion of the Spanish The sinking of the Maine was a cause of American involvement in the Spanish-American war Panama Canal: Waterway connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific 301. 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 307. 308. 309. President Teddy Roosevelt helped Panama win its independence from Columbia in exchange for the Panama canal zone Pancho Villa Raids: A leader and General in the Mexican Revolution (1910) When the US government announced its support for one of Villa’s rivals, Villa ordered an across border attack on the US town of Columbus, New Mexico President Woodrow Wilson sent 6000 US troops under the command of General John J. Pershing to capture Villa “Jingoism”: Extreme nationalism The term jingoism is often associated with late 1800s imperialism A sense of nationalist superiority that justifies taking over or controlling other countries Dollar Diplomacy: Use of American economic power to control or influence other countries, particularly in Central and South America Usually associated with president William Howard Taft Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine): A part Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy” Reinforced the idea of no European control of Latin America Stated that if necessary the US would intervene in Latin America on behalf of Europe The US as an international police force Anti-Imperialism League: Formed in 1898 to fight American annexation of the Philippines Opposed the annexation for economic and moral reasons Some anti-imperialists opposed economic competition from Philippine laborers Some anti-imperialists opposed the idea of denying democracy to the Philippines Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy: Wilson’s attempt to promote democracy and self-determination in Central and South America Rejected the Big Stick Diplomacy of Teddy Roosevelt and Dollar Diplomacy of Taft Boxer Rebellion: A Chinese nationalist rebellion that attempted to kick Imperialists powers out of china The rebellion was put down by an international force including US soldiers Open Door Policy: Secretary of State Jon Hay suggested a system where Europe, Japan, and the US shared China and its resources rather than dividing the country into spheres of influence Annexation of Hawaii: In 1898 Hawaii was added to the United States (four years after the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani) Competency Goal 7: The Progressive Movement in the United States (1890-1914) 310. Muckraking Journalist who exposed corruption and weakness in American society early in 20th century Gave Progressivism much of its momentum 311. Jacob Riis Photojournalist who wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890 Showed nation the condition of NY slums May have been first of the muckrakers 312. Ida Tarbell 313. 314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. Muckraker whose monthly serial in McClure’s Magazine entitled “The History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s cutthroat methods of doing business Lincoln Steffens Most famous muckraking author of the day who mainly wrote about municipal corruption Most famous work was a series of magazine articles entitled The Shame of the Cities, which led to book of the same name Upton Sinclair Author of The Jungle which detailed the frightening and filthy conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry Most remembered piece of muckraking; not a magazine story or even journalism, but a novel and a call to socialism Spurred passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act in 1906 Urban slums Massive influx of immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to overcrowding and poor housing conditions in the inner cities in the North Sanitation was poor and disease rampant Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Fire in a New York City garment factory that killed 146 mostly young women, many of whom jumped from the 8 th, 9th, and 10th floors Led to reforms in working conditions and building codes Jane Addams/Hull House Addams was the founder of the most famous of the settlement houses, Hull House, in Chicago 16th Amendment Granted Congress the power to lay and collect income taxes 17th Amendment Provided for direct election of US senators (previously elected by state legislatures 18th Amendment (Volstead Act) Banned the manufacture, sale, importation, and exportation of intoxicating liquor (prohibition) 19th Amendment Granted women suffrage (right to vote) Carrie A. Nation Temperance crusader who worked for prohibition by walking into saloons, scolding the patrons, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor Anthracite Coal Strike Strike by anthracite coal workers in 1902 that threatened welfare of country as winter approached T. Roosevelt boldly intervened by calling both sides to White House and eventually settling the strike by threats to take over mines Sherman Anti-Trust Act Outlawed business monopolies because they stifled trade Authorized the Attorney General to force monopolies to break up into smaller companies US v EC Knight & Co, 1895 “Sugar trust” case in which the Supreme Court limited the government’s enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act by holding that it did not apply to manufacturing Northern Securities v U.S., 1904 Supreme Court opinion dissolving the Northern Securities Co. a giant railroad holding company that controlled railroads in the Northwest Helped T. Roosevelt get the reputation as a “trust buster” American Tobacco v U.S., 1911 Supreme Court case that found that tobacco trust violated Sherman Antitrust Act by restraining trade Company broken up into several major companies Payne Aldrich Tariff, 1909 Tariff bill signed by Taft while it cut some rates, increased many others Taft support of the bill angered Progressives as abandonment of Progressivism 329. 330. 331. 332. 333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. Mann Elkins Act Progressive legislation in 1910 that extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to include communications and strengthened regulation of railroads Robert LaFollette Republican reform governor of Wisconsin, later US Senator While governor, Wisconsin enacted railroad regulation, direct primaries, child labor laws, workers’ comp. and many other progressive reforms Election of 1912 4 candidates o William Howard Taft – Republican o Woodrow Wilson – Democrat o Theodore Roosevelt – Progressive/Bull Moose o Eugene V. Debs – Socialist Wilson won the election – showed Progressivism/reform still strong Progressive/Bull Moose Party Upon Theodore Roosevelt’s failure to win the Republican nomination in 1912, he and his followers left the party and formed the Progressive or Bull Moose Party Party’s platform was very reform minded Federal Reserve Act Wilson’s plan to establish a decentralized private banking system under federal control Divided the nation into 12 districts and established a federal regional bank in each (bank’s bank) Plessey v Ferguson, 1896 Supreme Court case which established the principal of “separate, but equal” Booker T. Washington Ex-slave and African American leader at turn of 20th century Acknowledged white domination, called for slow progress through self-improvement Stressed patience, manual training, and hard work Atlanta Compromise Speech Speech given by Washington at Atlanta Exposition in 1895 which expressed his philosophy Rather than fighting for rights, African Americans should seek economic progress and show worthy of rights W.E.B. Dubois African American leader in early party of 20th century who earned first African American doctorate from Harvard In his Souls of Black Folks, he attacked Washington’s views and sought higher education for African Americans and immediate restoration of civil rights Ida Wells Barnett African American journalist from Tennessee who led a crusade against lynching Great Migration Large scale movement of African Americans from the South to the North in the early part of the 20th century Reasons for move were to escape Jim Crow laws and discrimination and for economic opportunity Niagara Movement Meeting in 1905 of African American leaders led by Dubois, impatient w/ treatment of African Americans Rejected Booker T. Washington’s gradualist approach and pledged action on political, civil, and social rights The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Created by white progressives and members of Niagara Mvmt in 1908 on Lincoln’s birthday Mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for AfAm children Relied on extensive use of the court system 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 349. 350. 351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. Nationwide lynching Along with disenfranchisement of African Americans in the latter part of the 19th century came an increase in racial violence Between 1882 and 1900 number of lynchings (hangings) usually exceeded 100 per year Disenfranchisement To deprive of the right to vote (franchise) Trend in the Southern states after Reconstruction was to disenfranchise African Americans Literacy test Test used to determine whether or not one could vote Manipulated use in Southern states kept African Americans from voting Poll taxes Annual tax required to be paid before one could vote; hurt poor whites and African Americans Grandfather clauses Clauses added to Southern state constitutions that provided that even if a person failed literacy test or could not pay poll tax, could still vote if father or grandfather had been eligible to vote prior to 1867 Enabled poor whites to vote, but not African Americans Wright brothers (Orville and Wilbur) Bicycle mechanics from Dayton, OH who made the first successful power flight at Kitty Hawk, NC in December 1903 Movie Camera Invented by Thomas Edison in the 1890s Allowed the motion picture industry to flourish in the early part of the 20th century Coca Cola Originally sold as a patent medicine, aggressive advertising led to Mail order catalogs Catalogues from companies such as Montgomery Ward (1872) and Sears Roebuck (1886) brought retail merchandising to small towns and rural areas Skyscrapers Considered America’s greatest contribution to architecture, they allowed the use of less land in urban areas Made possible by use of steel skeletal system and elevators Earliest proponents were the members of the Chicago School Kodak cameras Introduced in 1888, it used technology of flexible film invented by George Eastman, founder of country Ease of use made millions of Americans amateur photographers and led to field of photojournalism Airline service Although Wright brothers flew in 1903, little airplane service in US Following WWI, with excess of experienced pilots, airline service flourished beginning with US Postal Service and then passenger service Sewing machine 1st successful sewing machine made by American inventor, Elias Howe in 1842 Isaac Singer’s invention of the foot treadle gave it commercial status Allowed for ready made clothing Electricity Incandescent light bulb invented by Thomas Edison in 1979; soon Edison developed DC transmission system to bring power to homes; later replaced by Westinghouse’s AC transmission system By early part of the 20th century electric lights had largely replaced gas mantles in most urban houses Ford’s Innovations: $5 day – Ford’s wage scheme that doubled average wage in automobile industry; lead to increased production Assembly line – Ford used a moving assembly line to produce automobiles instead of handcraftsmanship Model T – first affordable automobile, credited with putting Americans on wheels Workers as consumers – Ford paid workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car so the would become ready made market Competency Goal 8: The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930) 357. Muckraking Journalists and authors who investigated/exposed political corruption and societal problems such as child labor, conditions in slums, etc. Usually associated with Progressivism in the early 1900s 358. Nationalism: Pride or loyalty to one’s country One of the causes of WWI 359. Militarism: Glorification of a nation’s military strengths Aggressive increase in the armed forces of Europe’s great powers One of the causes of WWI 360. Alliances: Network of nations who promise to protect one another in times of war Alliances in WWI included the Allied Powers and the Central Powers One of the causes of WWI 361. Archduke Francis Ferdinand: Heir to throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 His death was the spark of WWI 362. U-Boat submarine warfare: Used by Germany in WWI to strike back at the British Navy that blockaded all northern European ports preventing supplies from getting to Germany 363. Serbia: Nation from which nationalists assassinated Archduke Ferdinand Ally of Russia When Austria Hungary declared war against Serbia, Russia declared war against AH, then Germany (an ally of AH) declared war against Russia and France 364. Allies: WWI alliance of Russia, France, The British Empire, and Italy 365. Central Powers: WWI alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire 366. Kaiser Wilhelm II: Leader of Germany during WWI 367. Contraband: Goods carried by vessels of neutral nations during wartime that may be confiscated by a belligerent power and thus prohibited from delivery to the enemy 368. Zimmerman Telegram: Secret message sent by Germany’s foreign minister (Arthur Zimmerman) to the German ambassador in Mexico that disclosed a German plan to form an alliance w/ Mexico if the U.S. should enter the war 369. Lusitania: British passenger ship sunk by the Germans on May 7, 1915, killing 1200 civilians, including 128 Americans 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. Helped turn American public opinion against Germany before the US entered WWI Mobilization: Preparing for war Converting consumer economy to a war economy Mobilizing armed forces The US had to mobilize to fight WWI Election of 1916: Woodrow Wilson won re-election on the slogan “He kept us out of war” Woodrow Wilson: U.S. President from 1912-1920 Considered to be on of three Progressive presidents from the early 1900s President during WWI Isolationists: Americans who wanted to stay out of WWI Selective Service Act: Passed by Congress in May 1917 requiring all men between ages of 22 and 30 to register for the military draft Jeanette Rankin: The first woman elected to the US House of Representatives Was the only member of Congress to vote against US entry into WWI and WWII She also organized resistance to the Vietnam War “Make the world safe for democracy”: Wilson’s goal for WWI Wilson said this to Congress when asking for a declaration of war against Germany on April, 2, 1917 Idealism: Philosophy of something being in its most perfect state John J. Pershing: Commander of the American Expeditionary Force that went to fight WWI Insisted that the AEF would fight in separately from British and French units American Expeditionary Force: Name used to describe US forces that fought in WWI Trench warfare: Style of infantry combat during WWI Each side sheltered in trenches from which they would attack the other Led to stalemate on the western front “No Man’s Land”: Area between German and Allied trenches Mustard gas: Poison gas used by Germans during WWI Burned the skin surface and damaged the respiratory system of its victims Doughboys: Nickname given to American soldiers in WWI Armistice: An agreement to stop fighting An armistice ended fighting during WWI on Nov. 11, 1918 385. 386. 387. 388. 389. 390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395. 396. 397. 398. Fourteen Points: Pres. Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI Listed steps that the world must take to prevent another great war Advocated free trade, freedom of the seas, and self-determination “The Big Four”: Leaders who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles after WWI Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Eng) and Vittoria Emanuele Orland (Italy) “Peace without victory”: Position Wilson wanted to take in the Treaty of Versailles Wilson wanted Germany not to be punished harshly for WWI Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions: Radical group (Bolsheviks/communists) mounted a revolution and overthrew Czar Nicholas II Their leader was Vladimir Lenin Forced Russia to withdraw from WWI Treaty of Versailles: Treaty that ended WWI and created the League of Nations The US Senate never approved the treaty or joined the League of Nations League of Nations: International organization of nations designed to maintain peace and avoid war Created by the treaty of U.S. never joined the League Henry Cabot Lodge: Senator who was opposed to US membership in League of Nations 17th Amendment: Provided for the direct election of U.S. senators by the people instead of appointment by state legislatures Part of early 1900s Progressive reforms 18th Amendment: Prohibition Made sale of alcohol illegal Part of early 1900s Progressive reforms 19th Amendment: Gave women the right to vote Part of early 1900s Progressive reforms Industrial workers of the World: Labor union founded in 1905 Also called the “Wobblies” Fought to overthrow capitalism and was therefore targeted by the government for being communist Welcomed the unskilled workers that were excluded by the AFL Self-determination: Idea that people/nations have a human right to statehood, and that such a state has an equal right to sovereignty Wilson’s believed all nations had a right to self-determination Important feature of Wilson’s 14 points Committee on Public Information/George Creel: Government agency in charge of propaganda during WWI Food Administration/ Herbert Hoover: 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407. 408. Government agency that oversaw the production and consumption of food during WWI Set high prices for farm products to make production rise and avoid rationing War Industries Board/Bernard Baruch: Government agency that regulated the economy during WWI Allocated goods, establish production priorities, and set prices Ku Klux Plan: Secret organization that was created during Reconstruction to intimidate black voters and business owners through violence Re-emerged after WWI as an anti-Immigrant group as well Palmer/Palmer Raids: Attorney General that worked to cracked down on suspected radicals/communists Began his famous anti-communist “Palmer Raids” in 1919 Espionage and Sedition Acts: 1917 law that made it illegal to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal or abusive language” against the government or military during WWI Essentially made it illegal to criticize government policy during WWI Eugene V. Debs: Labor leader who ran as the socialist candidate for president 5 times Went to jail during WWIl for violating the Espionage and Sedition Acts Schenck v United States, 1919: Schenck was arrested for speaking out against the draft during WWI Supreme Court ruled that in times of war, a person’s freedom of speech can be limited Established principle of “clear and present danger” Sacco and Vanzetti: Anarchists who were accused and convicted of committing 2 murders during a robbery The judge refused to listen to witnesses who gave the 2 men alibis and the men were executed Their execution was seen as a form of discrimination against immigrants in the early 1900s John L. Lewis (United Mine Workers): Founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s Later joined with the American Federation of Labor to form the AFL-CIO Washington Naval Conference: Meeting hosted by the US in 1921 and attended by several countries Ended in agreements to limit sizes of navies Dawes Plan: Attempt following World War I for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from defeated post-World War I Germany The US provided loans to rebuild the German economy so that it could repay war reparations Competency Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression (1919-1939) 409. “Return to Normalcy”: The dominate issue in the presidential election of 1920 was the aftermath of WWI The Republican nominee Warren G. Harding campaigned for a “return to normalcy” Harding advocated a return to isolationism 410. laissez-faire: Hands-off approach to governing Approach to governing that advocates no government regulation/intervention in the economy 411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. Often used to describe the pro-business republican presidents of the 1920s Teapot Dome scandal: Political scandal during the Harding administration Involved the secret leasing of Naval oil-reserves to private companies The scandal became a symbol of government graft and corruption Albert Fall: Secretary of the Interior during the Teapot Dome Scandal Convicted on bribery charges and served one year in prison Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Dramatically increased tariffs imports to the US Attempt by President Herbert Hoover and Congress to protect American business after the 1929 stock market crash The tariff actually worsened the Depression when foreign nations retaliated against the US with their own tariffs, dramatically reducing international trade Speculation: Buying something at a low price, in order to sell it at a higher price later The term is often used in reference to buying and selling stock Speculation in the stock market is considered a cause of the 1929 stock market crash Buying on the margin: Borrowing money in order to invest in the stock market Considered a cause of the 1929 stock market crash Mechanization: Replacing human (manual) labor with machines Often associated with industry and the industrial revolution “Black Tuesday”: Term used to describe Oct 29, 1929 Five days after the initial crash, the stock market reached its lowest point Usually associated with the start of the Great Depression Rugged individualism: The idea that people should take care of themselves Associated with free market capitalism and individual initiative Advocated by President Herbert Hoover at the start of the Depression Direct relief: Government providing jobs, money, food, etc. to people in need Approach taken by FDR in reacting to the Depression Easy credit: Due to the booming economy, banks and other lenders were quick to loan money to stock market speculators during the 1920s Increased speculation and the resulting inflation in stock prices were a cause of the stock market crash in 1929 Installment plan: A form of buying on the margin Speculators could pay a portion of the stock price upfront and pay the remainder, plus interest, over time Overproduction: In manufacturing, overproduction occurs when business produce more goods than consumers can buy Overproduction was a cause of the Great Depression Hoovervilles: Shantytowns formed by people left homeless during the Depression 424. 425. 426. 427. 428. 429. 430. 431. 432. 433. 434. 435. 436. 437. 438. 439. Nicknamed after President Hoover Soup kitchens: Soup kitchens were places where people suffering from the Depression could get food for free Usually operated and staffed by volunteers and/or church organizations Breadlines: Breadlines were places where people suffering from the Depression could get food for free Usually operated and staffed by volunteers and/or church organizations Radio: Radio became the primary source of information and entertainment during the 1920s Radio was used by FDR to deliver his fireside chats during the Depression Market/advertising: Modern marketing and advertising began in the 1920s As manufacturing improved, businesses needed to become more effective at convincing consumers to purchase their products Jazz: Popular form of music during the 1920s Key Figures: Lois Armstrong, Duke Ellington The “Jazz Age” refers to the time period between the early 1920s and the end of WWI Silent and “talkies” films: Movies before the 1920s were silent films (moving pictures only, no sounds Talkies (movies with sound) originated in the 1920s “The Jazz Singer”: The first full-length talkie Released in 1927 Lost Generation: Name used to describe a group of writers who were disillusioned with the post-WWI world Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, and Gertrude Stein Langston Hughes: African-American poet during the Harlem Renaissance Louis Armstrong: Influential Jazz musician F. Scott Fitzgerald: 1920’s American writer (wrote The Great Gatsby) Part of the Lost Generation of writers Ernest Hemingway: American novelist (For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old man and the Sea) Part of the Lost Generation of writers Sinclair Lewis: American novelist and playwright Works were known for critical views of American society and capitalism Speakeasies: Places to buy liquor illegally during prohibition Bootleggers: Term describing people who transported liquor into the US illegally during prohibition Babe Ruth: 1920’s baseball player and celebrity 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. 446. 447. 448. 449. 450. 451. 452. Considered one of the greatest players in baseball history Charles Lindbergh: Made the first solo airplane flight across the Atlantic Ocean His plane was named the Spirit of Saint Louis Lindbergh was one of the 1920’s biggest celebrities Automobiles: Automobiles were invented in Germany by Karl Benz in 1885 Henry Ford used the assembly line to produce large numbers of inexpensive cars in the US during the early 1900s Cars revolutionized transportation in the 1920s FDR’s “Fireside Chats”: Radio addresses made by FDR to the American people during the Great Depression and WWII FDR used the addresses to reassure American’s during times of crisis Zora Neal Hurston: African-American writer during the Harlem Renaissance Hurston was also a supporter of Marcus Garvey and the United Negro Improvement Association Marcus Garvey: Advocate of Black Nationalism and founder of the United Negro Improvement Association Supported a Back-to-Africa movement that encouraged all people of African descent to return to Africa United Negro Improvement Association: Organization created to unite people of African descent throughout the world Based on the idea of Black Nationalism Fundamentalism: Christian fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of the Bible Fundamentalists in the 1920s came into conflict with scientific, technological, and social change Scopes Trial: Often called the “Scopes Monkey Trial” John T. Scopes broke a Tennessee law banning the teaching of evolution in schools The trial was referred to as the “Trial of the Century” and drew nationwide attention Scopes was convicted and fined $100.00 The trial was representative of the conflict between traditional and modern cultural values Aimee Semple McPherson: Popular 1920s evangelist Founder of the Foursquare Gospel Church Billy Sunday: Christian Evangelist in the early 1900s Known for his “fire and brimstone” approach to evangelism, opposition to evolution, and support for prohibition Margaret Sanger: Advocate for birth control Sanger founded the first American birth control clinic in 1916 Founded the organization that later became Planned Parenthood Deficit spending: Occurs when government spends more money than it takes in Forces government to borrow money and go into debt Social Security: Government program created during the New Deal 453. 454. 455. 456. 457. 458. 459. 460. 461. 462. 463. 464. Provides money for the retired, disabled, and dependent children Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): Government program created during the New Deal Bank closings during the Great Depression caused many Americans to distrust banks FDIC was designed to restore Americans’ trust in banks by promising to insure all deposits up to $5,000 ($100,000 today) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): Government program created during the New Deal Designed to supervise the stock market and prevent fraud Created to help prevent future stock market crashes Public Works Administration (PWA): Government program created during the New Deal Designed to help stimulate the American economy by providing jobs Government paid Americans to work on construction projects (roads, dams, ect.) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): Government program created during the New Deal Put young unemployed men to work on conservation projects Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): Government program created during the New Deal Restricted farm production during the New Deal by paying farmers to grow less Designed to increase crop prices by decreasing supply Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): Government program created during the New Deal The TVA is a federally owned corporation that built hydroelectric dams in the Tennessee Valley Area Dam construction provided jobs for Americans Hydroelectric dams provided electricity and created demand for goods using electricity National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA): Government program created during the New Deal Allowed the federal government to regulate businesses during the Great Depression Allowed for the formation of labor unions Was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court Works Progress Administration (WPA): The largest New Deal agency Designed to help stimulate the American economy by providing jobs Employed people in construction and as writers, musicians, and artists National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): Government program created during the New Deal Protected the right of workers to form and join labor unions Replaced the NIRA after it was ruled unconstitutional Fair Labor Standards Act: Passed during the New Deal Established a minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor laws Father Charles Coughlin: Critic of FDR and the New Deal One of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience Huey P. Long: 465. Critic of FDR and the New Deal US Senator from Louisiana Began a presidential campaign to run against FDR in 1936 Long’s campaign was based on his “share the wealth” program Long’s “share the wealth” program: tax the wealthy heavily and give $5,000 to every American family Long was assassinated in 1935 Frances Perkins: The first female cabinet member She was appointed Secretary of Labor by FDR in 1933 Competency Goal 10: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930-1963) 466. Axis Powers: WWII alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan 467. Fascism: Political ideology based on nationalism Examples of fascist governments: o Italy: Fascist Party founded by Benito Mussolini and seized power in Italy in 1922 o Germany: Nazi Party founded by Adolph Hitler seized control of Germany in 1933 Characteristics: o One party dictatorship o Extreme nationalism o Anti-Communist & Anti-Democratic o Militaristic: both developed powerful militaries o Expansionist 468. Adolf Hitler: German dictator during WWII Leader of the Nazi Party 469. Third Reich: Name used to refer to Germany under the Nazi Party 470. Benito Mussolini: Italian dictator during WWII Leader of the Fascist Party 471. Emperor Hirohito: Emperor of Japan during WWII 472. Allied Powers WWII alliance of the US, Great Britain, and the USSR 473. Winston Churchill: Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII 474. Joseph Stalin: Premier of the USSR during WWII Stalin was an ally of the US during WWII, but became a major adversary during the Cold War 475. Munich Pact: Example of pre-WWII appeasement Britain and France allowed Hitler to take over a piece of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland) in order to avoid war 476. Four Freedoms: 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. Included: o Freedom of speech o Freedom of religion o Freedom from want o Freedom from fear Four basic freedoms identified by FDR Kellogg-Briand Pact: International treaty that outlawed war in 1928 Lend-Lease Act: Act of Congress that allowed FDR to supply the Allied Powers with weapons before the Pearl Harbor attack Neutrality Acts: The Neutrality Acts made it illegal for the US to sell weapons to any warring nations A series of laws passed by Congress before the US entered WWII The Neutrality Acts were an attempt to maintain American neutrality before the Pearl Harbor attack Non-Aggression Pact: Germany and the USSR agreed not to attack each other in 1939 Hitler and Stalin agreed to split Poland and the rest of Eastern Europe Pearl Harbor: Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec 7, 1941 The attack led the US to declare war on Japan and enter WWII on the side of the Allied Powers Quarantine Speech: FDR called for a quarantine of “aggressor nations” in a 1937 speech The speech was made in response to Japanese and Italian aggression in the years leading up to WWII Battle of Britain: The German air attack on Great Britain in the early part of WWII The attack was Hitler’s attempt to destroy the British defenses before a German invasion of Great Britain Battle of the Bulge: The last German offensive of WWII The German Army tried to split the American and British forces Germany hoped to force the Allies into negotiating a peace treaty with the Axis Powers The “bulge” refers to the dent the German attack put into Allied lines Blitzkrieg: Lightning war Using airplanes to bomb an area before rapidly invading using tanks and other mechanized weapons Used by Germany during WWII Chester Nimitz: US Navy Admiral during WWII Nimitz was the commander of US and Allied forces in the Pacific during WWII D-Day (Operation Overlord): France was captured by Germany in the early years of WWII The D-Day invasion was the Allied invasion of France to liberate the nation from German occupation Allied forces crossed the English Channel from England to the beaches of German occupied Normandy, France Douglas MacArthur: US Army General during WWII Was the commander of US forces in the Philippines during WWII 489. 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 498. 499. When he was forced to retreat from the Philippines in 1942, MacArthur made his famous “I shall return” statement MacArthur was supposed to lead the US invasion of Japan, but the invasion was called off when Japan surrendered following the atomic bomb drop MacArthur also lead US forces during the Korean War MacArthur was eventually fired by Harry Truman for criticizing the President’s strategy in the Korean War George Patton: US Army General during WWII Led US forces against Germany forces in North Africa and led the US invasion of Italy Patton also led US forces in the Allied attack on Germany Holocaust: Nazi campaign of genocide against Jews and other European minorities Approximately 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust Nazis referred to the Holocaust as the “Final Solution” Newsreels: Short news clips shown in movie theaters During WWII newsreels were an important source of information about the war WWII newsreels were used as pro-war propaganda by the US government Pamphlets: Information leaflets dropped by Allied and German airplanes during WWII Pamphlets contained propaganda designed to undermine the enemy’s will to continue fighting Airdrops: Using airplanes to drop supplies, soldiers, or propaganda into an inaccessible area War posters: Propaganda posters during WWII US propaganda posters were published by the Office of War Information Iwo Jima: Battle between the US and Japan during WWII Both sides suffered extremely high numbers of killed and wounded Iwo Jima was one of the battles that made American leaders concerned about the costs of an invasion of Japan The battle of Iwo Jima is famous for the photograph of US Marines raising an American during the battle Atomic bomb: The US developed the first atomic bomb as a part of a top secret program named the Manhattan Project The atomic bomb has only been used in warfare twice, both by the US at the end of WWII The US dropped the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki After WWII the atomic bomb played a very important role in the Cold War, leading to a nuclear arms race J. Robert Oppenheimer: American physicist and director of the Manhattan Project, the US effort to build an atomic bomb Known as the “father of the atomic bomb” Manhattan Project: The American WWII project to build the world’s first atomic bomb The worlds first nuclear weapon was tested on July 16, 1945 at the Trinity Test center in New Mexico The project was originally created so that US could develop a nuclear weapon before Nazi scientists Midway: A major turning point in the WWII Pacific Theater The US defeated a Japanese attack on the US island of Midway Four Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed in the battle, seriously weakening the Japanese Navy for the rest of the war 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. 513. Island hopping: US strategy for fighting in the Pacific theater during WWII The US bypassed islands heavily defended by the Japanese and instead focused only on capturing islands that were not well defended but would help the US in its push towards Japan Nuremberg Trials: A series of trials after WWII known for their prosecution of Nazi leaders The trials were held in Nuremburg, Germany War bonds: A type of savings bond sold during WWI and WWII as a means of raising money for the war effort War bonds were a way for Americans to lend money to the government, and be repaid plus interest Baby boomers: Generation of Americans born in the years following WWII (1945-1960) Baby Boomers became, and still are, the largest segment of the American population Fair Deal: Harry Truman’s domestic agenda Attempted to expand the New Deal G.I. Bill: Nickname for the Serviceman Readjustment Act of 1944 Provided money to US soldiers returning from WWII to pay for college or job training, and provided low-interest home loans Levittown: The first mass-produced suburb Became the model for post-WWII suburbs in the US Named for the builder Abraham Levitt Northern Migration: Movement of people to industrial centers in the north for abundant manufacturing jobs during WWII Rosie the Riveter: Character used to represent women who worked in manufacturing during WWII Many women entered the workforce to produce war supplies while the men who traditionally performed this work went to war Selective Services Act: Created a military draft in the US in the years just before WWII The first peace-time draft in US history Men between the age of 21 and 30 were required to register for military service AFL-CIO: The largest labor union in the US Formed in 1955 when the AFL and CIO merged into one labor union Taft-Hartley Act: Severely limited the power of American labor unions Banned closed shops and put restrictions on Union shops Passed by Congress over Truman’s veto in 1947 WACS: The Women’s Army Corp 150,000 women served in the US Army during WWII War Production Board: Regulated American war production during WWII Rationed gas, oil, metal, rubber, and plastic 514. 515. 516. 517. 518. 519. 520. 521. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. Established by FDR in 1942 Japanese Internment Sites: The forced detention of 120,000 Japanese-Americans during WWII for fear of spying and sabotage Korematsu v United States: Supreme Court Case that ruled the internment of Japanese-Americans in detention camps constitutional Bay of Pigs: Failed attempt by the US to train Cuban refugees to invade Cuba and overthrow Communist dictator Fidel Castro The Bay of Pigs invasion was a bad for President Kennedy’s Cold War image Berlin Airlift: In 1948 the USSR blocked all roads and railroad access to West Berlin Harry Truman ordered around the clock airlifts of supplies into West Berlin NATO was formed during the Berlin Airlift The USSR lifted the blockade in May of 1949 Berlin Wall: East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin The wall was built to keep East Germans from escaping to West Germany The wall served as a symbol of the Cold War Central Intelligence Agency (CIA): American spy agency formed during the Cold War Cuban Missile Crisis: In October of 1962 US spy planes detected Soviet missiles being built in Cuba President Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba to prevent the missiles from becoming operational 13 days into the crisis, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that the missiles would be removed The Cuban Missile Crisis was the moment when the Cold War came the closest to becoming a nuclear war Eisenhower Doctrine: Stated that the US would aid any country that requested assistance fighting communist revolution The Doctrine was specifically aimed at protecting the Middle East from communist revolutions Fidel Castro: Communist dictator who took over Cuba in 1959 Geneva Accords: France gave up control of Vietnam Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel line Also called the Geneva Conference Hydrogen Bomb: A nuclear bomb much more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Japan during WWII The US detonation of a Hydrogen bomb in 1952 ,followed by a Soviet detonation in 1953 The development of the Hydrogen bomb intensified the nuclear arms race Iron Curtain: Symbolic boundary between East and West East = the USSR and its communist allies West = the US and its non-communist allies Police Action: Military action taken without a formal declaration of war Korea and Vietnam were both police actions because the US never declared war Test Ban Treaty: 528. 529. 530. 531. 532. 533. 534. 535. 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 1963 treaty banning all aboveground testing of nuclear weapons Reaction to the Cuban Missile crisis Chinese Civil War: Civil war between Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong and Chinese Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek The war ended in 1950 with Mao’s communist controlling mainland China and Chiang’s nationalists controlling the island of Taiwan Israel: Established in 1948 as a homeland for Jews Korean War: Korea was divided along the 38th parallel line in 1945 In 1950 communist North Korea invaded non-communist South Korea Harry Truman sent US forces to help defend South Korea from communist takeover A cease-fire was declared on July 27, 1953 The border between North and South Korea remains the most heavily defended border in the world Marshall Plan: US plan to rebuild Europe after WWII Named for Secretary of State George Marshall The US offered economic aid to all European nations, including those behind the Iron Curtain (no communist nations accepted) Americans hoped that rebuilding the European economy would make communism less attractive Nikita Khrushchev: Soviet Premier after the death of Stalin Soviet leader during the Berlin Airlift, establishment of the Warsaw pact, Sputnik, the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis Truman Doctrine: Harry Truman offered economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to help them fight communist revolution Example of containment U-2 Incident: An American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the USSR in 1960 The incident worsened relations between the US and USSR Alliance for Progress: Organization created by JFK aimed at establishing economic cooperation between North and South America Intended to couther the threat of communism posed by Cuba N.A.T.O.: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Cold War alliance of Western nations against communist threats Warsaw Pact: Cold War alliance of Soviet dominated Communist nations Created in response to the formation of NATO O.A.S.: The Organization of American States An organization consisting of representatives from 21 North and South American Countries Cuba was not allowed to participate S.E.A.T.O.: The South East Asian Treaty Organization Anti-communist military alliance founded in 1954 to fight communist expansion in Southeast Asia United Nations: International organization founded in 1945 in the aftermath of WWII 541. Designed to prevent future wars by promoting international law, cooperation between nations, and economic development Security Council: Part of the United Nations in charge of maintaining peace and security in the world The Security Council was 15 members, 10 of which are elected and five permanent members The permanent members include the US, Great Britain, France, the USSR, and China The permanent members of the Security Council are the nations that won WWII Competency Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil (1945-1980) 542. “Duck and cover”: Method of personal protection from nuclear attack taught to US school children beginning in late 1940s 543. Fallout Shelters: Numerous shelters built during 1950s to protect occupants from “fallout” from nuclear explosions 544. National Security Act of 1947: Unified all armed forces under Department of Defense Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate intelligence gathering abroad Established the National Security Council to provide foreign policy info to president 545. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): Set up originally to investigate Nazi propaganda, after WWII, revived as watchdog against communist propaganda Most spectacular investigation was of motion picture industry beginning in 1947 546. Alger Hiss: Former State Department official accused of being part of a Soviet espionage ring Convicted in 194 of perjuring himself before the HUAC 547. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: “Atomic bomb spies” Members of American Communist party accused of being part of atomic bomb spy ring Convicted of espionage and executed in 1953 548. Hollywood Blacklist: List maintained by Hollywood executives of people who they condemned for having communist backgrounds Prevented those on list, including “Hollywood Ten” from working 549. The National Highway Act (1956): Created the Interstate Highway system – economic growth, motorist convenience, Cold War defense Spurred enormous economic growth and “highway trade” i.e. McDonalds, Holiday Inns 550. Selective Service System Selective Service and Training Act passed in 1940 instituted first peacetime draft; expired in 1947, but several draft laws passed between 1948-67 1975 by Executive Order, President Ford ended mandatory registration, but President Carter reinstated it in 1980 No draft of men since 1973 551. New Left: Name loosely associated with radical social movements of the 1960s primarily on college campuses Symbolized best by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and opposition to the Vietnam War 552. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) New Left organization founded in 1960, it charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America Called for “participatory democracy” and greater individual freedom; involved in civil rights and antiwar movements 553. Détente: Foreign policy mainly identified with President Nixon and Henry Kissinger aimed at reducing Cold War tensions Led in 1972 to Nixon’s visits to China and Moscow 554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563. 564. 565. 566. 567. 568. 569. S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) I and II: SALT I Treaty (1972) – Limited number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched missiles SALT II Treaty (1979) – Limited number of strategic weapons and nuclear-weapons launches that could be produced (not ratified) Montgomery bus boycotts: Sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest for refusal to give up seat on bus, Montgomery Improvement Association organized boycott of buses Lasted 381 days until federal courts struck down Alabama’s law requiring racial segregation in public transportation Rosa Parks: Civil rights pioneer whose refusal to give up her seat on bus sparked the Montgomery bus boycott Martin Luther King, Jr. Most influential civil rights leader of the 1950s-60s King was an adherent of the philosophies of nonviolent civil disobedience espoused by Thoreau and Ghandi He earned the Noble Peace Prize for his work in 1964 Malcolm X: Most popular and controversial Black Muslim (Nation of Islam) leader of 1960s Message was white responsibility for black condition, black pride, separatism, and armed self-defense when needed Black Panthers: Militant black nationalist organization founded in Oakland, CA in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale Supported activities to help those in ghettos, however, better known for violent confrontations with law enforcement Black Power Movement: Symbol of African American unity in mid-1960s; stressed group strength, independent action, and racial pride (“Afros”, “Black is beautiful”) Many militants attacked Dr. King’s methods and leadership of civil rights movement Stokley Carmichael: Militant leader of SNCC who advocated political separation of the races and violent revolution C.O.R.E. (Congress of Racial Equality) Interracial organization formed in 1942 to challenge segregation Organized the “freedom riders” challenge to segregated bus facilities in the South in 1961 and active in “Freedom Summer” of 1964 S.N.C.C. (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee): Biracial national protest group originally founded to coordinate sit-ins and boycotts, later voting rights drives In the middle 1960s, under the direction of Stokley Carmichael, it became much more radical/militant March on Washington: March organized by civil rights groups to support the passage of the 1963 Civil Rights Bill Held on August 28, 1963, it was here that Martin Luther King, Jr. made his “I Have a Dream” speech Little Rock Nine: Nine African American students chosen to integrate the school system in Little Rock, AR Blocked by the governor of Arkansas, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to insure integration James Meredith: African American USAF veteran whose attempt to integrate the University of Mississippi caused Governor Ross Barnett to block his entrance and President Kennedy to send in US Marshals and federal troops to insure integration George Wallace: Segregationist and states rights governor of Alabama who attempted to prevent integration in state Ran for president as 3rd party candidate in 1968 (captured 5 states) and again in 1972 (paralyzed in assassination attempt) Brown v Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, 1954: Held by many scholars to be the most important Supreme Court case of the 20th century Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, holding that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Thurgood Marshall: 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. 577. 578. 579. 580. 581. 582. 583. 584. 585. Chief counsel for the NAACP in many civil rights cases including Brown v. Board of Education In 1967 became first African American appointed to the Supreme Court Earl Warren: Chief Justice of Supreme Court from 1953-1969 His term of office was marked by numerous rulings affecting, among other things civil rights, separation of church and state, rights of accused persons 24th Amendment: Prohibited poll taxes Civil Rights Act of 1964: Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations (theaters, hotels, restaurants) Prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, national origin, and sex. Voting Rights Act of 1965 Eliminated literacy tests for voting and authorized federal examiners to register voters instead of individual states Women’s Liberation: Feminist (belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men) movement One of the major rights movements of the 1960s National Organization for Women: Women’s rights organization founded by Betty Freidan and other feminist in 1966 Major goals were passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and sexual equality in the workplace through political means Gloria Steinem: American feminist and activist who founded the feminist magazine, Ms, in 1971 Phyllis Schafly: Conservative political activist best known for her opposition to feminism in general and the Equal Rights Amendment in particular Condemned ERA as “total assault on the family” and insult to God’s plan for the sexes. The Feminine Mystique 1963 book written by Betty Friedan which attacked the popular notion that women during this time could only find fulfillment through childbearing and homemaking Betty Friedan: One of most influential feminist of late 20th century and author of the book, The Feminine Mystique Cofounder and first president of National Organization for Women Equal Rights Amendment: Proposed constitutional amendment that provided that equality of rights could not be denied on account of sex Passed Congress in 1972 and sent to states for ratification; fell 3 states short of ratification Roe v. Wade, 1973: Established that abortion is a fundamental right under the Constitution Decision was based on right to privacy (not explicit, but 9th amendment) Elvis Presley: King of rock and roll; 1st major white rock superstar British Invasion-Beatles: Influx of rock and roll performers from the United Kingdom (mostly England) who became popular in the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere; the classic British Invasion was in 1964-1966 beginning with the Beatles Beatles were a highly influential English rock and roll band; most critically acclaimed and commercially successful popular music band in history. Haight-Ashbury: Area in San Francisco which became the center of the 1960s hippie movement Woodstock: 586. 587. 588. 589. 590. 591. 592. 593. 594. 595. 596. 597. 598. 599. 600. 601. Rock festival which has been romanticized and idealized in American popular culture as the culmination of the hippie movement Held in August 1969, it featured many rock legends, The Who, Hendrix, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, and the Grateful Dead Cesar Chavez: Latino labor leader of farm workers who helped form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1966 Organized boycott of California grapes in 1965 which led to contract in 1970 American Indian Movement: Often militant Native American activist organization dedicated to protecting Native American rights Seized Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1972 and had bloody confrontation with federal authorities at Wounded Knee in 1973 Clean Air Act (1963): Part of environmental legislation passed in 1960s, it attempted to reduce smog and atmospheric pollution Clean Water Act (1972): Primary federal law governing water pollution, it regulates the discharge of pollutants into waters of the US Environmental Protection Agency Established by President Nixon in 1970, it is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and with safeguarding the natural environment: air, water, and land Ho Chi Minh: Vietnamese nationalist and founder of the Viet Minh independence movement in 1940s First president and leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) Vietcong (National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam): Insurgent organization in South Vietnam composed of South/North Vietnamese who fought US and South Vietnam in guerilla war Robert McNamara Secretary of Defense from 1961-68 during peak of Vietnam War Initially supported expanded US financial and military presence in Vietnam, later became skeptical of this approach Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Congressional resolution passed in response to alleged attacks by North Vietnamese patrol boats in Gulf of Tonkin Gave president (LBJ) authority to use all necessary measures to repel attacks against U.S. forces and take all steps necessary for the defense of U.S. allies in Southeast Asia Operation Rolling Thunder: Sustained bombing raids of North Vietnam which began 3 months after LBJ became president and lasted for 3 years General William Westmoreland: Senior military commander of American forces in Vietnam who believed US could win war of attrition His calls for more troops led to increased US involvement in the war My Lai Incident: Massacre of hundreds of Vietnamese civilians by US soldiers led by Lt. William Calley News of atrocity led to public outrage, loss of support for war, and Calley’s court martial Agent Orange: Powerful herbicide/defoliant used in war; later linked to a variety of health problems suffered by veterans Napalm: Jellied gasoline incendiary used in bombs during Vietnam War; highly flammable and adheres to victims causing severe burns Tet Offensive: Surprise attack by Vietcong on hundreds of South Vietnamese cities and villages beginning on Tet (Vietnamese New Year) Although military victory for US/South Vietnamese, it became a turning point of the war because of American public opinion Pentagon Papers: Top secret government papers regarding US involvement in Vietnam leaked to NY Times by Daniel Ellsberg, former State Department official Caused many people to question whether or not government was being honest about war intentions 602. 603. 604. 605. 606. 607. 608. 609. 610. 611. 612. 613. 614. 615. 616. 617. 618. 619. New York Times v U.S. 1971: Case involving attempts by the government to stop the publication of the Pentagon Papers by the NY Times/Washington Post on national security grounds Supreme Court refused to stop publication because would be an unconstitutional prior restraint 26th Amendment: Gave 18 year olds the right to vote Kent State: Student protests over American invasion of Cambodia led to Ohio National Guard firing into group of students leaving 4 dead and 9 wounded Cambodia/Laos Both were granted independence from France after the 1954 Geneva Conference During the Vietnam War the Ho Chi Minh Trail ran through these two countries connecting North Vietnam to South Vietnam Paris Peace Accords Brought an end to the US participation in the Vietnam War War Powers Act 1973: Required president to consult with Congress regarding deployment of American armed forces and to remove U.S. armed forces from hostilities if Congress has not declared war or passed a resolution authorizing the use of force within 60 days Fall of Saigon, 1975: Capture of capital of South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese marked reunification of country under communist rule Evacuation of US embassy marked end of US involvement in Vietnam Sputnik: First artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in October 1957 Marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration): US space agency created during the Cold War Established in 1958 in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik National Defense Education Act Passed in 1958 after Sputnik in response to perception that US education system had fallen behind Soviets Purpose was primarily to stimulate the advancement of education in science, mathematics, and modern foreign language Space Programs: Both the US and USSR spent heavily on their space programs and space exploration as a form of competition during the Cold War Neil Armstrong: On July 30, 1969, as mission commander for Apollo 11, he became the first human to set foot on the moon John Glenn: One of original group of Mercury astronauts, he was the 3rd American in space and the 1st to orbit the earth aboard Friendship 7 Computers Computers became widely used by the US government, particularly the military, during the Cold War Silicon Valley: Southern part of San Francisco Bay area in Northern California so named because of region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers; later used to apply to all high tech industries ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile): Long range ballistic missile designed to carry nuclear warheads Hydrogen bombs: Thermonuclear bomb that derives a large portion of its energy from nuclear fission of hydrogen isotopes Thousands of times more powerful than atomic bombs (as dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki) Color television 620. 621. 622. 623. 624. 625. 626. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. Television advancement of the 1950s Microwave technology: Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats food by microwave radiation Cost effective technology by the 1970s allowed for common public use Nuclear power: Controlled use of nuclear reactions to release energy for work including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity Seen by some as alternative to reliance on foreign oil; because of safety concerns, antinuclear movement arose in 1970s Commercial jet travel: Commercial jets began being used commonly in the 1950s Made long distance travel easier and more affordable for Americans Peace Corps Program of volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America established in 1961 by Executive Order Huge success and one of JFK’s most lasting contributions HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development): Established as a part of LBJ’s Great Society; purpose was to administer federal housing programs Head Start: A part of LBJ’s Great Society, it was created in 1965 to provide comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to lowincome pre-school aged children and their families VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America): Created by Lyndon Johnson's Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 as the domestic version of the Peace Corps. Medicare: Another of LBJ’s Great Society programs, it provided hospital and low cost medical insurance to Americans 65 or older National Endowment for the Humanities: Established in 1965, it is the Federal grant-making agency that funds US scholarship, research, education, and public programs in the humanities (e.g., fields such as history, philosophy, languages, literature, archaeology, jurisprudence, art/ music history, ethics,) Sam Ervin/Senate Watergate Committee: Sam Ervin was a Senator from NC Ervin headed the Senate committee that investigated Nixon’s participation in the Watergate scandal John Dean: White House counsel to President Nixon and later star witness in the Watergate prosecution Implicated himself, Nixon, and other administration officials in the Watergate affair and the later cover-up Bob Woodward/Carl Bernstein: Reporters for the Washington Post who United States v Nixon 1974: Case involved President Nixon’s refusal to surrender tape recordings to Watergate Special Prosecutor on grounds of executive privilege Supreme Court determined it had the power to decide limits of presidential power and rejected Nixon’s claim of privilege Tapes were released and soon thereafter, Nixon resigned Democratic National Convention 1968 Known for the Vietnam war protest that occurred outside the convention and the violent clash between protesters and police 25th Amendment: Provides for secession upon death/removal/resignation of president or vice president Provides for discharge of presidential duties upon disability Competency Goal 12: The United States since the Vietnam War (1973-present) 635. Yasser Arafat-Palestine Nationalism (PLO) 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647. 648. Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (representative of the Palestine people) Shared Nobel Peace Prize with Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin for negotiation of 1993 Oslo Peace Accord creating Palestinian self rule in West Bank U.S. invasion of Lebanon Intervention by the US in the Lebanese civil war during the 1980s Yom Kipper War War between Israel on one side and Syria and Egypt, backed by Iraq and Jordan, on the other Resulted in a oil embargo by Arab oil producers against countries, including the US, that supported Israel Embargo, which lasted from October 1973 until March 1974, led to shortages and increased prices Camp David Accords Framework for peace process between Israel and Egypt brokered by President Carter between Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Israel in September 1978 Led to historic peace treaty following year between the two countries Anwar el-Sadat Egyptian president who stunned Arab world by visiting Israel to discuss peace Meeting with Menachem Begin at Camp David led to Camp David Accords Later signed historic peace treaty between two countries Menachem Begin Prime Minister of Israel Meeting with Anwar el-Sadat at Camp David led to Camp David Accords Later signed historic peace treaty between two countries Shah of Iran Dependable ally of US in Middle East overthrown in 1979 by Islamic fundamentalist led by Ayatollah Khomeini Entered the US for medical treatment triggering hostage crisis Ayatollah Khomeini Leader of Islamic fundamentalist who overthrew Shah of Iran Called US the “Great Satan” and cut off all oil supplies leading to shortages and higher prices Iranian Hostage Crisis Triggered by US allowing Shah to enter US for medical treatment Militant Islamic students stormed US embassy in Teheran, taking hostages Carter failure to secure the release of hostages hurt his reelection bid Jimmy Carter Former governor of Georgia and 39th president of the United States His administration was hurt by the economy, energy crisis, and hostage situation and he was seen as a less than effective president Most outstanding foreign policy success was Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia: Famines in those countries in the 1970s Both Carter and Reagan sought to send aid to the countries Foreign debt The portion of the national debt that is owed to creditors outside the country Foreigners hold approximately 44% of the national debt; Japan holds the most, but China in recent years has begun holding more and more Apartheid System of racial segregation enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 Involved legally classified racial groups dominated by whites Nelson Mandela 649. 650. 651. 652. 653. 654. 655. 656. 657. 658. 659. 660. Prominent South African anti-apartheid activist and leader of African National Congress First President of South Africa to be elected in fully-representative democratic elections Helsinki Accords Pledged US and Soviet Union, among other nations to respect Cold War boundaries dividing Eastern and Western Europe and human rights within their boundaries Seen by conservatives as sell out to Soviets Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) March 1983 - Reagan’s most significant defense initiative System of weapons based in space that would intercept Soviet missiles before they reached US Iran-Contra Affair: Illegal arms sales to Iran for the release of hostages held in Lebanon with the resulting profits funneled to the Contras in Nicaragua in direct violation of Congress ban contained in Boland Amendment A number of Reagan aides were indicted and convicted, however Reagan denied any knowledge of the affair INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Eliminated all Intermediate-Range Nuclear missiles First nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce nuclear arms Mikhail Gorbachev Last leader of the Soviet Union Introduced glasnost and perestroika as reforms of the Soviet system Saddam Hussein President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003 who brutally suppressed challenges to his rule from religious and ethnic groups Stayed in power through the Iraq-Iran War and Gulf War His government collapsed in 2003 as a result of the US invasion and he was captured in 2003; later tried by Iraqi courts for crime against humanity, convicted and executed in December 2006 Persian Gulf Wars: Operation Desert Storm (1991) o Attack by multinational coalition led by the US to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait Iraq War (2003-) o 2003 attack on Iraq for the stated reasons the it possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and harbored terrorist o War resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s government and his subsequent arrest and execution o US remains in Iraq for the purpose of rebuilding the country Fall of the Berlin Wall Dismantlement of this symbol of the Cold War began in 1989 after East Germany began permitting travel to the West Began the process of German unification which was accomplished in October 1990 Tiananmen Square Bloody in Peking military operation by Chinese government that that killed hundreds of civilians and crushed democratic uprising Sandra Day O’Connor Appointed by Reagan in July 1981 to Supreme Court First female justice Clarence Thomas African American appointed to Supreme Court by George Bush in 1991 Meager qualifications, opposition to affirmative action, and allegations of sexual impropriety led to dramatic hearings on confirmation Microsoft Multinational computer technology corporation founded in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates which develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices Develped operating systems that contributed to the growth of the personal computer culture 27th Amendment Provides that any change in the salary of members of US Congress may only take effect after the next general election Flag burning Done usually as a sign of protest, under Texas v. Johnson, it is at present protected speech Concern with this activity has caused the introduction of several Constitutional amendments to ban flag burning, however as of yet none have passed Congress Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in areas such as employment, public accommodations, public transportation, telecommunications Political Action Committees: A private group, regardless of size, organized to elect or defeat government officials in order to promote legislation, often supporting the group's special interests Political Action Committees existrd legally as a means for corporations, trade unions etc. to make donations to candidates for Federal office something that they could not do directly Geraldine Ferraro Democratic VP nominee in 1984 election First woman Title IX Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 ban discrimination based on sex in any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance Widely credited for allowing for more participation by women in sports at the high school and college levels Invalidated prohibitions on desecrating American flag Held that flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment 661. 662. 663. 664. 665. 666. 667. 668. 669. 670. 671. 672. 673. 674. Texas v Johnson (1989) Swan v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) S. Ct. ruled that busing, balancing ratios, and redrawing school districts were acceptable ways to achieve integration William Rehnquist One of most conservative members of Supreme Court, he was nominated by President Reagan to be Chief Justice in 1986 upon Burger’s resignation Continued conservative leadership of the Court WIN (Ford) Ford’s answer to high inflation and unemployment Voluntary citizen campaign to curb inflation – “Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) Stagflation Economic conditions existing during Nixon’s administration and later Ford’s Stagnant economy plus inflation NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Brought Mexico into free trade zone with US and Canada Ratified in 1993 it increased trade with Mexico Department of Energy Extended energy crisis of the 1970's soon demonstrated the need for unified energy organization and planning Department of Energy created in 1977 to deal with energy concerns Airline deregulation Airline Deregulation Act passed in 1978 removed government control from commercial aviation and exposed the passenger airline industry to market forces 675. 676. 677. 678. 679. 680. 681. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686. 687. 688. Part of Reagan’s campaign for smaller government, it increased competition Three Mile Island March 1989 a nuclear reactor malfunctioned sparking fears of release of radiation and evacuation of area Rekindled debate over the safety of nuclear power Energy Crisis Blamed by Carter on the nation’s dependence on imported foreign oil Carter urged action in the form of development of alternative forms of energy, conservation, and referred to it as the “moral equivalent of war” National Energy Act (1978) Attempt by President Carter to stimulate conservation efforts Did little to solve nation’s fundamental energy problems and dependence on foreign oil Solar Energy: Useable energy obtained from the light of the sun Seen by Carter as a potential partial solution to the energy crisis Supply-Side economics Reaganomics – traditional Republican suspicion of government spending combined with aggressive cut in federal income taxes Lower taxes gave business and individuals more money to spend resulting in a surge of productive economic activity Trickle-down economics Computer revolution A point in time when computers become very popular and used world wide Sometimes likened in importance to the advent of print technology in terms of communications Internet: International network linking computers and allowing amost instaatnt transmission of text, images, or sound Originally developed by the military, by the 1990s it was a household word Contributed to communications revolution as people became more connected Bill Gates In 1970s Gates saw advent of personal computers as promising opportunity Founded software company, Microsoft, with Paul Allen By 2000, had become the wealthiest individual in the world National debt: Amount of money owed by the US government to creditors approximately 44% of which is owed to foreigners It increased significantly during Reagan’s and George W. Bush’s administrations Food stamps: Federal assistance program that provides food to low income people pushed by LBJ Reagan as a part of his domestic program reduced food stamps and increased defense spending NASDAQ (National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation Exchange), 1990’s: Technology dominated stock index on Wall Street Grew greatly during the “dot com” boom of the 1990s “Trickle-down” theory: Theory that lowering taxes on high incomes and business activity will promote new investment and economic growth, thereby indirectly benefitting less wealthy people Closely identified with President Reagan Challenger disaster: Space shuttle exploded in January 1986, killing all 7 crew members Caused some to question the safety of the space program Presidential pardon: 689. 690. 691. 692. 693. 694. 695. 696. 697. In September 1974 Ford gave Nixon a presidential pardon for any and all crimes committed during the Watergate era Attacked at the time because Nixon pardoned without acknowledging any guilt History now sees pardon as probably beneficial to the country, thus vindicating Ford 1976 election: Jimmy Carter (D) v. Gerald Ford (R) Carter won by running a well financed effective campaign successfully portraying himself as a Washington “outsider” Ford hurt by economy and his pardon of Nixon Jimmy Carter: Former governor of Georgia and 39th president of the United States His administration was hurt by the economy, energy crisis, and hostage situation and he was seen as a less than effective president Most outstanding foreign policy success was Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt Ronald Reagan: Former governor of California and 40th president of the United States His election marked the resurgence of conservatism His use of supply side economics (Reaganomics) led to an economic recovery during his administration, but at the cost of enormous national debt His foreign policy was marked by conflict and agreement with the Soviet Union Amnesty Most often used now when referring to illegal aliens Amnesty for illegal immigrants is defined as the government’s pardon for violating policies related to immigration or politics Amnesties allow illegal immigrants or undocumented aliens to gain permanent residency in the United States. Elections of 1980-2000 1980 – Ronald Reagan (R) v. Jimmy Carter (D) – Winner was Reagan 1984 – Ronald Reagan (R) v. Walter Mondale (D) – Winner was Reagan 1988 – George H. W. Bush (R) v. Michael Dukakis (D) – Winner was Bush 1992 – Bill Clinton (D) v. George H. W. Bush (R) – Winner was Clinton 1996 – Bill Clinton (D) v. Bob Dole (R) – Winner was Clinton 2000 – George W. Bush (R) v. Al Gore (D) – Winner was Bush New Right Coalition: Coalition between right wing grassroots groups that grew up in the 1970s around the support for key issues such as blockage of the ERA, criticism of abortion rights, school busing, and affirmative action, and support for school prayer Included business leaders, middle class voters, disaffected Democrats, fundamentalist Christian groups New Federalism: Refers to the transfer of power from the federal government back to the states Represented by Nixon’s revenue sharing whereby the Federal government would give block grants to state and local governments for 5 years to address needs as they saw them (not as Washington saw them) Graying of America The phenomenon of the growth in the percentage of the population of the US that is over 65 years of age due to better health care, lifestyle, etc. Causes increased interest in public policy issues involving older Americans such as age discrimination, health issues, Social Security New Democrat Loosely-organized faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with center-right social/cultural positions on political issues and neo-liberal fiscal issues. Bill Clinton single Democratic politician of the 1990s most identified as a New Democrat 698. 699. 700. 701. 702. 703. 704. Ross Perot: Third party candidate in the presidential election of 1992 who targeted the federal deficit as the nation’s number 1 problem On election day, he captured 19% of the electoral vote, the most of a third party candidate since T. Roosevelt in 1912 Bill Clinton: Former governor of Arkansas who was elected as president in 1992 and again in 1992 Clinton ran as a New Democrat In his administrations, he presided over the longest peacetime economic expansion in US history, however the were marred by his impeachment in 1998 and the resulting trial in 1999 in which he was acquitted Al Gore: Bill Clinton’s VP who ran for president in 2000 Although he won the most popular votes, he lost the election in the electoral college by virtue of the unfavorable Supreme Court decision in Bush v. Gore Joe Lieberman: Al Gore’ VP running mate in the 2000 election and the first Jewish American to run for national office John McCain: Vietnam War prisoner of war and Republican Senator from Arizona and unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 2000 His support for campaign finance reform led to passage of McCain-Feingold Bill (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002) Newt Gingrich: Author of the Contract with America and one of the architects of the Republican Revolution of 1994 in which they took control of Congress from the Democrats He was initially effective as leader of Congressional Republicans, however as time went on his abrasive style lessened his effectiveness Immigration Policy Act: 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. Republican Election of 2000: George W. Bush (R) v. Al Gore (D) v. Ralph Nader (Green) Gore won the popular vote, however Bush won in the electoral college aided by the Supreme Court’s decision in Bush v. Gore University of California Regents v Bakke Supreme Court struck down medical school’s minority quota policy in admissions Blow to all affirmative action programs 1978: US Senate approved the Panama Canal treaties Camp David Accords Reverse discrimination: Discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, especially when resulting from policies (i. e. affirmative action) established to correct discrimination against members of a minority or disadvantaged group Affirmative action: A policy or a program whose stated goal is to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged (minorities) Minorities in politics: Trend in last number of years has been for more and more minorities in politics Multiculturalism: Sometimes used interchangeably with diversity Idea that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct cultural groups, with equal status Green Card: Identification card for legal permanent residents of the US who are not US citizens 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 723. 724. 725. 726. Nativist: Favoring native born people; generally opposition to immigration Bilingual education: Teaching of subjects in a school through two different languages In the US it would generally mean in English and also in a minority language such as Spanish ESEA-No Child Left Behind (Elementary and Secondary Education Act) The major focus is to provide all children with a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education Act uses accountability to close achievement gap between low income and minority students and their peers Patriot Act: Passed originally in the aftermath of September 11 in response to the terrorist attacks on the US, its intent was to greatly expand the authority of American law enforcement to combat terrorism It came under attack (some parts were found unconstitutional) for its effects on civil liberties Embassy bombings: Car bombs exploded at the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in August 1998, killing 257 and wounding over 4000 Bombings generally regarded to be the work of Osama Bin Laden and al Qaeda September 11, 2001: Series of coordinated attacks by terrorist associated with al Qaeda on the US using four hijacked airliners Two airplanes hit the World Trade Center destroying it One airliner damages the Pentagon and the fourth crashes in Pennsylvania Approximately 3,000 people were killed including airline passengers, people on the ground, and rescue personnel Al-Qaeda: Militant Islamic fundamentalist terrorist organization which has committed multiple acts of terrorism Infamously known for planning and executing the September 11, 2001 attacks in the US Colin Powell Highest ranking African American in the history of the US military, who became Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff As the first African American Secretary of State in George W. Bush’s administration, he originally opposed waging war on Iraq, but later relented Osama bin Laden Saudi Arabian militant Islamist believed to be one of the founders of al Qaeda and one of the masterminds behind the 1998 US Embassy bombings and the September 11, 2001 attacks Despite US attempts to capture him, he remains at large Taliban Regime Islamic fundamentalist movement which effectively ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, until displaced by a joint US and NATO force in late 2001 US/NATO attack was an attempt to capture al Qaeda terrorist supposedly protected by the Taliban Terrorist network: The idea the terrorist groups such as the Islamic terrorist group, al Qaeda, have networks and ties throughout the world George W. Bush Former governor of Texas and 43rd president of the United States Bush has pursued a domestic agenda based on supply side economics, resulting in tax cuts, but also record deficits Administration had been defined by September 11, 2001 and the War in Iraq World Trade Center Complex of buildings including the Twin Towers destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks Afghanistan: Taliban was know to have sheltered Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda terrorist; US demanded that the Taliban turn over bin Laden 727. 728. 729. 730. 731. 732. When the Taliban refused, the US and NATO forces attacked and drove the Taliban out of power in 2001 Department of Homeland Security: Cabinet level department created by Congress in November 2002 in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks It has the responsibility of protecting the territory of the United States from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters War on Iraq 2003 attack on Iraq for the stated reasons the it possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and harbored terrorist War resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s government and his subsequent arrest and execution US remains in Iraq for the purpose of rebuilding the country Nuclear proliferation: The spread to nuclear weapons production technology to countries that do not already have it, the fear being that if more counties have the technology, there is the possibility of nuclear warfare Concern at present is with countries such as North Korea, Iran Airport security: In the wake of September 11, the federal government has increased its involvement in aviation security November 2001 federal government assumed control of airport security, including a federal security force to check baggage Pre-emptive strikes: George W. Bush’s aggressive national security strategy announced in 2005 that the United States would stop any enemy challenging America's military superiority and adopt a strike-first policy against terrorist threats before they're fully formed “Axis of Evil” Used by George W. Bush in his State of the Union address in 2002 to describe regimes that he accused of sponsoring terrorism and seeking weapons of mass destruction, specifically Iran, Iraq, and North Korea