Download Competency Goal 1:The New Nation (1789

Competency Goal 1:The New Nation (1789-1820)
1. Judiciary Act of 1789:
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Act of Congress that created the federal court system
2. Bill of Rights:
 The 1st ten amendments to the Constitution
 Designed to protect the rights of citizens from government
3. Hamilton’s Economic Plan:
 Hamilton was Washington’s Secretary of Treasury and a leader of the Federalist Party
 Believed the US federal government should pay off all national and state debts
 Believed in the creation of a national bank to promote economic growth
4. Democratic-Republican Party:
 Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
 Advocated weak central government and strong state governments
 Opposed the creation of the national bank
5. Whiskey Rebellion:
 Rebellion of western farmers against the federal government’s 1794 excise tax on whiskey
 Federal revenue officials were tarred and feathered, riots were conducted, and mobs burned homes of tax collectors
 The rebellion was put down and served as evidence of the new Federal Government’s increased power
6. Federalist Party:
 Favored strong central/national government
 Supported ratification of the Constitution
7. Election of 1800:
 Election of Thomas Jefferson as President
 Sometimes referred to as the Revolution of 1800 because the Democratic-Republican Party took control of the Congress and the Presidency away
from the Federalist Party
8. “Midnight Judges”:
 On John Adam’s last day as President he appointed large numbers of Federalist judges in order to keep his party in control of the judicial branch
9. Laissez-faire:
 Hands-off approach to governing
 Approach to governing that advocates no government regulation/intervention in the economy
10. Marbury v. Madison, (1803):
 Established the principle of judicial review
 Judicial review: the power of the Supreme Court and the Judicial branch to rule federal laws unconstitutional
11. John Marshall:
 Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801-1835
 Increased the power of the Supreme Court with the principle of Judicial Review
 Increased the power of the federal government over state governments
12. Louisiana Purchase:
 President Thomas Jefferson purchase of the Louisiana territory
 Created a dilemma for Jefferson because buying land from a foreign nation is not an enumerated power of the president
 Doubled the size of the United States.
13. Lewis and Clark: Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis and Clark to explore the Louisiana Purchase from 1804-1806
14. Alien & Sedition Acts:
 Passed by the Federalist controlled Congress and President John Adams
 The Alien Act allowed the exportation of any alien believed to be a threat to national security
 The Sedition Act made it illegal to plot against or criticize the federal government
 The acts were criticized by Democratic-Republicans as a violation of the 1st Amendment right to free speech
15. Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions:
 Written by Jefferson and Madison
 The states of Virginia and Kentucky ruled the Alien & Sedition Acts unconstitutional and therefore not binding on the states
 Nullification: the power of a state to rule a federal law unconstitutional
16. Hartford Convention (1814):
 New England Federalists met in response to the negative effects of the War of 1812 on their industries and shipping
 Some Federalists advocated secession
 The convention eventually agreed to a proposed constitutional amendment that increased the power of the New England region
 The unpopularity of the Hartford Convention and its proposals led to the end of the Federalist Party
17. Suffrage requirements:
 During the late 1700s and early 1800s only white males who owned property were allowed to vote
18. Tecumseh:
 A Shawnee leader, who tried to unite Indian tribes against United States expansion into the Midwest
 Opposed any surrender of Native American land to US settlers
 Tecumseh was defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811
19. Cotton Gin:
 Machine that removed seeds from cotton
 Made cotton the south’s major cash crop
 Led to a dramatic increase in the use of slave labor on cotton plantations
20. Eli Whitney:
 Credited with inventing the cotton gin and interchangeable parts
21. “Necessary Evil”:
 Phrase used by southerners as a defense of slavery
 Argued that the emergence of cotton as the most important crop in the country made slave labor a necessity
22. Emancipation: Granting freedom to slaves.
23. Treaty of Greenville 1796:
 Opened Indian lands in the Northwest Territory to settlement by United States citizens
 Battle of Fallen Timbers
24. XYZ Affair:
 US diplomats were sent to negotiate a trade treaty with France
 Three French agents (X,Y, and Z) demanded bribes to the French government in order to negotiate
 The XYZ Affair nearly led to war with France
25. Impressment:
 British practice of kidnapping American sailors at sea and forcing them into service in the British Navy
 A major cause of conflict between the US and Britain
 One of the causes of the War of 1812
26. Embargo Act 1807:
 Jefferson’s attempt to punish the British and French for not respecting American neutrality at sea
 Halted all US trade with Europe.
27. President Washington’s Proclamation of Neutrality:
 After the French Revolution, war broke out in Europe
 Hamilton wanted the US to support the British
 Jefferson wanted the US to support France
 Washington declared that the US would remain neutral in the conflict
28. President Washington’s Farewell Address:
 Washington warned against the following:
o Political parties
o Sectionalism
o Involvement in foreign alliances
29. War Hawks:
 A term that generally refers to supporters of war
 During the War of 1812, War Hawks were southerners and westerners who supported war with Britain in the War of 1812
30. Pinckney’s Treaty: Treaty between the US and Spain that secured US access to the Mississippi river and the port of New Orleans
31. War of 1812:
 Sometimes referred to as the second war for independence
 The US declared war on Britain for the following reasons:
o Anger at the British over impressment
o Anger at British support for Native American attacks on US settlers
o Western and southern desires to take Canada and Florida
32. Battle of New Orleans:
 A major American victory in the War of 1812
 Technically took place after the war of 1812
 Made General Andrew Jackson a national war hero
33. Treaty of Ghent: Treaty that ended the War of 1812
34. Adams-Onis Treaty: Treaty from which the U.S. gained Florida from Spain
35. Jay’s Treaty:
 Treaty signed pre-war of 1812,
 Britain agreed to remove their troops from western U.S.
 The treaty was unpopular because it did not end British impressement of American sailors
Competency Goal 2: Expansion and Reform (1801-1850):
36. Missouri Compromise:
 Maine admitted as a free state.
 Missouri as a slave state.
 Limited slavery to below Missouri’s southern border.
 Temporarily ended the conflict over the expansion of slavery into new territories.
37. The Indian Removal Act 1830:
 Authorized the President to exchange Native American land in the east for lands west of the Mississippi
 Act used as the basis for the Trail of Tears
38. Sequoyah:
 Cherokee silversmith (1767-1843)
 Invented a Cherokee Alphabet
39. Worchester v. Georgia, 1832:
 Supreme Court case that ruled Cherokee Indians could not be removed from their lands in Georgia and be relocated to lands west of the Mississippi
 President Andrew Jackson ignored the ruling, allowing the state of Georgia to remove the Cherokee to present-day Okalahoma
 The forced removal would become known as the trail of tears
40. Trail of Tears:
 Forced removal of Cherokee Indians in Georgia to present-day Okalahoma
41. White man suffrage:
 All white males were allowed to vote regardless of property ownership
 Usually associated with the idea of Jacksonian Democracy
42. Stephen Austin:
 Often referred to as the “Father of Texas”
 Led American colonists who settled in Texas when it was still a colony of Mexico
43. The Alamo:
 Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1837
 The Alamo was a battle between Texans and Mexico
 Although the Texans lost the battle, it served as turning point in the war and became a rallying cry for Texans
44. Election of 1844:
 Election of James K. Polk
 Polk was “dark horse” candidate and a proponent of manifest destiny
 Polk promised to expand the US by taking Texas, Oregon, and California
45. “54-40 or Fight!”
 James K. Polk’s campaign slogan in the election of 1844
 The 54-40 line was the latitude line that Polk claimed to be the Northern border of Oregon
 Although promised to fight for the 54-40 border, he agreed to a compromise border with the British at the 49 th longitude line
46. Texas Annexation:
 Texas joined the United States in 1845
 Served as a source of conflict between the US and Mexico
47. Mexican War:
 The US vs Mexico 1846-1848
 Polk provoked war as a means of taking California from Mexico
 The US defeated Mexico and gained the Mexican Secession
 The Mexican Secession included California and New Mexico (present-day Arizona and New Mexico)
48. Wilmot Proviso:
 Proposed act of Congress that would have outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the Mexican War
 Was never passed but served as a source of conflict between north and south
49. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: Treaty that ended the Mexican War
50. 49ers: Nickname referring to people who moved California in 1849 during the California Gold Rush
51. Gadsden Purchase:
 Region of present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico purchased by the US from Mexico for $10 million
 Purchased so that the US could build a southern transcontinental railroad
52. Oregon Trail: Trail used by US settlers traveling to the Pacific Northwest
53. Noah Webster:
 Textbook author and education reformer
 His “Blue-Backed Speller” was one of the first and most widely used spelling and reading textbooks
 Webster was also involved in the development of American dictionaries
54. Ralph Waldo Emerson:
 1803-1882
 Transcendentalist author, poet, and philosopher
 Supported abolitionism and individualism
55. Henry David Thoreau:
 1817-1862
 Transcendentalist author and philosopher
 Supported abolitionism and civil disobedience
 Civil disobedience: breaking an unjust law and accepting the consequences as a form of protest
 His ideas on civil disobedience influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.
56. Neoclassical Architecture:
 Architecture style of the mid-1800s
 Tried to recreate the architecture style of ancient Greece and Rome
57. Washington Irving:
 American author in the early 1800s
 Part of a generation of artists and authors who represented a new American style of Art and literature
 Writings were an example of nationalism after the War of 1812
 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”
58. Edgar Allen Poe:
 American poet and short story writer during the early 1800s
 One of the leaders of the American Romantic movement
59. Nathaniel Hawthorne:
 American author in the early 1800s
 Part of a generation of artists and authors who represented a new American style of Art and literature
 Writings were an example of nationalism after the War of 1812
 “Moby Dick”
60. James Fennimore Cooper:
 American author in the early 1800s
 Part of a generation of artists and authors who represented a new American style of Art and literature
 Writings were an example of nationalism after the War of 1812
 “Leather Stocking Tales” and “The Last of the Mohicans”
61. Hudson River School of Artists:
 School of painters who glorified the American landscape
 Representative of American nationalism after the War of 1812
62. Alex de Tocqueville:
 French historian who wrote Democracy in America
 Praised American democracy and social mobility
63. Samuel Morse: Invented the telegraph and Morse Code
64. John Deere: Invented the steel plow
65. Cyrus McCormick: Invented the mechanical reaper
66. Robert Fulton: Developed the first commercially successful steamboat, the ship was named the Clermont
67. Erie Canal:
 Made NY a major trade center by connecting transportation from Lake Erie to the Hudson River
 Began a boom in canal building in the U.S.
68. Cotton Kingdom:
 Phrase used to describe the importance of cotton to the southern economy and to the larger economy of the US
 Southern cotton plantations exported cotton to Europe
69. 1st Industrial Revolution:
 Advancement in technology during the late 1700s and early 1800s
 Human labor was replaced by manufacturing and machinery
 Beginning of the textile industry and improved iron production
70. Nativism: Anti-immigration movement
71. Know-Nothings: Anti-immigration political party/organization
72. Henry Clay:
 US Senator from Kentucky
 A founder and leader of the Whig party
 Developed a plan for strengthening the American economy called the “American System”
 Known for brokering compromises: Missouri Compromise, Nullification crisis, Compromise of 1850
73. American System:
 Programs designed to create economic prosperity and independence from Europe.
 Consisted of a national bank, protective tariffs, and transportation improvements.
74. Panic of 1819: The first major financial crisis in US History, it marked the end of the economic expansion that followed the War of 1812
75. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819:
 The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States.
76. Election of 1824:
 Presidential election between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams
 Andrew Jackson received more popular votes but did not receive a majority of electoral college votes, as a result the House of Representatives
chose the winner of the Presidential election
 The House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as president
 Jackson supporters referred to the election as the “corrupt bargain”
77. “corrupt bargain”:
 Nickname for the election of 1824
 Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams’ selection as president by the House of Representatives
 Critics claimed that in exchange for his support Henry Clay was selected to be the Secretary of State by John Quincy Adams
78. suffrage:
 The right to vote
 Race was removed as a deterrent to voting with the 15 th amendment
 Women received the right to vote with the 19th amendment
79. spoils system:
 System in which the President rewards friends and supporters with government jobs
 The beginning of the spoils system is usually associated with the election of Andrew Jackson
80. Monroe Doctrine:
 President James Monroe and Secretary of States John Quincy Adams declared that European nations were no longer allowed to establish new
colonies in the western hemisphere
81. Tariff of Abomination:
 Name used by southerners to refer to the tariff of 1828
 Southerners felt the tariff benefited northern manufacturers and hurt southerners by raising prices
82. South Carolina Exposition and Protest:
 Written by Vice President John C. Calhoun of SC under the name “Mr. X”
 The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828
 The document presented Calhoun’s doctrine of nullification and stated that if the tariff was not repealed SC would secede
 Nullification: the power of a state to overrule or ignore a federal law
83. South Carolina Nullification Crisis:
 Nullification: the power of a state to overrule or ignore a federal law
 SC nullified the Tariff of 1828
 John C. Calhoun was a major leader of the SC nullification movement
 Congress passed the “Force Bill” authorizing President Andrew Jackson to use military power to force SC to pay the tariif
 Henry Clay proposed a compromise tariff that resolved the conflict
84. Election of 1832:
 Andrew Jackson was elected
 Began era of increased democracy and political participation
 Jackson is considered the founder of the Democratic Party
85. Pet Banks: State banks in which Jackson placed the federal government’s money as a means of destroying the national bank
86. Whig Party:
 Anti-Jackson party that formed after 1832
 Whigs were similar to the old Federalist Party in the sense that they believed the federal government should be involved in economic development
 Advocated: the national bank, federally funded internal improvements, and protective tariffs
87. Election of 1840: election of Martin Van Buren as President
88. Nat Turner’s Rebellion:
 Nat Turner led a failed slave rebellion in 1831
 The rebellion led white southerners to impose strict restrictions of slave called “slave codes”
89. Dorothea Dix: Led the fight for asylums and more humane treatment for the mentally ill
90. Horace Mann: Advocated compulsory, publicly funded education
91. Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
 She along with Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls which convention
 She was also active in the fight for abolition and temperance, but is mainly remembered for her work in women’s right
92. Lucretia Mott:
 Women’s rights leader
 In 1848 Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls
93. Seneca Falls Convention:
 Women’s rights convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
 Issued the Declaration of Sentiments, based on Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence
 Advocated voting rights and equal economic opportunities for women
94. Sojourner Truth: A runaway slave who became an influential figure in the women’s movement and the abolitionist movement
95. Prison Reform: Prison went from being a means of separating criminals from society to a means of rehabilitation
96. Susan B. Anthony:
 Mid-1800s women’s rights leader
 Founded the National Women’s Suffrage Association with Elizabeth Cady Stanton
97. Utopian Communities:
 Utopian communities tried to create perfect living arrangements
 Common goals such as self-sufficiency
98. Brook Farm:
 Example of Utopian Communities that formed in the early 1800s
 Brook Farm was established by Transcendentalists
99. Oneida: Utopian religious community formed 1848
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New Harmony: Utopian religious community formed 1825
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Rehabilitation: The idea that prisons should focus on rehabilitation and not punishment
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William Lloyd Garrison:
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Abolitionist leader
Believed in the abolition of slavery with no compensation for slave owners
Published an abolitionist journal titled “The Liberator”
Grimke Sisters:
Faced gender discrimination in the antislavery movement
Became women’s rights advocates as well as antislavery activists
David Walker:
Free African-American who published his “Appeal” in 1829
Advocated a black rebellion to crush slavery
Frederick Douglass:
Douglass was an escaped slave, who became an abolitionist leader
Published an abolitionist newspaper titled the North Star
Charles G. Finney:
Known as the "father of modern revivalism"
Believed that people’s destinies were in their own hands
Competency Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War and Reconstruction (1848-1877)
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Anti-slavery movement: also called the abolitionist movement
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Slave codes:
 Laws passed in slave states that limited the movement and activities of slaves
 Based on a view of slaves as property rather than as human beings
 Slave codes became more stringent and brutal after slave rebellions
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Underground Railroad:
 Its not a real train
 Network of secret (underground) escape routes for slaves in the early to mid 1800s
 Individuals who assisted escaped slaves were referred to as conductors
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Harriet Tubman:
 An former slave and African-American abolitionist
 Made 19 trips into the south to lead escaped slaves to freedom as a part of the Underground Railroad
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Popular Sovereignty:
 The idea that territories should decide whether to be free or slave territories for themselves by popular election
 Stephen Douglas was its most popular proponent
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Kansas-Nebraska Act:
 Plan proposed by Stephen Douglas that allowed Kansas and Nebraska to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty
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Bleeding Kansas:
 Fighting between pro-slavery & anti-slavery groups rushing into Kansas to form a majority and win the territories’ referendum on slavery
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Republican Party:
 Party founded in 1854 as a coalition of Whigs, Northern Democrats, and Free-Soilers
 Opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories
 Won its first Presidential election in 1860 with Lincoln
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Compromise of 1850:
 Proposed by Henry Clay
 Dealt with the conflict over the expansion of slavery into territories won in the Mexican War
 The north got: California as a free state, Slave trade prohibited in DC
 The south got:
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o a stronger fugitive slave law
o Texas received money for territory that became part of New Mexico
o Utah & New Mexico by popular sovereignty
Summer-Brooks Incident:
In 1856 Senator Charles Sumner made an abolitionist speech insulting SC Senator Andrew Butler
Preston Brooks, Butler’s nephew and Congressman from SC, heard Sumner’s speech and on the Senate floor beat him into a coma with his cane
The beating helped to escalate tensions between north and south
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857:
Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom arguing that living in a free territory where slavery did not exist made him a free man
The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott and declared that Scott had no right to sue because he was a slave
The Court also ruled that the Federal government could not limit the right of property owners to own slaves in any territories, in effect ruling that
there was no such thing as a free territory
The Court’s decision was very controversial and served to increase tensions between north and south
Lincoln-Douglas Debates:
A series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas for the US Senate seat from Illinois
A major issue of the debate was the expansion of slavery in to new territories and Douglas’s idea of popular sovereignty
Freeport Doctrine:
A part of Lincoln’s strategy during the Lincoln-Douglas Debates was to force Douglas to choose between popular sovereignty and the Dred Scott
decision
Popular Sovereignty: The idea that territories should decide whether to be free or slave territories for themselves by popular election
The Dred Scott decision: all territories are slave territories
With the Freeport Doctrine, Douglas stated that slavery could be prevented by any territory if the people of the territory refused to pass laws
supporting slavery
Free Soil Party:
Mid-1800s political party that opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories
Was eventually absorbed by the Republican Party
John Brown and Harper’s Ferry:
John Brown was a radical abolitionist who hoped to form an army of freed slaves
Brown seized the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry as a means of arming slaves for revolt but was captured and executed for treason
Brown was seen as a hero to abolitionists and a terrorist to slave owners
Fugitive Slave Act:
A part of the compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act required northerners to return escaped slaves to their owners
Based on a view of slaves as property rather than as human beings
Missouri Compromise
Maine admitted as a free state
Missouri as a slave state
Limited slavery to below Missouri’s southern border
Temporarily ended the conflict over the expansion of slavery into new territories
Harriet Beecher Stowe:
Wrote “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” a novel that described the horrors of slavery
The book was popular with abolitionists, but angered many slave owners
The book increased tensions between north and south
Uncle Tom’s Cabin:
A novel that described the horrors of slavery
The book was popular with abolitionists, but angered many slave owners
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The book increased tensions between north and south
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Election of 1860:
The election of Lincoln as president
Lincoln’s campaign was based on stopping the spread of slavery into new territories
The first presidential victory for the Republican Party
Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to the secession of the seven states of the deep south
Secession:
The withdrawal of a state from the Union (the United States)
A state leaves the US and declares itself independent
Fort Sumter, S.C.:
Fort Sumter was a Union Army Fort located in Confederate SC
SC laid siege to the fort and captured it in 1860
Fort Sumter led to the secession of the four states of the upper south
Abraham Lincoln:
Union President during the Civil War
Lincoln’s election in 1860 led to the secession of the seven states of the deep south
Jefferson Davis: The Confederate President during the Civil War
Confederation:
A loose organization of states
The Confederate States of America were a Confederation in the sense that individual states held almost all political power, while the Confederate
federal government was very weak
First Battle of Bull Run/ Manassas:
The first battle of the Civil War
Confederate victory
John Wilkes Booth: Lincoln’s assassin
Antietam:
The bloodiest battle of the Civil War
The first major Union victory
The victory at Antietam gave the Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation
Vicksburg:
Ulysses S. Grant captured the confederate city of Vicksburg
The Union victory at Vicksburg gave the Union control of the Mississippi River
Gettysburg:
The turning point of the Civil War
Before Gettysburg the South was winning, after Gettysburg momentum shifted to the north
Gettysburg Address:
One of the most famous speeches in US History
Lincoln made a speech four months after the battle of Gettysburg at the Gettysburg Cemetery
Writ of Habeas Corpus:
The right of a prisoner accused of crime to ask a court to determine if the imprisonment is legally justified
Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus during the Civil War
Election of 1864:
Lincoln was reelected
Former Union General George McClellan was the Democratic Party nominee
McClellan ran as an anti-war candidate, advocating a peace treaty with the Confederacy
The 11 Confederate states did not participate in the election
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William Sherman’s March:
Union soldiers led by General Sherman cut a path of destruction from Tennessee to Savannah, Georgia
Total War: anything was a target (farms, homes, crops, etc.)
Sherman hoped to destroy the south’s ability to fight the war
Anaconda Plan:
Union General Winfield Scott’s plan to defeat the Confederacy
The plan included: 1) a naval blockade of the South 2) capturing the Mississippi River
Copperheads:
Northern Democrats who advocated an end to the war and a peace treaty with the Confederacy
Also called “Peace Democrats”
Emancipation Proclamation:
Executive order issued by Lincoln that freed all slaves in the Confederate states
Did not free slaves in the Union border states
African-American participation:
180,000 African-American soldiers served in the Union Army
Freedmen and escaped slaves both served
The 54th Massachusetts division was the most famous group of African-American soldiers
Appomattox Court House:
Location in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant
Lee’s surrender represented the end of the Civil War
Robert E. Lee:
The lead Confederate General during the Civil War
Lee’s surrender at Appomattox Court House represented the end of the Civil War
Ulysses S. Grant:
The lead Union General during the Civil War
Grant was elected President in 1868
George McClellan:
Former Union General George McClellan was the Democratic Party nominee for president in 1864
McClellan ran as an anti-war candidate, advocating a peace treaty with the Confederacy
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson:
Confederate General
General who led Confederate soldiers to victory at the Battle of Bull Run
Freedman’s Bureau:
Federal Agency designed to help freed slaves (freedmen) adjust to freedom during Reconstruction
Provided: Education, jobs, and assistance buying land
Also provided aid to poor whites
Radical Republicans:
Congressional Republicans who wanted to punish the south for the Civil War and to protect African-American civil rights more aggressively
Reconstruction plans:
After the Civil War the southern economy and political system were destroyed
Reconstruction was an attempt by the federal government to readmit the former Confederate states to the Union, rebuild the southern economy,
and guarantee civil rights for African-Americans
Presidential Reconstruction:
o Lincoln and Andrew Johnson’s plan for quickly and painlessly readmitting former Confederate states to the Union
o Offered a full pardon to southerners
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o Required ten percent of voters in a state to take a loyalty oath to the US before a being readmitted to the Union
Congressional Reconstruction:
o Radical Republicans took control of Congress in 1866 and instituted a more harsh reconstruction plan than Lincoln and Johnson’s
o The former Confederate states were divided into five military districts and place under marshal law
o The former Confederate states were forced to rewrite their constitutions and ratify the Reconstruction amendments to the US Constitution
Thaddeus Stevens: One of the major leader of the Radical Republicans who took control of Congress in 1866
Andrew Johnson:
Lincoln’s Vice President
Johnson became President when Lincoln was assassinated
Election of 1876:
The results of the 1876 election were disputed
Both the Republican nominee Rutherford B. Hayes and the Democratic nominee Samuel Tilden claimed victory
The Compromise of 1877 settled the dispute
Compromise of 1877:
The Compromise of 1877 resolved the disputed Election of 1876 by doing the following:
o The North got the Republican nominee, Rutherford B. Hayes, as President
o The South got an end to military reconstruction
Tenure of Office Act:
Act passed by Radicals Republicans that required Andrew Johnson to get permission from the Senate before firing members of his cabinet
When Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in 1867 Congress impeached Johnson but did not remove him from office
Johnson’s impeachment:
The Tenure of Office Act required Andrew Johnson to get permission from the Senate before firing members of his cabinet
When Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in 1867 Congress impeached Johnson but did not remove him from office
Scalawags: Derogatory term for white southerners who joined the Republican Party during Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers: Derogatory term for Northerners who moved south during reconstruction
Black Codes:
Laws passed in southern states after the Civil War and before the beginning of Reconstruction
Black Codes restricted the civil rights of African-Americans
Ku Klux Klan:
Organization founded after the Civil War by former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest
The Klan used violence and acts of terrorism as a means of intimidating African-Americans
Tenant farmers: A farmer who rents farmland from a landlord
Sharecroppers:
A type of farming where a farmer pays for the use of farmland with a share (portion) of his crops
Widely used during Reconstruction
Jim Crow laws:
Laws that required racial segregation
Passed by southern states after Reconstruction
The Whiskey Ring:
Federal liquor taxes were increased dramatically after the Civil War
Liquor distillers bribed government officials to avoid paying taxes
More than 100 government officials were convicted
Example of widespread corruption in the Grant administration
Solid South:
From the end of reconstruction until the 1960/70s the Democratic party dominated elections in southern states
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Many southerners continued to view the Republican Party as the party of Lincoln and the North
Military reconstruction:
The former Confederate states were divided into five military districts and place under marshal law
Military Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 and the election of Rutherford B. Hayes
The 13th amendment: Abolished slavery
The 14th amendment: Guaranteed citizenship rights for all regardless of race
The 15th amendment: Guaranteed voting rights for all regardless of race
Civil Rights Act of 1866:
Act passed by Congress to counteract southern Black Codes
African-Americans were granted rights that had been previously denied to them by Black Codes
The Civil Rights Act was eventually added to the US Constitution as a part of the 14 th Amendment
Competency Goal 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896)
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Joseph Smith:
 Founder of the Mormons
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Brigham Young:
 Led the Mormons after Joseph Smith was killed
 Brought the Mormons to Utah
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Mormons:
 Members of the Church of Latter-day Saints
 Founded by Joseph Smith
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Homestead Act:
 Federal law of 1862
 Granted 160 acres of land to any settler agreeing to cultivate the land for 5 years
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Roles of women:
 Frontier women
 Worked just as hard as men to settle in the Great Plains
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Comstock Lode:
 Largest silver discovery in U.S. history
 Brought 1000s of prospectors to Nevada
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Morrill Land Grant Act 1862:
 Civil War federal legislation
 Granted land to states loyal to the Union for establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges
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Sod houses:
 Houses built of blocks of turf on the Great Plains
 There were no trees on the Great Plains to build log cabins
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Oklahoma Land Rush:
 1889
 U.S. granted land in Indian Territory to white settlers and supported a race
 Settlers were known as “sooners”
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Dawes Severalty Act:
 Law that provided for Native Americans to own reservation land privately
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Chief Joseph:
 Leader of the Nez Perce Indians
 U.S. broke treaty allowing Nez Perce to keep land
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Chief Joseph led the Nez Perce to Canada
Nez Perce:
Native American nation
Lived in Oregon but was displaced to Oklahoma
Battle of Little Big Horn:
Sitting Bull (and the Cheyenne and Sioux) defeated General Custer
“Custer’s Last Stand”
Sand Creek Massacre:
1864 Cheyenne returned to Colorado’s Sand Creek Reserve
Militia killed over 150 inhabitants
Wounded Knee:
1890
7th Calvary rounded up about 350 starving Sioux and took them to a camp @ Wounded Knee, South Dakota
American soldiers slaughtered 300 unarmed Native Americans
Brought the Indian wars to an end
Helen Hunt Jackson’s Century of Dishonor:
Novel exposing the federal government’s mistreatment of Native Americans
Buffalo Soldiers:
U.S. troops began a campaign to keep Native Americans on the land set aside for them in early 1870s
The troops included black soldiers called Buffalo Soldiers
Promontory Point, Utah:
Site where the two tracks of the transcontinental railroad met, completing the railroad
Transcontinental Railroad:
First railroad that connected the West and the East
Irish immigrants:
Worked on the railroads
Chinese immigrants:
Worked on the railroads; subjected to violence, discrimination and segregation
The Grange:
19th century economic and political movement
Worked to improve the situation of farmers
National Farmer Alliances:
Late 19th century groups that worked to improve the condition of farmers in the west and south
Southern Alliance:
Grange organization supporting Southern farmers
Colored Farmers Alliance:
Grange organization that represented black farmers, mainly in the South
Omaha Platform:
Political demands of the populist People’s Party
Interstate Commerce Act:
Federal law of 1887
Established the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads and other forms of interstate commerce
Rebates:
Practice of railroad companies giving special freight rates to preferred customers
William Jennings Bryan:
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Democratic candidate for president in 1896
Considered “patron saint of lost causes”
“Cross of Gold Speech”:
William Jennings Bryan’s speech at the 1896 Democratic Convention
Against the gold standard; in favor of free silver
Greenbacks:
19th century name for paper money the North issued during the Civil War
Printed in green ink
Barbed wire:
Prevented animals from trampling crops and wandering off
Refrigerator car:
Allowed cattle to be transported to processing centers w/out spoiling
Windmill:
Prevented crop dehydration regions of unpredictable rainfall
Brought up underground water
Farmer’s Cooperatives:
19th century attempts by farmers to join together to improve their economic situation
Steel Plow:
Invented by John Deere
Made planting more efficient in root-filled soil
Vertical/horizontal integration:
Vertical: practice of a company buying up its suppliers and means of transportation
Horizontal: merger of competitors in the same industry
Interlocking directorates:
Business practice
Same people serve on the board of directors of competing companies
Competency Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial Society (1877-1900)
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Elevator:
 As buildings became taller in the cities to conserve space, elevators were needed
 Invented in the 1800s
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Electric trolleys:
 New form of transportation in the late 1800s
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Jacob Riis:
 Wrote How the Other Half Lives
 Showed nation the conditions of the NYslums
 Brought about tenement house reform
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Ellis Island:
 Point of entry to New York Harbor for millions of immigrants to the US
 Opened in 1892
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Culture shock:
 Initial impact from moving to a different culture with different customs
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Settlement houses:
 Urban institutions meant to help the poor and immigrants
 Offered support, education, arts, sports and other opportunities
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Jane Addams:
Founded Hull House in Chicago 1889
Dumbbell tenements:
Most infamous tenement
Designed in dumbbell shape
Offered little room for light or ventilation
Chinese Exclusion Act:
1882 barred Chinese laborers from immigrating to the US for 10 years
Telephone:
Invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
Alexander Graham Bell:
Invented the telephone
Thomas Edison:
Invented the phonograph and sound machine
Typewriter:
Machine invented in the late 1800s making new jobs in offices
Sweatshops:
Many immigrants worked in these
Long hours, danger & unhealthy conditions
Little pay
Amusement parks:
Opened in late 1800s as source of entertainment
Coney Island, NY
Spectator sports:
People gathered to watch baseball, college football and boxing
Frederick Olmstead:
Landscape architect
Created and designed public parks to create community and peace and foster health
Cultural pluralism:
Idea that immigrant groups should keep their culture and customs and contribute to a diverse American culture
Urbanization:
Rapid growth of American cities
Beginning the second half of the 19th century
Created distinct social and cultural forms
Nativism:
American born citizens
Feared and disliked foreign ethnic and religious minorities
Believed they were protecting America from outside influences
Tried to protect their standard of living from low-wage, unskilled foreign competitors
Melting pot:
Belief that immigrant groups should give up their ethnic identities and blend into one American identity
Bessemer Process:
Made possible the mass production of steel
Andrew Carnegie:
Formed a company to produce iron railroad bridges
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Built a steel mill and an industrial empire
Controlled about 25% of steel production
Created US Steel
Robber Barron or Captain of Industry
John Rockefeller:
Unified many oil refiners in Cleveland into the Standard Oil Company
Robber Barron or Captain of Industry
J. P. Morgan:
Greatest American financier of the 19th century
Raised millions of dollars in foreign investment to help build the railroads
Vanderbilt family:
Cornelius-Robber Barron/Captain of Industry
Became one of the richest in America through shipping and railroads
Edwin Drake:
First person to drill the first productive oil well in the US
Invented an effective drill and pump system
Standard Oil Company:
John Rockefeller’s Oil Co.
Became a monopoly
Ordered to be dissolved by Ohio Supreme Court in 1892
U. S. Steel:
Industrial giant
Andrew Carnegie
George Westinghouse:
Invented air brakes for the railroad
Developed wiring system for telephones
Created drilling technique for drilling oil and protecting natural gases
Gospel of Wealth:
Essay written by Andrew Carnegie
Argued that the wealthy should support institutions such as hospitals and public libraries to improve society
Horatio Alger:
Writer who portrayed underprivileged youths who won fame and wealth by being honest and hard-working
Advised Americans to seek success based on values
Social Darwinism:
Based on Darwin’s theory of evolution
Theory that humans compete in a struggle for existence in which only the fittest survive through natural selection
Used to justify class differences in America
Argued that class differences reflected differences of power, ability, and initiative, rather than injustice
Trust:
Owners of a number of companies of the same business give up their interests to a board of trustees
The owners receive shares in the trust, which gives them claims on the profits of the consolidated company
Fixed prices and wages
Monopoly:
A corporation so powerful it can block competition
Gilded Age:
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Name Mark Twain gave to the superficial and gaudy lifestyle of America’s late-1800s wealthy industrialists
Working conditions:
Harsh, dangerous, long hours, low pay
Wages:
Fixed monetary compensation for work done per hour or day
Very low in the 19th century
Child labor:
Common in the late 19th century
No laws against it
Craft unions:
Organized workers in the same occupation or craft
Carpenters and printers are examples
Trade unions:
Organized different kinds of workers
Laborers, bricklayers, and painters all might belong to a building trades union
Knights of Labor:
Founded in 1869
Trade union organized for all workers – no matter skill level/race/gender
Haymarket Riot:
Workers and supporters met at Haymarket Square to discuss previous day’s violence at the McCormick Reaper Works in Chicago
A bomb was thrown that killed 8 policeman
Caused people to believe labor unions were radical and dangerous
American Federation of Labor:
Formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
Craft union that inspired other unions to join it
Samuel Gompers:
President of the AFL
Eugene Debs:
Part of the AFL
5 time Socialist candidate for U.S. President
Strike:
Union tactic of walking off the job and trying to shut down a company’s operations
Negotiation:
Talks with opposing groups
Mediation:
A third party helps employers and unions clarify their points of view, differences and common ground
Try to work out differences
Collective bargaining:
When labor unions represented their members in negotiations to discuss issues like wages and working conditions
Arbitration:
Settles disputes between employers and employees by each accepting the binding decision of a 3 rd party
Yellow-dog contract:
In order to be hired, workers were forced to sign these agreeing not to join a union
Closed shop:
Tactic unions used to require a business to only employ union members
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Sherman Antitrust Act:
Outlawed business monopolies because they stifled competition
Authorized the nation’s Attorney General to force monopolies to break up into smaller companies
The Great Strike (1877):
Nationwide railway workers strike
Caused rioting in Baltimore, Chicago, Pittsburg, San Francisco, and Buffalo
Pullman Strike:
Workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company went on strike
Workers were angry over low pay and long hours
Co. cut wages but not rents on worker housing
Fed troops came in to keep the trains moving and to break the strike
Homestead Strike:
Five month long strike of steel workers
Shut down a giant factory at A. Carnegie’s Homestead steel works
Eventually unsuccessful but created sympathy for workers
Pendleton Act:
1833
Created the civil service system
Offered alternative to patronage system
Staffed government w/ trained, talented professionals who were hired for qualifications not political connections
Political machines:
Usually corrupt political organizations that trade political jobs and votes for money and support
Found in urban areas in late 19th cent.
Boss Tweed:
Boss of Tammany Hall
Tammany Hall:
Democratic political machine in New York City
Provided more services to the poor than any city government before it
In return, it could mobilize large numbers of votes for candidates they supported
Thomas Nast:
America’s most powerful political cartoonist of 19th century
Attacked the corrupt Tweed Ring
Introduced the political symbols of the tiger for Tammany Hall, the donkey for the Democratic Party and the elephant for the Republican Party
Credit Mobilier scandal:
1872-1873 scandal where stockholders in the Union Pacific Railroad formed the Credit Mobilier company to build railroads
Shares were sold or given to congressmen, who then approved federal money to help build the railroads
Congress did not monitor or regulate how the money was spent
Graft:
Government money that was taken by political machines that was meant for city projects
Whiskey Ring scandal:
Scandal during Pres. Grant’s administration involving a secret association of distillers and federal officials
They defrauded the government of high taxes imposed on liquor
Liquor taxes were set high and then transferred to the Republican Party so it could increase its campaign funds
Populism:
19th century reform and progressive political movement that criticized large corporations and supported farmers
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Began during the economic depression of the 1870s
Income of farmers dropped while their costs rose so large numbers of farmers join such movements as the National Grange and the Farmers’
Alliance
Secret ballot (Australian):
Election process in which votes are kept confidential
Initiative:
In politics, an initiative uses a public petition to propose legislation
Popular vote can then approve the initiative
Meant to give the people a voice in politics
Referendum:
Submits an issue to a popular vote
Recall:
Method of removing elected officials from office before the end of their terms by calling a special election
Mugwumps:
Independents who left the Republican Party to vote for Democratic nominee for president in the election of 1884
Means “great man”
Blamed partisanship for the corruption of Gilded Age politics
Supported civil service reform
Competency Goal 6: The emergence of the United States in World Affairs (1890-1914)
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Alfred T. Mahan:
 Argued that to be powerful, nations needed strong navies
 Mahan advocated:
o Large navies
o Modern steel-hulled steamships
o Naval bases
o A canal connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific
 His book “The Influence of Sea Power on History” encouraged many nations to expand and modernize their Navies
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Josiah Strong:
 Protestant clergyman and author
 Founder of the Social Gospel movement that sought to apply religious principles to the social problems that existed in the late 1800s
 In his book “Our Country: Its Possible Future and Present Crisis,” Strong supported American imperialism as a means of spreading Christianity
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Frederick Jackson Turner:
 Presented his Frontier Thesis in his book “The Significance of the Frontier in American History”
 Argued that American success was directly tied to nation’s westward expansion
 The taming of the frontier promoted strength and individualism in Americans
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Imperialism:
 Taking over or controlling other countries
 The “Age of Imperialism” refers to the late 1800s
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Spheres of influence: Spheres of Influence refers to regions or countries that are controlled by a more powerful nation
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Queen Liliuokalani:
 The last queen of Hawaii
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Liliʻuokalani was overthrown by American settlers to Hawaii who set up a new government and then asked to join the US
Seward’s Folly: Derogatory term used to refer to Secretary of State William Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Russian in 1867
Treaty of Paris 1898:
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Treaty that ended the Spanish-American War
The treaty included the following:
o Cuban independence
o The US got Puerto Rico and Guam from Spain
o The US bought the Philippines from Spain for $20 million
The treaty was controversial because many Americans opposed the idea of the United States becoming an imperialist power
Platt Amendment:
An addition to the Cuban constitution that gave the US economic and political power over Cuba
The treaty included:
o A US naval base in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay)
o Required Cuba to get US permission before entering treaties with other nations or before going into debt
“Splendid Little War”:
Name used to refer to the Spanish-American War
The US intervened on behalf of Cuba in its revolution from Spain
Social Darwinism:
The idea of survival of the fittest applied to life and business
The strong are successful, while the weak are not
Philippines:
The Philippines were a Spanish Colony until it was seceded to the US with the Treaty of Paris 1898
The Philippines were granted independence in 1946
Commodore George Dewey:
US Navy Admiral who led US forces at the Battle of Manila (Philippines)
The US Navy captured Manila and destroyed the Spanish fleet
Theodore Roosevelt:
Secretary of the Navy when the Spanish-American War began
He resigned his position and began the volunteer cavalry division called the “Rough Riders”
Was later elected president
Rough Riders:
Volunteer cavalry division called the “Rough Riders”
Founded by Teddy Roosevelt
Famous for its participation at the Battle of San Juan Hill
William Randolph Hearst:
American newspaper publisher
His paper, the New York Morning Journal, became known for its sensationalism and its role in US involvement in the Spanish-American War
Competed with Pulitzer’s New York World
Joseph Pulitzer:
American newspaper publisher
His paper, the New York World, became known for its sensationalism and its role in US involvement in the Spanish-American War
Competed with Hearst’s New York Morning Journal
USS Maine:
US battleship that exploded and sank in the port of Havana, Cuba
American newspapers (Hearst and Pulitzer) blamed the explosion of the Spanish
The sinking of the Maine was a cause of American involvement in the Spanish-American war
Panama Canal:
Waterway connecting the Atlantic to the Pacific
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President Teddy Roosevelt helped Panama win its independence from Columbia in exchange for the Panama canal zone
Pancho Villa Raids:
A leader and General in the Mexican Revolution (1910)
When the US government announced its support for one of Villa’s rivals, Villa ordered an across border attack on the US town of Columbus, New
Mexico
President Woodrow Wilson sent 6000 US troops under the command of General John J. Pershing to capture Villa
“Jingoism”:
Extreme nationalism
The term jingoism is often associated with late 1800s imperialism
A sense of nationalist superiority that justifies taking over or controlling other countries
Dollar Diplomacy:
Use of American economic power to control or influence other countries, particularly in Central and South America
Usually associated with president William Howard Taft
Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine):
A part Teddy Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy”
Reinforced the idea of no European control of Latin America
Stated that if necessary the US would intervene in Latin America on behalf of Europe
The US as an international police force
Anti-Imperialism League:
Formed in 1898 to fight American annexation of the Philippines
Opposed the annexation for economic and moral reasons
Some anti-imperialists opposed economic competition from Philippine laborers
Some anti-imperialists opposed the idea of denying democracy to the Philippines
Missionary (Moral) Diplomacy:
Wilson’s attempt to promote democracy and self-determination in Central and South America
Rejected the Big Stick Diplomacy of Teddy Roosevelt and Dollar Diplomacy of Taft
Boxer Rebellion:
A Chinese nationalist rebellion that attempted to kick Imperialists powers out of china
The rebellion was put down by an international force including US soldiers
Open Door Policy:
Secretary of State Jon Hay suggested a system where Europe, Japan, and the US shared China and its resources rather than dividing the country
into spheres of influence
Annexation of Hawaii:
In 1898 Hawaii was added to the United States (four years after the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani)
Competency Goal 7: The Progressive Movement in the United States (1890-1914)
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Muckraking
 Journalist who exposed corruption and weakness in American society early in 20th century
 Gave Progressivism much of its momentum
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Jacob Riis
 Photojournalist who wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890
 Showed nation the condition of NY slums
 May have been first of the muckrakers
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Ida Tarbell
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Muckraker whose monthly serial in McClure’s Magazine entitled “The History of the Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s cutthroat
methods of doing business
Lincoln Steffens
Most famous muckraking author of the day who mainly wrote about municipal corruption
Most famous work was a series of magazine articles entitled The Shame of the Cities, which led to book of the same name
Upton Sinclair
Author of The Jungle which detailed the frightening and filthy conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry
Most remembered piece of muckraking; not a magazine story or even journalism, but a novel and a call to socialism
Spurred passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act in 1906
Urban slums
Massive influx of immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to overcrowding and poor housing conditions in the inner cities in the North
Sanitation was poor and disease rampant
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Fire in a New York City garment factory that killed 146 mostly young women, many of whom jumped from the 8 th, 9th, and 10th floors
Led to reforms in working conditions and building codes
Jane Addams/Hull House
Addams was the founder of the most famous of the settlement houses, Hull House, in Chicago
16th Amendment
Granted Congress the power to lay and collect income taxes
17th Amendment
Provided for direct election of US senators (previously elected by state legislatures
18th Amendment (Volstead Act)
Banned the manufacture, sale, importation, and exportation of intoxicating liquor (prohibition)
19th Amendment
Granted women suffrage (right to vote)
Carrie A. Nation
Temperance crusader who worked for prohibition by walking into saloons, scolding the patrons, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor
Anthracite Coal Strike
Strike by anthracite coal workers in 1902 that threatened welfare of country as winter approached
T. Roosevelt boldly intervened by calling both sides to White House and eventually settling the strike by threats to take over mines
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Outlawed business monopolies because they stifled trade
Authorized the Attorney General to force monopolies to break up into smaller companies
US v EC Knight & Co, 1895
“Sugar trust” case in which the Supreme Court limited the government’s enforcement of the Sherman Antitrust Act by holding that it did not apply
to manufacturing
Northern Securities v U.S., 1904
Supreme Court opinion dissolving the Northern Securities Co. a giant railroad holding company that controlled railroads in the Northwest
Helped T. Roosevelt get the reputation as a “trust buster”
American Tobacco v U.S., 1911
Supreme Court case that found that tobacco trust violated Sherman Antitrust Act by restraining trade
Company broken up into several major companies
Payne Aldrich Tariff, 1909
Tariff bill signed by Taft while it cut some rates, increased many others
Taft support of the bill angered Progressives as abandonment of Progressivism
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Mann Elkins Act
Progressive legislation in 1910 that extended the authority of the Interstate Commerce Commission to include communications and strengthened
regulation of railroads
Robert LaFollette
Republican reform governor of Wisconsin, later US Senator
While governor, Wisconsin enacted railroad regulation, direct primaries, child labor laws, workers’ comp. and many other progressive reforms
Election of 1912
4 candidates
o William Howard Taft – Republican
o Woodrow Wilson – Democrat
o Theodore Roosevelt – Progressive/Bull Moose
o Eugene V. Debs – Socialist
Wilson won the election – showed Progressivism/reform still strong
Progressive/Bull Moose Party
Upon Theodore Roosevelt’s failure to win the Republican nomination in 1912, he and his followers left the party and formed the Progressive or Bull
Moose Party
Party’s platform was very reform minded
Federal Reserve Act
Wilson’s plan to establish a decentralized private banking system under federal control
Divided the nation into 12 districts and established a federal regional bank in each (bank’s bank)
Plessey v Ferguson, 1896
Supreme Court case which established the principal of “separate, but equal”
Booker T. Washington
Ex-slave and African American leader at turn of 20th century
Acknowledged white domination, called for slow progress through self-improvement
Stressed patience, manual training, and hard work
Atlanta Compromise Speech
Speech given by Washington at Atlanta Exposition in 1895 which expressed his philosophy
Rather than fighting for rights, African Americans should seek economic progress and show worthy of rights
W.E.B. Dubois
African American leader in early party of 20th century who earned first African American doctorate from Harvard
In his Souls of Black Folks, he attacked Washington’s views and sought higher education for African Americans and immediate restoration of civil
rights
Ida Wells Barnett
African American journalist from Tennessee who led a crusade against lynching
Great Migration
Large scale movement of African Americans from the South to the North in the early part of the 20th century
Reasons for move were to escape Jim Crow laws and discrimination and for economic opportunity
Niagara Movement
Meeting in 1905 of African American leaders led by Dubois, impatient w/ treatment of African Americans
Rejected Booker T. Washington’s gradualist approach and pledged action on political, civil, and social rights
The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Created by white progressives and members of Niagara Mvmt in 1908 on Lincoln’s birthday
Mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and increase educational opportunities for AfAm children
Relied on extensive use of the court system
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Nationwide lynching
Along with disenfranchisement of African Americans in the latter part of the 19th century came an increase in racial violence
Between 1882 and 1900 number of lynchings (hangings) usually exceeded 100 per year
Disenfranchisement
To deprive of the right to vote (franchise)
Trend in the Southern states after Reconstruction was to disenfranchise African Americans
Literacy test
Test used to determine whether or not one could vote
Manipulated use in Southern states kept African Americans from voting
Poll taxes
Annual tax required to be paid before one could vote; hurt poor whites and African Americans
Grandfather clauses
Clauses added to Southern state constitutions that provided that even if a person failed literacy test or could not pay poll tax, could still vote if
father or grandfather had been eligible to vote prior to 1867
Enabled poor whites to vote, but not African Americans
Wright brothers (Orville and Wilbur)
Bicycle mechanics from Dayton, OH who made the first successful power flight at Kitty Hawk, NC in December 1903
Movie Camera
Invented by Thomas Edison in the 1890s
Allowed the motion picture industry to flourish in the early part of the 20th century
Coca Cola
Originally sold as a patent medicine, aggressive advertising led to
Mail order catalogs
Catalogues from companies such as Montgomery Ward (1872) and Sears Roebuck (1886) brought retail merchandising to small towns and rural
areas
Skyscrapers
Considered America’s greatest contribution to architecture, they allowed the use of less land in urban areas
Made possible by use of steel skeletal system and elevators
Earliest proponents were the members of the Chicago School
Kodak cameras
Introduced in 1888, it used technology of flexible film invented by George Eastman, founder of country
Ease of use made millions of Americans amateur photographers and led to field of photojournalism
Airline service
Although Wright brothers flew in 1903, little airplane service in US
Following WWI, with excess of experienced pilots, airline service flourished beginning with US Postal Service and then passenger service
Sewing machine
1st successful sewing machine made by American inventor, Elias Howe in 1842
Isaac Singer’s invention of the foot treadle gave it commercial status
Allowed for ready made clothing
Electricity
Incandescent light bulb invented by Thomas Edison in 1979; soon Edison developed DC transmission system to bring power to homes; later
replaced by Westinghouse’s AC transmission system
By early part of the 20th century electric lights had largely replaced gas mantles in most urban houses
Ford’s Innovations:
$5 day – Ford’s wage scheme that doubled average wage in automobile industry; lead to increased production
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Assembly line – Ford used a moving assembly line to produce automobiles instead of handcraftsmanship
Model T – first affordable automobile, credited with putting Americans on wheels
Workers as consumers – Ford paid workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car so the would become ready made market
Competency Goal 8: The Great War and Its Aftermath (1914-1930)
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Muckraking
 Journalists and authors who investigated/exposed political corruption and societal problems such as child labor, conditions in slums, etc.
 Usually associated with Progressivism in the early 1900s
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Nationalism:
 Pride or loyalty to one’s country
 One of the causes of WWI
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Militarism:
 Glorification of a nation’s military strengths
 Aggressive increase in the armed forces of Europe’s great powers
 One of the causes of WWI
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Alliances:
 Network of nations who promise to protect one another in times of war
 Alliances in WWI included the Allied Powers and the Central Powers
 One of the causes of WWI
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Archduke Francis Ferdinand:
 Heir to throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
 Assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo on June 28, 1914
 His death was the spark of WWI
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U-Boat submarine warfare:
 Used by Germany in WWI to strike back at the British Navy that blockaded all northern European ports preventing supplies from getting to Germany
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Serbia:
 Nation from which nationalists assassinated Archduke Ferdinand
 Ally of Russia
 When Austria Hungary declared war against Serbia, Russia declared war against AH, then Germany (an ally of AH) declared war against Russia and
France
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Allies:
 WWI alliance of Russia, France, The British Empire, and Italy
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Central Powers:
 WWI alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
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Kaiser Wilhelm II:
 Leader of Germany during WWI
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Contraband:
 Goods carried by vessels of neutral nations during wartime that may be confiscated by a belligerent power and thus prohibited from delivery to the
enemy
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Zimmerman Telegram:
 Secret message sent by Germany’s foreign minister (Arthur Zimmerman) to the German ambassador in Mexico that disclosed a German plan to form
an alliance w/ Mexico if the U.S. should enter the war
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Lusitania:
 British passenger ship sunk by the Germans on May 7, 1915, killing 1200 civilians, including 128 Americans
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Helped turn American public opinion against Germany before the US entered WWI
Mobilization:
Preparing for war
Converting consumer economy to a war economy
Mobilizing armed forces
The US had to mobilize to fight WWI
Election of 1916:
Woodrow Wilson won re-election on the slogan “He kept us out of war”
Woodrow Wilson:
U.S. President from 1912-1920
Considered to be on of three Progressive presidents from the early 1900s
President during WWI
Isolationists:
Americans who wanted to stay out of WWI
Selective Service Act:
Passed by Congress in May 1917 requiring all men between ages of 22 and 30 to register for the military draft
Jeanette Rankin:
The first woman elected to the US House of Representatives
Was the only member of Congress to vote against US entry into WWI and WWII
She also organized resistance to the Vietnam War
“Make the world safe for democracy”:
Wilson’s goal for WWI
Wilson said this to Congress when asking for a declaration of war against Germany on April, 2, 1917
Idealism:
Philosophy of something being in its most perfect state
John J. Pershing:
Commander of the American Expeditionary Force that went to fight WWI
Insisted that the AEF would fight in separately from British and French units
American Expeditionary Force:
Name used to describe US forces that fought in WWI
Trench warfare:
Style of infantry combat during WWI
Each side sheltered in trenches from which they would attack the other
Led to stalemate on the western front
“No Man’s Land”:
Area between German and Allied trenches
Mustard gas:
Poison gas used by Germans during WWI
Burned the skin surface and damaged the respiratory system of its victims
Doughboys:
Nickname given to American soldiers in WWI
Armistice:
An agreement to stop fighting
An armistice ended fighting during WWI on Nov. 11, 1918
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Fourteen Points:
Pres. Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI
Listed steps that the world must take to prevent another great war
Advocated free trade, freedom of the seas, and self-determination
“The Big Four”:
Leaders who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles after WWI
Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Eng) and Vittoria Emanuele Orland (Italy)
“Peace without victory”:
Position Wilson wanted to take in the Treaty of Versailles
Wilson wanted Germany not to be punished harshly for WWI
Russian and Bolshevik Revolutions:
Radical group (Bolsheviks/communists) mounted a revolution and overthrew Czar Nicholas II
Their leader was Vladimir Lenin
Forced Russia to withdraw from WWI
Treaty of Versailles:
Treaty that ended WWI and created the League of Nations
The US Senate never approved the treaty or joined the League of Nations
League of Nations:
International organization of nations designed to maintain peace and avoid war
Created by the treaty of
U.S. never joined the League
Henry Cabot Lodge:
Senator who was opposed to US membership in League of Nations
17th Amendment:
Provided for the direct election of U.S. senators by the people instead of appointment by state legislatures
Part of early 1900s Progressive reforms
18th Amendment:
Prohibition
Made sale of alcohol illegal
Part of early 1900s Progressive reforms
19th Amendment:
Gave women the right to vote
Part of early 1900s Progressive reforms
Industrial workers of the World:
Labor union founded in 1905
Also called the “Wobblies”
Fought to overthrow capitalism and was therefore targeted by the government for being communist
Welcomed the unskilled workers that were excluded by the AFL
Self-determination:
Idea that people/nations have a human right to statehood, and that such a state has an equal right to sovereignty
Wilson’s believed all nations had a right to self-determination
Important feature of Wilson’s 14 points
Committee on Public Information/George Creel:
Government agency in charge of propaganda during WWI
Food Administration/ Herbert Hoover:
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Government agency that oversaw the production and consumption of food during WWI
Set high prices for farm products to make production rise and avoid rationing
War Industries Board/Bernard Baruch:
Government agency that regulated the economy during WWI
Allocated goods, establish production priorities, and set prices
Ku Klux Plan:
Secret organization that was created during Reconstruction to intimidate black voters and business owners through violence
Re-emerged after WWI as an anti-Immigrant group as well
Palmer/Palmer Raids:
Attorney General that worked to cracked down on suspected radicals/communists
Began his famous anti-communist “Palmer Raids” in 1919
Espionage and Sedition Acts:
1917 law that made it illegal to “utter, print, write or publish any disloyal or abusive language” against the government or military during WWI
Essentially made it illegal to criticize government policy during WWI
Eugene V. Debs:
Labor leader who ran as the socialist candidate for president 5 times
Went to jail during WWIl for violating the Espionage and Sedition Acts
Schenck v United States, 1919:
Schenck was arrested for speaking out against the draft during WWI
Supreme Court ruled that in times of war, a person’s freedom of speech can be limited
Established principle of “clear and present danger”
Sacco and Vanzetti:
Anarchists who were accused and convicted of committing 2 murders during a robbery
The judge refused to listen to witnesses who gave the 2 men alibis and the men were executed
Their execution was seen as a form of discrimination against immigrants in the early 1900s
John L. Lewis (United Mine Workers):
Founded the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other
industrial workers in the 1930s
Later joined with the American Federation of Labor to form the AFL-CIO
Washington Naval Conference:
Meeting hosted by the US in 1921 and attended by several countries
Ended in agreements to limit sizes of navies
Dawes Plan:
Attempt following World War I for the Allies to collect war reparations debt from defeated post-World War I Germany
The US provided loans to rebuild the German economy so that it could repay war reparations
Competency Goal 9: Prosperity and Depression (1919-1939)
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“Return to Normalcy”:
 The dominate issue in the presidential election of 1920 was the aftermath of WWI
 The Republican nominee Warren G. Harding campaigned for a “return to normalcy”
 Harding advocated a return to isolationism
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laissez-faire:
 Hands-off approach to governing
 Approach to governing that advocates no government regulation/intervention in the economy
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Often used to describe the pro-business republican presidents of the 1920s
Teapot Dome scandal:
Political scandal during the Harding administration
Involved the secret leasing of Naval oil-reserves to private companies
The scandal became a symbol of government graft and corruption
Albert Fall:
Secretary of the Interior during the Teapot Dome Scandal
Convicted on bribery charges and served one year in prison
Hawley-Smoot Tariff:
Dramatically increased tariffs imports to the US
Attempt by President Herbert Hoover and Congress to protect American business after the 1929 stock market crash
The tariff actually worsened the Depression when foreign nations retaliated against the US with their own tariffs, dramatically reducing international
trade
Speculation:
Buying something at a low price, in order to sell it at a higher price later
The term is often used in reference to buying and selling stock
Speculation in the stock market is considered a cause of the 1929 stock market crash
Buying on the margin:
Borrowing money in order to invest in the stock market
Considered a cause of the 1929 stock market crash
Mechanization:
Replacing human (manual) labor with machines
Often associated with industry and the industrial revolution
“Black Tuesday”:
Term used to describe Oct 29, 1929
Five days after the initial crash, the stock market reached its lowest point
Usually associated with the start of the Great Depression
Rugged individualism:
The idea that people should take care of themselves
Associated with free market capitalism and individual initiative
Advocated by President Herbert Hoover at the start of the Depression
Direct relief:
Government providing jobs, money, food, etc. to people in need
Approach taken by FDR in reacting to the Depression
Easy credit:
Due to the booming economy, banks and other lenders were quick to loan money to stock market speculators during the 1920s
Increased speculation and the resulting inflation in stock prices were a cause of the stock market crash in 1929
Installment plan:
A form of buying on the margin
Speculators could pay a portion of the stock price upfront and pay the remainder, plus interest, over time
Overproduction:
In manufacturing, overproduction occurs when business produce more goods than consumers can buy
Overproduction was a cause of the Great Depression
Hoovervilles:
Shantytowns formed by people left homeless during the Depression
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Nicknamed after President Hoover
Soup kitchens:
Soup kitchens were places where people suffering from the Depression could get food for free
Usually operated and staffed by volunteers and/or church organizations
Breadlines:
Breadlines were places where people suffering from the Depression could get food for free
Usually operated and staffed by volunteers and/or church organizations
Radio:
Radio became the primary source of information and entertainment during the 1920s
Radio was used by FDR to deliver his fireside chats during the Depression
Market/advertising:
Modern marketing and advertising began in the 1920s
As manufacturing improved, businesses needed to become more effective at convincing consumers to purchase their products
Jazz:
Popular form of music during the 1920s
Key Figures: Lois Armstrong, Duke Ellington
The “Jazz Age” refers to the time period between the early 1920s and the end of WWI
Silent and “talkies” films:
Movies before the 1920s were silent films (moving pictures only, no sounds
Talkies (movies with sound) originated in the 1920s
“The Jazz Singer”:
The first full-length talkie
Released in 1927
Lost Generation:
Name used to describe a group of writers who were disillusioned with the post-WWI world
Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, and Gertrude Stein
Langston Hughes:
African-American poet during the Harlem Renaissance
Louis Armstrong:
Influential Jazz musician
F. Scott Fitzgerald:
1920’s American writer (wrote The Great Gatsby)
Part of the Lost Generation of writers
Ernest Hemingway:
American novelist (For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old man and the Sea)
Part of the Lost Generation of writers
Sinclair Lewis:
American novelist and playwright
Works were known for critical views of American society and capitalism
Speakeasies:
Places to buy liquor illegally during prohibition
Bootleggers:
Term describing people who transported liquor into the US illegally during prohibition
Babe Ruth:
1920’s baseball player and celebrity
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Considered one of the greatest players in baseball history
Charles Lindbergh:
Made the first solo airplane flight across the Atlantic Ocean
His plane was named the Spirit of Saint Louis
Lindbergh was one of the 1920’s biggest celebrities
Automobiles:
Automobiles were invented in Germany by Karl Benz in 1885
Henry Ford used the assembly line to produce large numbers of inexpensive cars in the US during the early 1900s
Cars revolutionized transportation in the 1920s
FDR’s “Fireside Chats”:
Radio addresses made by FDR to the American people during the Great Depression and WWII
FDR used the addresses to reassure American’s during times of crisis
Zora Neal Hurston:
African-American writer during the Harlem Renaissance
Hurston was also a supporter of Marcus Garvey and the United Negro Improvement Association
Marcus Garvey:
Advocate of Black Nationalism and founder of the United Negro Improvement Association
Supported a Back-to-Africa movement that encouraged all people of African descent to return to Africa
United Negro Improvement Association:
Organization created to unite people of African descent throughout the world
Based on the idea of Black Nationalism
Fundamentalism:
Christian fundamentalists believe in a literal interpretation of the Bible
Fundamentalists in the 1920s came into conflict with scientific, technological, and social change
Scopes Trial:
Often called the “Scopes Monkey Trial”
John T. Scopes broke a Tennessee law banning the teaching of evolution in schools
The trial was referred to as the “Trial of the Century” and drew nationwide attention
Scopes was convicted and fined $100.00
The trial was representative of the conflict between traditional and modern cultural values
Aimee Semple McPherson:
Popular 1920s evangelist
Founder of the Foursquare Gospel Church
Billy Sunday:
Christian Evangelist in the early 1900s
Known for his “fire and brimstone” approach to evangelism, opposition to evolution, and support for prohibition
Margaret Sanger:
Advocate for birth control
Sanger founded the first American birth control clinic in 1916
Founded the organization that later became Planned Parenthood
Deficit spending:
Occurs when government spends more money than it takes in
Forces government to borrow money and go into debt
Social Security:
Government program created during the New Deal
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Provides money for the retired, disabled, and dependent children
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC):
Government program created during the New Deal
Bank closings during the Great Depression caused many Americans to distrust banks
FDIC was designed to restore Americans’ trust in banks by promising to insure all deposits up to $5,000 ($100,000 today)
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC):
Government program created during the New Deal
Designed to supervise the stock market and prevent fraud
Created to help prevent future stock market crashes
Public Works Administration (PWA):
Government program created during the New Deal
Designed to help stimulate the American economy by providing jobs
Government paid Americans to work on construction projects (roads, dams, ect.)
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):
Government program created during the New Deal
Put young unemployed men to work on conservation projects
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA):
Government program created during the New Deal
Restricted farm production during the New Deal by paying farmers to grow less
Designed to increase crop prices by decreasing supply
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA):
Government program created during the New Deal
The TVA is a federally owned corporation that built hydroelectric dams in the Tennessee Valley Area
Dam construction provided jobs for Americans
Hydroelectric dams provided electricity and created demand for goods using electricity
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA):
Government program created during the New Deal
Allowed the federal government to regulate businesses during the Great Depression
Allowed for the formation of labor unions
Was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
Works Progress Administration (WPA):
The largest New Deal agency
Designed to help stimulate the American economy by providing jobs
Employed people in construction and as writers, musicians, and artists
National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act):
Government program created during the New Deal
Protected the right of workers to form and join labor unions
Replaced the NIRA after it was ruled unconstitutional
Fair Labor Standards Act:
Passed during the New Deal
Established a minimum wage, overtime pay, and child labor laws
Father Charles Coughlin:
Critic of FDR and the New Deal
One of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience
Huey P. Long:
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Critic of FDR and the New Deal
US Senator from Louisiana
Began a presidential campaign to run against FDR in 1936
Long’s campaign was based on his “share the wealth” program
Long’s “share the wealth” program: tax the wealthy heavily and give $5,000 to every American family
Long was assassinated in 1935
Frances Perkins:
The first female cabinet member
She was appointed Secretary of Labor by FDR in 1933
Competency Goal 10: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930-1963)
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Axis Powers:
 WWII alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan
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Fascism:
 Political ideology based on nationalism
 Examples of fascist governments:
o Italy: Fascist Party founded by Benito Mussolini and seized power in Italy in 1922
o Germany: Nazi Party founded by Adolph Hitler seized control of Germany in 1933
 Characteristics:
o One party dictatorship
o Extreme nationalism
o Anti-Communist & Anti-Democratic
o Militaristic: both developed powerful militaries
o Expansionist
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Adolf Hitler:
 German dictator during WWII
 Leader of the Nazi Party
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Third Reich:
 Name used to refer to Germany under the Nazi Party
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Benito Mussolini:
 Italian dictator during WWII
 Leader of the Fascist Party
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Emperor Hirohito:
 Emperor of Japan during WWII
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Allied Powers
 WWII alliance of the US, Great Britain, and the USSR
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Winston Churchill:
 Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
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Joseph Stalin:
 Premier of the USSR during WWII
 Stalin was an ally of the US during WWII, but became a major adversary during the Cold War
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Munich Pact:
 Example of pre-WWII appeasement
 Britain and France allowed Hitler to take over a piece of Czechoslovakia (the Sudetenland) in order to avoid war
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Four Freedoms:
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Included:
o Freedom of speech
o Freedom of religion
o Freedom from want
o Freedom from fear
Four basic freedoms identified by FDR
Kellogg-Briand Pact:
International treaty that outlawed war in 1928
Lend-Lease Act:
Act of Congress that allowed FDR to supply the Allied Powers with weapons before the Pearl Harbor attack
Neutrality Acts:
The Neutrality Acts made it illegal for the US to sell weapons to any warring nations
A series of laws passed by Congress before the US entered WWII
The Neutrality Acts were an attempt to maintain American neutrality before the Pearl Harbor attack
Non-Aggression Pact:
Germany and the USSR agreed not to attack each other in 1939
Hitler and Stalin agreed to split Poland and the rest of Eastern Europe
Pearl Harbor:
Japan attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec 7, 1941
The attack led the US to declare war on Japan and enter WWII on the side of the Allied Powers
Quarantine Speech:
FDR called for a quarantine of “aggressor nations” in a 1937 speech
The speech was made in response to Japanese and Italian aggression in the years leading up to WWII
Battle of Britain:
The German air attack on Great Britain in the early part of WWII
The attack was Hitler’s attempt to destroy the British defenses before a German invasion of Great Britain
Battle of the Bulge:
The last German offensive of WWII
The German Army tried to split the American and British forces
Germany hoped to force the Allies into negotiating a peace treaty with the Axis Powers
The “bulge” refers to the dent the German attack put into Allied lines
Blitzkrieg:
Lightning war
Using airplanes to bomb an area before rapidly invading using tanks and other mechanized weapons
Used by Germany during WWII
Chester Nimitz:
US Navy Admiral during WWII
Nimitz was the commander of US and Allied forces in the Pacific during WWII
D-Day (Operation Overlord):
France was captured by Germany in the early years of WWII
The D-Day invasion was the Allied invasion of France to liberate the nation from German occupation
Allied forces crossed the English Channel from England to the beaches of German occupied Normandy, France
Douglas MacArthur:
US Army General during WWII
Was the commander of US forces in the Philippines during WWII
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When he was forced to retreat from the Philippines in 1942, MacArthur made his famous “I shall return” statement
MacArthur was supposed to lead the US invasion of Japan, but the invasion was called off when Japan surrendered following the atomic bomb drop
MacArthur also lead US forces during the Korean War
MacArthur was eventually fired by Harry Truman for criticizing the President’s strategy in the Korean War
George Patton:
US Army General during WWII
Led US forces against Germany forces in North Africa and led the US invasion of Italy
Patton also led US forces in the Allied attack on Germany
Holocaust:
Nazi campaign of genocide against Jews and other European minorities
Approximately 6 million Jews were killed during the Holocaust
Nazis referred to the Holocaust as the “Final Solution”
Newsreels:
Short news clips shown in movie theaters
During WWII newsreels were an important source of information about the war
WWII newsreels were used as pro-war propaganda by the US government
Pamphlets:
Information leaflets dropped by Allied and German airplanes during WWII
Pamphlets contained propaganda designed to undermine the enemy’s will to continue fighting
Airdrops:
Using airplanes to drop supplies, soldiers, or propaganda into an inaccessible area
War posters:
Propaganda posters during WWII
US propaganda posters were published by the Office of War Information
Iwo Jima:
Battle between the US and Japan during WWII
Both sides suffered extremely high numbers of killed and wounded
Iwo Jima was one of the battles that made American leaders concerned about the costs of an invasion of Japan
The battle of Iwo Jima is famous for the photograph of US Marines raising an American during the battle
Atomic bomb:
The US developed the first atomic bomb as a part of a top secret program named the Manhattan Project
The atomic bomb has only been used in warfare twice, both by the US at the end of WWII
The US dropped the atomic bomb on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
After WWII the atomic bomb played a very important role in the Cold War, leading to a nuclear arms race
J. Robert Oppenheimer:
American physicist and director of the Manhattan Project, the US effort to build an atomic bomb
Known as the “father of the atomic bomb”
Manhattan Project:
The American WWII project to build the world’s first atomic bomb
The worlds first nuclear weapon was tested on July 16, 1945 at the Trinity Test center in New Mexico
The project was originally created so that US could develop a nuclear weapon before Nazi scientists
Midway:
A major turning point in the WWII Pacific Theater
The US defeated a Japanese attack on the US island of Midway
Four Japanese aircraft carriers were destroyed in the battle, seriously weakening the Japanese Navy for the rest of the war
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Island hopping:
US strategy for fighting in the Pacific theater during WWII
The US bypassed islands heavily defended by the Japanese and instead focused only on capturing islands that were not well defended but would
help the US in its push towards Japan
Nuremberg Trials:
A series of trials after WWII known for their prosecution of Nazi leaders
The trials were held in Nuremburg, Germany
War bonds:
A type of savings bond sold during WWI and WWII as a means of raising money for the war effort
War bonds were a way for Americans to lend money to the government, and be repaid plus interest
Baby boomers:
Generation of Americans born in the years following WWII (1945-1960)
Baby Boomers became, and still are, the largest segment of the American population
Fair Deal:
Harry Truman’s domestic agenda
Attempted to expand the New Deal
G.I. Bill:
Nickname for the Serviceman Readjustment Act of 1944
Provided money to US soldiers returning from WWII to pay for college or job training, and provided low-interest home loans
Levittown:
The first mass-produced suburb
Became the model for post-WWII suburbs in the US
Named for the builder Abraham Levitt
Northern Migration:
Movement of people to industrial centers in the north for abundant manufacturing jobs during WWII
Rosie the Riveter:
Character used to represent women who worked in manufacturing during WWII
Many women entered the workforce to produce war supplies while the men who traditionally performed this work went to war
Selective Services Act:
Created a military draft in the US in the years just before WWII
The first peace-time draft in US history
Men between the age of 21 and 30 were required to register for military service
AFL-CIO:
The largest labor union in the US
Formed in 1955 when the AFL and CIO merged into one labor union
Taft-Hartley Act:
Severely limited the power of American labor unions
Banned closed shops and put restrictions on Union shops
Passed by Congress over Truman’s veto in 1947
WACS:
The Women’s Army Corp
150,000 women served in the US Army during WWII
War Production Board:
Regulated American war production during WWII
Rationed gas, oil, metal, rubber, and plastic
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Established by FDR in 1942
Japanese Internment Sites:
The forced detention of 120,000 Japanese-Americans during WWII for fear of spying and sabotage
Korematsu v United States:
Supreme Court Case that ruled the internment of Japanese-Americans in detention camps constitutional
Bay of Pigs:
Failed attempt by the US to train Cuban refugees to invade Cuba and overthrow Communist dictator Fidel Castro
The Bay of Pigs invasion was a bad for President Kennedy’s Cold War image
Berlin Airlift:
In 1948 the USSR blocked all roads and railroad access to West Berlin
Harry Truman ordered around the clock airlifts of supplies into West Berlin
NATO was formed during the Berlin Airlift
The USSR lifted the blockade in May of 1949
Berlin Wall:
East Germany built a wall separating East and West Berlin
The wall was built to keep East Germans from escaping to West Germany
The wall served as a symbol of the Cold War
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA):
American spy agency formed during the Cold War
Cuban Missile Crisis:
In October of 1962 US spy planes detected Soviet missiles being built in Cuba
President Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba to prevent the missiles from becoming operational
13 days into the crisis, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that the missiles would be removed
The Cuban Missile Crisis was the moment when the Cold War came the closest to becoming a nuclear war
Eisenhower Doctrine:
Stated that the US would aid any country that requested assistance fighting communist revolution
The Doctrine was specifically aimed at protecting the Middle East from communist revolutions
Fidel Castro:
Communist dictator who took over Cuba in 1959
Geneva Accords:
France gave up control of Vietnam
Vietnam was divided into North and South Vietnam at the 17th parallel line
Also called the Geneva Conference
Hydrogen Bomb:
A nuclear bomb much more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped on Japan during WWII
The US detonation of a Hydrogen bomb in 1952 ,followed by a Soviet detonation in 1953
The development of the Hydrogen bomb intensified the nuclear arms race
Iron Curtain:
Symbolic boundary between East and West
East = the USSR and its communist allies
West = the US and its non-communist allies
Police Action:
Military action taken without a formal declaration of war
Korea and Vietnam were both police actions because the US never declared war
Test Ban Treaty:
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1963 treaty banning all aboveground testing of nuclear weapons
Reaction to the Cuban Missile crisis
Chinese Civil War:
Civil war between Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong and Chinese Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek
The war ended in 1950 with Mao’s communist controlling mainland China and Chiang’s nationalists controlling the island of Taiwan
Israel:
Established in 1948 as a homeland for Jews
Korean War:
Korea was divided along the 38th parallel line in 1945
In 1950 communist North Korea invaded non-communist South Korea
Harry Truman sent US forces to help defend South Korea from communist takeover
A cease-fire was declared on July 27, 1953
The border between North and South Korea remains the most heavily defended border in the world
Marshall Plan:
US plan to rebuild Europe after WWII
Named for Secretary of State George Marshall
The US offered economic aid to all European nations, including those behind the Iron Curtain (no communist nations accepted)
Americans hoped that rebuilding the European economy would make communism less attractive
Nikita Khrushchev:
Soviet Premier after the death of Stalin
Soviet leader during the Berlin Airlift, establishment of the Warsaw pact, Sputnik, the Berlin Wall, the Cuban Missile Crisis
Truman Doctrine:
Harry Truman offered economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to help them fight communist revolution
Example of containment
U-2 Incident:
An American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the USSR in 1960
The incident worsened relations between the US and USSR
Alliance for Progress:
Organization created by JFK aimed at establishing economic cooperation between North and South America
Intended to couther the threat of communism posed by Cuba
N.A.T.O.:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Cold War alliance of Western nations against communist threats
Warsaw Pact:
Cold War alliance of Soviet dominated Communist nations
Created in response to the formation of NATO
O.A.S.:
The Organization of American States
An organization consisting of representatives from 21 North and South American Countries
Cuba was not allowed to participate
S.E.A.T.O.:
The South East Asian Treaty Organization
Anti-communist military alliance founded in 1954 to fight communist expansion in Southeast Asia
United Nations:
International organization founded in 1945 in the aftermath of WWII
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Designed to prevent future wars by promoting international law, cooperation between nations, and economic development
Security Council:
Part of the United Nations in charge of maintaining peace and security in the world
The Security Council was 15 members, 10 of which are elected and five permanent members
The permanent members include the US, Great Britain, France, the USSR, and China
The permanent members of the Security Council are the nations that won WWII
Competency Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity, and Turmoil (1945-1980)
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“Duck and cover”:
 Method of personal protection from nuclear attack taught to US school children beginning in late 1940s
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Fallout Shelters:
 Numerous shelters built during 1950s to protect occupants from “fallout” from nuclear explosions
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National Security Act of 1947:
 Unified all armed forces under Department of Defense
 Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to coordinate intelligence gathering abroad
 Established the National Security Council to provide foreign policy info to president
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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC):
 Set up originally to investigate Nazi propaganda, after WWII, revived as watchdog against communist propaganda
 Most spectacular investigation was of motion picture industry beginning in 1947
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Alger Hiss:
 Former State Department official accused of being part of a Soviet espionage ring
 Convicted in 194 of perjuring himself before the HUAC
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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg:
 “Atomic bomb spies”
 Members of American Communist party accused of being part of atomic bomb spy ring
 Convicted of espionage and executed in 1953
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Hollywood Blacklist:
 List maintained by Hollywood executives of people who they condemned for having communist backgrounds
 Prevented those on list, including “Hollywood Ten” from working
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The National Highway Act (1956):
 Created the Interstate Highway system – economic growth, motorist convenience, Cold War defense
 Spurred enormous economic growth and “highway trade” i.e. McDonalds, Holiday Inns
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Selective Service System
 Selective Service and Training Act passed in 1940 instituted first peacetime draft; expired in 1947, but several draft laws passed between 1948-67
 1975 by Executive Order, President Ford ended mandatory registration, but President Carter reinstated it in 1980
 No draft of men since 1973
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New Left:
 Name loosely associated with radical social movements of the 1960s primarily on college campuses
 Symbolized best by the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) and opposition to the Vietnam War
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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
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New Left organization founded in 1960, it charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America
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Called for “participatory democracy” and greater individual freedom; involved in civil rights and antiwar movements
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Détente:
 Foreign policy mainly identified with President Nixon and Henry Kissinger aimed at reducing Cold War tensions
 Led in 1972 to Nixon’s visits to China and Moscow
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S.A.L.T. (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) I and II:
SALT I Treaty (1972) – Limited number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine launched missiles
SALT II Treaty (1979) – Limited number of strategic weapons and nuclear-weapons launches that could be produced (not ratified)
Montgomery bus boycotts:
Sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest for refusal to give up seat on bus, Montgomery Improvement Association organized boycott of buses
Lasted 381 days until federal courts struck down Alabama’s law requiring racial segregation in public transportation
Rosa Parks:
Civil rights pioneer whose refusal to give up her seat on bus sparked the Montgomery bus boycott
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Most influential civil rights leader of the 1950s-60s
King was an adherent of the philosophies of nonviolent civil disobedience espoused by Thoreau and Ghandi
He earned the Noble Peace Prize for his work in 1964
Malcolm X:
Most popular and controversial Black Muslim (Nation of Islam) leader of 1960s
Message was white responsibility for black condition, black pride, separatism, and armed self-defense when needed
Black Panthers:
Militant black nationalist organization founded in Oakland, CA in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Supported activities to help those in ghettos, however, better known for violent confrontations with law enforcement
Black Power Movement:
Symbol of African American unity in mid-1960s; stressed group strength, independent action, and racial pride (“Afros”, “Black is beautiful”)
Many militants attacked Dr. King’s methods and leadership of civil rights movement
Stokley Carmichael:
Militant leader of SNCC who advocated political separation of the races and violent revolution
C.O.R.E. (Congress of Racial Equality)
Interracial organization formed in 1942 to challenge segregation
Organized the “freedom riders” challenge to segregated bus facilities in the South in 1961 and active in “Freedom Summer” of 1964
S.N.C.C. (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee):
Biracial national protest group originally founded to coordinate sit-ins and boycotts, later voting rights drives
In the middle 1960s, under the direction of Stokley Carmichael, it became much more radical/militant
March on Washington:
March organized by civil rights groups to support the passage of the 1963 Civil Rights Bill
Held on August 28, 1963, it was here that Martin Luther King, Jr. made his “I Have a Dream” speech
Little Rock Nine:
Nine African American students chosen to integrate the school system in Little Rock, AR
Blocked by the governor of Arkansas, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to insure integration
James Meredith:
African American USAF veteran whose attempt to integrate the University of Mississippi caused Governor Ross Barnett to block his entrance and
President Kennedy to send in US Marshals and federal troops to insure integration
George Wallace:
Segregationist and states rights governor of Alabama who attempted to prevent integration in state
Ran for president as 3rd party candidate in 1968 (captured 5 states) and again in 1972 (paralyzed in assassination attempt)
Brown v Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas, 1954:
Held by many scholars to be the most important Supreme Court case of the 20th century
Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, holding that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."
Thurgood Marshall:
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Chief counsel for the NAACP in many civil rights cases including Brown v. Board of Education
In 1967 became first African American appointed to the Supreme Court
Earl Warren:
Chief Justice of Supreme Court from 1953-1969
His term of office was marked by numerous rulings affecting, among other things civil rights, separation of church and state, rights of accused
persons
24th Amendment:
Prohibited poll taxes
Civil Rights Act of 1964:
Outlawed discrimination in public accommodations (theaters, hotels, restaurants)
Prohibited employment discrimination based on race, creed, national origin, and sex.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Eliminated literacy tests for voting and authorized federal examiners to register voters instead of individual states
Women’s Liberation:
Feminist (belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men) movement
One of the major rights movements of the 1960s
National Organization for Women:
Women’s rights organization founded by Betty Freidan and other feminist in 1966
Major goals were passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and sexual equality in the workplace through political means
Gloria Steinem:
American feminist and activist who founded the feminist magazine, Ms, in 1971
Phyllis Schafly:
Conservative political activist best known for her opposition to feminism in general and the Equal Rights Amendment in particular
Condemned ERA as “total assault on the family” and insult to God’s plan for the sexes.
The Feminine Mystique
1963 book written by Betty Friedan which attacked the popular notion that women during this time could only find fulfillment through childbearing
and homemaking
Betty Friedan:
One of most influential feminist of late 20th century and author of the book, The Feminine Mystique
Cofounder and first president of National Organization for Women
Equal Rights Amendment:
Proposed constitutional amendment that provided that equality of rights could not be denied on account of sex
Passed Congress in 1972 and sent to states for ratification; fell 3 states short of ratification
Roe v. Wade, 1973:
Established that abortion is a fundamental right under the Constitution
Decision was based on right to privacy (not explicit, but 9th amendment)
Elvis Presley:
King of rock and roll; 1st major white rock superstar
British Invasion-Beatles:
Influx of rock and roll performers from the United Kingdom (mostly England) who became popular in the United States, Australia, Canada and
elsewhere; the classic British Invasion was in 1964-1966 beginning with the Beatles
Beatles were a highly influential English rock and roll band; most critically acclaimed and commercially successful popular music band in history.
Haight-Ashbury:
Area in San Francisco which became the center of the 1960s hippie movement
Woodstock:
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Rock festival which has been romanticized and idealized in American popular culture as the culmination of the hippie movement
Held in August 1969, it featured many rock legends, The Who, Hendrix, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, and the Grateful Dead
Cesar Chavez:
Latino labor leader of farm workers who helped form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1966
Organized boycott of California grapes in 1965 which led to contract in 1970
American Indian Movement:
Often militant Native American activist organization dedicated to protecting Native American rights
Seized Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1972 and had bloody confrontation with federal authorities at Wounded Knee in 1973
Clean Air Act (1963):
Part of environmental legislation passed in 1960s, it attempted to reduce smog and atmospheric pollution
Clean Water Act (1972):
Primary federal law governing water pollution, it regulates the discharge of pollutants into waters of the US
Environmental Protection Agency
Established by President Nixon in 1970, it is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with protecting human health and
with safeguarding the natural environment: air, water, and land
Ho Chi Minh:
Vietnamese nationalist and founder of the Viet Minh independence movement in 1940s
First president and leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
Vietcong (National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam):
Insurgent organization in South Vietnam composed of South/North Vietnamese who fought US and South Vietnam in guerilla war
Robert McNamara
Secretary of Defense from 1961-68 during peak of Vietnam War
Initially supported expanded US financial and military presence in Vietnam, later became skeptical of this approach
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution:
Congressional resolution passed in response to alleged attacks by North Vietnamese patrol boats in Gulf of Tonkin
Gave president (LBJ) authority to use all necessary measures to repel attacks against U.S. forces and take all steps necessary for the defense of
U.S. allies in Southeast Asia
Operation Rolling Thunder:
Sustained bombing raids of North Vietnam which began 3 months after LBJ became president and lasted for 3 years
General William Westmoreland:
Senior military commander of American forces in Vietnam who believed US could win war of attrition
His calls for more troops led to increased US involvement in the war
My Lai Incident:
Massacre of hundreds of Vietnamese civilians by US soldiers led by Lt. William Calley
News of atrocity led to public outrage, loss of support for war, and Calley’s court martial
Agent Orange:
Powerful herbicide/defoliant used in war; later linked to a variety of health problems suffered by veterans
Napalm:
Jellied gasoline incendiary used in bombs during Vietnam War; highly flammable and adheres to victims causing severe burns
Tet Offensive:
Surprise attack by Vietcong on hundreds of South Vietnamese cities and villages beginning on Tet (Vietnamese New Year)
Although military victory for US/South Vietnamese, it became a turning point of the war because of American public opinion
Pentagon Papers:
Top secret government papers regarding US involvement in Vietnam leaked to NY Times by Daniel Ellsberg, former State Department official
Caused many people to question whether or not government was being honest about war intentions
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New York Times v U.S. 1971:
Case involving attempts by the government to stop the publication of the Pentagon Papers by the NY Times/Washington Post on national security
grounds
Supreme Court refused to stop publication because would be an unconstitutional prior restraint
26th Amendment:
Gave 18 year olds the right to vote
Kent State:
Student protests over American invasion of Cambodia led to Ohio National Guard firing into group of students leaving 4 dead and 9 wounded
Cambodia/Laos
Both were granted independence from France after the 1954 Geneva Conference
During the Vietnam War the Ho Chi Minh Trail ran through these two countries connecting North Vietnam to South Vietnam
Paris Peace Accords
Brought an end to the US participation in the Vietnam War
War Powers Act 1973:
Required president to consult with Congress regarding deployment of American armed forces and to remove U.S. armed forces from hostilities if
Congress has not declared war or passed a resolution authorizing the use of force within 60 days
Fall of Saigon, 1975:
Capture of capital of South Vietnam by the North Vietnamese marked reunification of country under communist rule
Evacuation of US embassy marked end of US involvement in Vietnam
Sputnik:
First artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in October 1957
Marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration):
US space agency created during the Cold War
Established in 1958 in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik
National Defense Education Act
Passed in 1958 after Sputnik in response to perception that US education system had fallen behind Soviets
Purpose was primarily to stimulate the advancement of education in science, mathematics, and modern foreign language
Space Programs:
Both the US and USSR spent heavily on their space programs and space exploration as a form of competition during the Cold War
Neil Armstrong:
On July 30, 1969, as mission commander for Apollo 11, he became the first human to set foot on the moon
John Glenn:
One of original group of Mercury astronauts, he was the 3rd American in space and the 1st to orbit the earth aboard Friendship 7
Computers
Computers became widely used by the US government, particularly the military, during the Cold War
Silicon Valley:
Southern part of San Francisco Bay area in Northern California so named because of region's large number of silicon chip innovators and
manufacturers; later used to apply to all high tech industries
ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile):
Long range ballistic missile designed to carry nuclear warheads
Hydrogen bombs:
Thermonuclear bomb that derives a large portion of its energy from nuclear fission of hydrogen isotopes
Thousands of times more powerful than atomic bombs (as dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki)
Color television
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Television advancement of the 1950s
Microwave technology:
Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats food by microwave radiation
Cost effective technology by the 1970s allowed for common public use
Nuclear power:
Controlled use of nuclear reactions to release energy for work including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity
Seen by some as alternative to reliance on foreign oil; because of safety concerns, antinuclear movement arose in 1970s
Commercial jet travel:
Commercial jets began being used commonly in the 1950s
Made long distance travel easier and more affordable for Americans
Peace Corps
Program of volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America established in 1961 by Executive Order
Huge success and one of JFK’s most lasting contributions
HUD (Department of Housing and Urban Development):
Established as a part of LBJ’s Great Society; purpose was to administer federal housing programs
Head Start:
A part of LBJ’s Great Society, it was created in 1965 to provide comprehensive education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to lowincome pre-school aged children and their families
VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America):
Created by Lyndon Johnson's Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 as the domestic version of the Peace Corps.
Medicare:
Another of LBJ’s Great Society programs, it provided hospital and low cost medical insurance to Americans 65 or older
National Endowment for the Humanities:
Established in 1965, it is the Federal grant-making agency that funds US scholarship, research, education, and public programs in the humanities
(e.g., fields such as history, philosophy, languages, literature, archaeology, jurisprudence, art/ music history, ethics,)
Sam Ervin/Senate Watergate Committee:
Sam Ervin was a Senator from NC
Ervin headed the Senate committee that investigated Nixon’s participation in the Watergate scandal
John Dean:
White House counsel to President Nixon and later star witness in the Watergate prosecution
Implicated himself, Nixon, and other administration officials in the Watergate affair and the later cover-up
Bob Woodward/Carl Bernstein:
Reporters for the Washington Post who
United States v Nixon 1974:
Case involved President Nixon’s refusal to surrender tape recordings to Watergate Special Prosecutor on grounds of executive privilege
Supreme Court determined it had the power to decide limits of presidential power and rejected Nixon’s claim of privilege
Tapes were released and soon thereafter, Nixon resigned
Democratic National Convention 1968
Known for the Vietnam war protest that occurred outside the convention and the violent clash between protesters and police
25th Amendment:
Provides for secession upon death/removal/resignation of president or vice president
Provides for discharge of presidential duties upon disability
Competency Goal 12: The United States since the Vietnam War (1973-present)
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Yasser Arafat-Palestine Nationalism (PLO)
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Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (representative of the Palestine people)
Shared Nobel Peace Prize with Shimon Peres and Yitzhak Rabin for negotiation of 1993 Oslo Peace Accord creating Palestinian self rule in West
Bank
U.S. invasion of Lebanon
Intervention by the US in the Lebanese civil war during the 1980s
Yom Kipper War
War between Israel on one side and Syria and Egypt, backed by Iraq and Jordan, on the other
Resulted in a oil embargo by Arab oil producers against countries, including the US, that supported Israel
Embargo, which lasted from October 1973 until March 1974, led to shortages and increased prices
Camp David Accords
Framework for peace process between Israel and Egypt brokered by President Carter between Anwar el-Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of
Israel in September 1978
Led to historic peace treaty following year between the two countries
Anwar el-Sadat
Egyptian president who stunned Arab world by visiting Israel to discuss peace
Meeting with Menachem Begin at Camp David led to Camp David Accords
Later signed historic peace treaty between two countries
Menachem Begin
Prime Minister of Israel
Meeting with Anwar el-Sadat at Camp David led to Camp David Accords
Later signed historic peace treaty between two countries
Shah of Iran
Dependable ally of US in Middle East overthrown in 1979 by Islamic fundamentalist led by Ayatollah Khomeini
Entered the US for medical treatment triggering hostage crisis
Ayatollah Khomeini
Leader of Islamic fundamentalist who overthrew Shah of Iran
Called US the “Great Satan” and cut off all oil supplies leading to shortages and higher prices
Iranian Hostage Crisis
Triggered by US allowing Shah to enter US for medical treatment
Militant Islamic students stormed US embassy in Teheran, taking hostages
Carter failure to secure the release of hostages hurt his reelection bid
Jimmy Carter
Former governor of Georgia and 39th president of the United States
His administration was hurt by the economy, energy crisis, and hostage situation and he was seen as a less than effective president
Most outstanding foreign policy success was Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt
Famine/Somalia and Ethiopia:
Famines in those countries in the 1970s
Both Carter and Reagan sought to send aid to the countries
Foreign debt
The portion of the national debt that is owed to creditors outside the country
Foreigners hold approximately 44% of the national debt; Japan holds the most, but China in recent years has begun holding more and more
Apartheid
System of racial segregation enforced in South Africa from 1948 to 1994
Involved legally classified racial groups dominated by whites
Nelson Mandela
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Prominent South African anti-apartheid activist and leader of African National Congress
First President of South Africa to be elected in fully-representative democratic elections
Helsinki Accords
Pledged US and Soviet Union, among other nations to respect Cold War boundaries dividing Eastern and Western Europe and human rights within
their boundaries
Seen by conservatives as sell out to Soviets
Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)
March 1983 - Reagan’s most significant defense initiative
System of weapons based in space that would intercept Soviet missiles before they reached US
Iran-Contra Affair:
Illegal arms sales to Iran for the release of hostages held in Lebanon with the resulting profits funneled to the Contras in Nicaragua in direct
violation of Congress ban contained in Boland Amendment
A number of Reagan aides were indicted and convicted, however Reagan denied any knowledge of the affair
INF Treaty (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces)
Eliminated all Intermediate-Range Nuclear missiles
First nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce nuclear arms
Mikhail Gorbachev
Last leader of the Soviet Union
Introduced glasnost and perestroika as reforms of the Soviet system
Saddam Hussein
President of Iraq from 1979 until 2003 who brutally suppressed challenges to his rule from religious and ethnic groups
Stayed in power through the Iraq-Iran War and Gulf War
His government collapsed in 2003 as a result of the US invasion and he was captured in 2003; later tried by Iraqi courts for crime against humanity,
convicted and executed in December 2006
Persian Gulf Wars:
Operation Desert Storm (1991)
o Attack by multinational coalition led by the US to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait
Iraq War (2003-)
o 2003 attack on Iraq for the stated reasons the it possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and harbored terrorist
o War resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s government and his subsequent arrest and execution
o US remains in Iraq for the purpose of rebuilding the country
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Dismantlement of this symbol of the Cold War began in 1989 after East Germany began permitting travel to the West
Began the process of German unification which was accomplished in October 1990
Tiananmen Square
Bloody in Peking military operation by Chinese government that that killed hundreds of civilians and crushed democratic uprising
Sandra Day O’Connor
Appointed by Reagan in July 1981 to Supreme Court
First female justice
Clarence Thomas
African American appointed to Supreme Court by George Bush in 1991
Meager qualifications, opposition to affirmative action, and allegations of sexual impropriety led to dramatic hearings on confirmation
Microsoft
Multinational computer technology corporation founded in 1975 by Paul Allen and Bill Gates which develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a
wide range of software products for computing devices
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Develped operating systems that contributed to the growth of the personal computer culture
27th Amendment
Provides that any change in the salary of members of US Congress may only take effect after the next general election
Flag burning
Done usually as a sign of protest, under Texas v. Johnson, it is at present protected speech
Concern with this activity has caused the introduction of several Constitutional amendments to ban flag burning, however as of yet none have
passed Congress
Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in areas such as employment, public accommodations, public transportation,
telecommunications
Political Action Committees:
A private group, regardless of size, organized to elect or defeat government officials in order to promote legislation, often supporting the group's
special interests
Political Action Committees existrd legally as a means for corporations, trade unions etc. to make donations to candidates for Federal office something that they could not do directly
Geraldine Ferraro
Democratic VP nominee in 1984 election
First woman
Title IX
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 ban discrimination based on sex in any education program or activity receiving Federal financial
assistance
Widely credited for allowing for more participation by women in sports at the high school and college levels
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Invalidated prohibitions on desecrating American flag
Held that flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment
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Texas v Johnson (1989)
Swan v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
S. Ct. ruled that busing, balancing ratios, and redrawing school districts were acceptable ways to achieve integration
William Rehnquist
One of most conservative members of Supreme Court, he was nominated by President Reagan to be Chief Justice in 1986 upon Burger’s resignation
Continued conservative leadership of the Court
WIN (Ford)
Ford’s answer to high inflation and unemployment
Voluntary citizen campaign to curb inflation – “Whip Inflation Now” (WIN)
Stagflation
Economic conditions existing during Nixon’s administration and later Ford’s
Stagnant economy plus inflation
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Brought Mexico into free trade zone with US and Canada
Ratified in 1993 it increased trade with Mexico
Department of Energy
Extended energy crisis of the 1970's soon demonstrated the need for unified energy organization and planning
Department of Energy created in 1977 to deal with energy concerns
Airline deregulation
Airline Deregulation Act passed in 1978 removed government control from commercial aviation and exposed the passenger airline industry to
market forces
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Part of Reagan’s campaign for smaller government, it increased competition
Three Mile Island
March 1989 a nuclear reactor malfunctioned sparking fears of release of radiation and evacuation of area
Rekindled debate over the safety of nuclear power
Energy Crisis
Blamed by Carter on the nation’s dependence on imported foreign oil
Carter urged action in the form of development of alternative forms of energy, conservation, and referred to it as the “moral equivalent of war”
National Energy Act (1978)
Attempt by President Carter to stimulate conservation efforts
Did little to solve nation’s fundamental energy problems and dependence on foreign oil
Solar Energy:
Useable energy obtained from the light of the sun
Seen by Carter as a potential partial solution to the energy crisis
Supply-Side economics
Reaganomics – traditional Republican suspicion of government spending combined with aggressive cut in federal income taxes
Lower taxes gave business and individuals more money to spend resulting in a surge of productive economic activity
Trickle-down economics
Computer revolution
A point in time when computers become very popular and used world wide
Sometimes likened in importance to the advent of print technology in terms of communications
Internet:
International network linking computers and allowing amost instaatnt transmission of text, images, or sound
Originally developed by the military, by the 1990s it was a household word
Contributed to communications revolution as people became more connected
Bill Gates
In 1970s Gates saw advent of personal computers as promising opportunity
Founded software company, Microsoft, with Paul Allen
By 2000, had become the wealthiest individual in the world
National debt:
Amount of money owed by the US government to creditors approximately 44% of which is owed to foreigners
It increased significantly during Reagan’s and George W. Bush’s administrations
Food stamps:
Federal assistance program that provides food to low income people pushed by LBJ
Reagan as a part of his domestic program reduced food stamps and increased defense spending
NASDAQ (National Association of Security Dealers Automated Quotation Exchange), 1990’s:
Technology dominated stock index on Wall Street
Grew greatly during the “dot com” boom of the 1990s
“Trickle-down” theory:
Theory that lowering taxes on high incomes and business activity will promote new investment and economic growth, thereby indirectly benefitting
less wealthy people
Closely identified with President Reagan
Challenger disaster:
Space shuttle exploded in January 1986, killing all 7 crew members
Caused some to question the safety of the space program
Presidential pardon:
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In September 1974 Ford gave Nixon a presidential pardon for any and all crimes committed during the Watergate era
Attacked at the time because Nixon pardoned without acknowledging any guilt
History now sees pardon as probably beneficial to the country, thus vindicating Ford
1976 election:
Jimmy Carter (D) v. Gerald Ford (R)
Carter won by running a well financed effective campaign successfully portraying himself as a Washington “outsider”
Ford hurt by economy and his pardon of Nixon
Jimmy Carter:
Former governor of Georgia and 39th president of the United States
His administration was hurt by the economy, energy crisis, and hostage situation and he was seen as a less than effective president
Most outstanding foreign policy success was Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt
Ronald Reagan:
Former governor of California and 40th president of the United States
His election marked the resurgence of conservatism
His use of supply side economics (Reaganomics) led to an economic recovery during his administration, but at the cost of enormous national debt
His foreign policy was marked by conflict and agreement with the Soviet Union
Amnesty
Most often used now when referring to illegal aliens
Amnesty for illegal immigrants is defined as the government’s pardon for violating policies related to immigration or politics
Amnesties allow illegal immigrants or undocumented aliens to gain permanent residency in the United States.
Elections of 1980-2000
1980 – Ronald Reagan (R) v. Jimmy Carter (D) – Winner was Reagan
1984 – Ronald Reagan (R) v. Walter Mondale (D) – Winner was Reagan
1988 – George H. W. Bush (R) v. Michael Dukakis (D) – Winner was Bush
1992 – Bill Clinton (D) v. George H. W. Bush (R) – Winner was Clinton
1996 – Bill Clinton (D) v. Bob Dole (R) – Winner was Clinton
2000 – George W. Bush (R) v. Al Gore (D) – Winner was Bush
New Right Coalition:
Coalition between right wing grassroots groups that grew up in the 1970s around the support for key issues such as blockage of the ERA, criticism
of abortion rights, school busing, and affirmative action, and support for school prayer
Included business leaders, middle class voters, disaffected Democrats, fundamentalist Christian groups
New Federalism:
Refers to the transfer of power from the federal government back to the states
Represented by Nixon’s revenue sharing whereby the Federal government would give block grants to state and local governments for 5 years to
address needs as they saw them (not as Washington saw them)
Graying of America
The phenomenon of the growth in the percentage of the population of the US that is over 65 years of age due to better health care, lifestyle, etc.
Causes increased interest in public policy issues involving older Americans such as age discrimination, health issues, Social Security
New Democrat
Loosely-organized faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the 1988 presidential election. They are identified with center-right
social/cultural positions on political issues and neo-liberal fiscal issues.
Bill Clinton single Democratic politician of the 1990s most identified as a New Democrat
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Ross Perot:
Third party candidate in the presidential election of 1992 who targeted the federal deficit as the nation’s number 1 problem
On election day, he captured 19% of the electoral vote, the most of a third party candidate since T. Roosevelt in 1912
Bill Clinton:
Former governor of Arkansas who was elected as president in 1992 and again in 1992
Clinton ran as a New Democrat
In his administrations, he presided over the longest peacetime economic expansion in US history, however the were marred by his impeachment in
1998 and the resulting trial in 1999 in which he was acquitted
Al Gore:
Bill Clinton’s VP who ran for president in 2000
Although he won the most popular votes, he lost the election in the electoral college by virtue of the unfavorable Supreme Court decision in Bush v.
Gore
Joe Lieberman:
Al Gore’ VP running mate in the 2000 election and the first Jewish American to run for national office
John McCain:
Vietnam War prisoner of war and Republican Senator from Arizona and unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for president in 2000
His support for campaign finance reform led to passage of McCain-Feingold Bill (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002)
Newt Gingrich:
Author of the Contract with America and one of the architects of the Republican Revolution of 1994 in which they took control of Congress from the
Democrats
He was initially effective as leader of Congressional Republicans, however as time went on his abrasive style lessened his effectiveness
Immigration Policy Act:
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Republican Election of 2000:
George W. Bush (R) v. Al Gore (D) v. Ralph Nader (Green)
Gore won the popular vote, however Bush won in the electoral college aided by the Supreme Court’s decision in Bush v. Gore
University of California Regents v Bakke
Supreme Court struck down medical school’s minority quota policy in admissions
Blow to all affirmative action programs
1978:
US Senate approved the Panama Canal treaties
Camp David Accords
Reverse discrimination:
Discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, especially when resulting from policies (i. e. affirmative action) established to
correct discrimination against members of a minority or disadvantaged group
Affirmative action:
A policy or a program whose stated goal is to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged
(minorities)
Minorities in politics:
Trend in last number of years has been for more and more minorities in politics
Multiculturalism:
Sometimes used interchangeably with diversity
Idea that society should consist of, or at least allow and include, distinct cultural groups, with equal status
Green Card:
Identification card for legal permanent residents of the US who are not US citizens
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Nativist:
Favoring native born people; generally opposition to immigration
Bilingual education:
Teaching of subjects in a school through two different languages
In the US it would generally mean in English and also in a minority language such as Spanish
ESEA-No Child Left Behind (Elementary and Secondary Education Act)
The major focus is to provide all children with a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to obtain a high-quality education
Act uses accountability to close achievement gap between low income and minority students and their peers
Patriot Act:
Passed originally in the aftermath of September 11 in response to the terrorist attacks on the US, its intent was to greatly expand the authority of
American law enforcement to combat terrorism
It came under attack (some parts were found unconstitutional) for its effects on civil liberties
Embassy bombings:
Car bombs exploded at the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in August 1998, killing 257 and wounding over 4000
Bombings generally regarded to be the work of Osama Bin Laden and al Qaeda
September 11, 2001:
Series of coordinated attacks by terrorist associated with al Qaeda on the US using four hijacked airliners
Two airplanes hit the World Trade Center destroying it
One airliner damages the Pentagon and the fourth crashes in Pennsylvania
Approximately 3,000 people were killed including airline passengers, people on the ground, and rescue personnel
Al-Qaeda:
Militant Islamic fundamentalist terrorist organization which has committed multiple acts of terrorism
Infamously known for planning and executing the September 11, 2001 attacks in the US
Colin Powell
Highest ranking African American in the history of the US military, who became Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff
As the first African American Secretary of State in George W. Bush’s administration, he originally opposed waging war on Iraq, but later relented
Osama bin Laden
Saudi Arabian militant Islamist believed to be one of the founders of al Qaeda and one of the masterminds behind the 1998 US Embassy bombings
and the September 11, 2001 attacks
Despite US attempts to capture him, he remains at large
Taliban Regime
Islamic fundamentalist movement which effectively ruled most of Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, until displaced by a joint US and NATO force in
late 2001
US/NATO attack was an attempt to capture al Qaeda terrorist supposedly protected by the Taliban
Terrorist network:
The idea the terrorist groups such as the Islamic terrorist group, al Qaeda, have networks and ties throughout the world
George W. Bush
Former governor of Texas and 43rd president of the United States
Bush has pursued a domestic agenda based on supply side economics, resulting in tax cuts, but also record deficits
Administration had been defined by September 11, 2001 and the War in Iraq
World Trade Center
Complex of buildings including the Twin Towers destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks
Afghanistan:
Taliban was know to have sheltered Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda terrorist; US demanded that the Taliban turn over bin Laden
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When the Taliban refused, the US and NATO forces attacked and drove the Taliban out of power in 2001
Department of Homeland Security:
Cabinet level department created by Congress in November 2002 in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks
It has the responsibility of protecting the territory of the United States from terrorist attacks and responding to natural disasters
War on Iraq
2003 attack on Iraq for the stated reasons the it possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and harbored terrorist
War resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein’s government and his subsequent arrest and execution
US remains in Iraq for the purpose of rebuilding the country
Nuclear proliferation:
The spread to nuclear weapons production technology to countries that do not already have it, the fear being that if more counties have the
technology, there is the possibility of nuclear warfare
Concern at present is with countries such as North Korea, Iran
Airport security:
In the wake of September 11, the federal government has increased its involvement in aviation security
November 2001 federal government assumed control of airport security, including a federal security force to check baggage
Pre-emptive strikes:
George W. Bush’s aggressive national security strategy announced in 2005 that the United States would stop any enemy challenging America's
military superiority and adopt a strike-first policy against terrorist threats before they're fully formed
“Axis of Evil”
Used by George W. Bush in his State of the Union address in 2002 to describe regimes that he accused of sponsoring terrorism and seeking
weapons of mass destruction, specifically Iran, Iraq, and North Korea