Download World History

Bellwork
• Think about the allegory of the cave that we
talked about yesterday.
How does the allegory make you think about
the world around you?
World History
Section 3, Unit 5
Ancient Greece p. 4
Objectives
• Identify the role and legacy of Alexander the Great.
• Discuss the conquest of Alexander the Great and– as
a group– map his path.
• Explain how Alexander’s conquest affected Greek
culture (specifically Classical Greek culture).
• Discuss the achievements made by Hellenistic
scholars in the fields of math, science, astronomy,
and medicine.
• Compare Greek Classical Art to Hellenistic Art
• Define Hellenistic culture– “Hellenistic culture is
______.”
• Discuss the impact of Greece on the modern world
Review
• What happened between Athens and
Sparta?
• Was Greece united under Sparta?
• Who led Athens’ golden age?
Post-Peloponnesian War
• The Peloponnesian War severely weakened the
Greek city-states. This caused a decline in their
military and economic power.
– While Athens became a democracy again, it lost major
power while Sparta was unable to hold on to it’s reign as
a major military power after losing a battle to the citystate of Thebes.
• Despite the war being over, for the following 50
years, Athens and Sparta would continue to fight
each other.
– Question: if the Greeks are fighting each other, what is
stopping an outside force from attacking them?
Macedonia
•Just north of
Greece lied the
kingdom of
Macedonia.
Macedonia
• The Macedonians, who spoke a dialect of
Greek and where very similar, were viewed
as uncivilized foreigners who had no great
society by the Greeks.
• In 359 B.C., Philip II took control, and he
saw the weaknesses in Greece.
Philip II
• Philip, who became king at the age of 23,
was shrewd and fearless.
• He took control of Macedonia, organized
their political structure, and took them
under his rule.
• He organized his troops into a professional
army that utilized the phalanx formation
popular amongst the Greeks.
Philip II
• It was known that in battle, if his phalanx
had been broken, he would quickly have his
cavalry strike through his opponents.
• Philip’s army was unstoppable and, within a
short time, he prepared himself to invade
Greece.
Conquest of Greece
• The Athenians were warned
by a great oratorDemosthenes- of the threat
that the Macedonians were
to the Greeks. However, the
Greek cities could not agree
on any single policy.
• It would not be until 338 B.C.
that Athens and Thebes
would join forces against
Philip.
Philip II
– However, this would prove too
late.
Conquest of Greece (cont.)
• By the time Athens and Thebes came
together, the Greeks had already lost to
Philip’s son Alexander at the Battle of
Chaeronea.
• The Greeks were unable to stop the
Macedonians.
Consequences
• Due to their loss, the Greek city-states were
unable to prevent the advancement of Philips
army who would spread across most of Greece.
• Philip allowed the Greek city-states to
continue to self-govern themselves, but they
were ultimately under the rule of Philip II.
• The Greek city-states, along with Philip, would
come together to form the League of Corinth.
– Grouping of city-states to ensure safety of Greece.
As you can see, everything in reddish to yellow is under Macedonian control.
However, Sparta is not. Why do you think Sparta is the only city-state to not be
under Macedonian control?
Sparta
• Sparta did not become part of the League of
Corinth, the only Greek city-state to do so.
• The Macedonians never attempted to
conquer Sparta and Sparta never attempted
to prevent the Macedonians from
conquering Greece.
Sparta
• The Spartans refused to
be controlled by an
outside force and would
not accept the
leadership of nonSpartans.
• It is said that as a threat,
Philip told the Spartans
that “If I enter Laconia
[the area Sparta
controls], I will raze
Sparta”, the Spartans
responded with “if”.
Philip’s Death
• Philip had intended to invade Persia, but at
his daughters wedding in 336 B.C., he was
killed by a former guardsman.
• With the support of his army, his son
Alexander immediately proclaimed himself
king of Macedonia.
• Over the next 13 years, Alexander would
become a powerful leader and be known to
history as Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great
• Although Alexander was
only 20 years old when
be became king, he was
well prepared to lead. He
had already become well
trained by Aristotle in
various schools of
thought and in the use of
weapons.
Alexander the Great
• Alexander was known
for being ruthless.
When he attacked
Thebes, he killed
almost 6,000 people
and sold the survivors
into slavery, quelling
any thoughts of
rebellion against him.
Alexander invades Persia
• With Greece secure under his power,
Alexander felt free to invade Persia. In 334 B.C.,
he lead 35,000 soldiers into Anatolia, the
homeland of Persia.
• Within a short time, Persians defended
themselves with 40,000 soldiers.
• Instead of waiting for the Persians to attack
first, Alexander sent an elite cavalry to attack,
leading his men, he smashed through the
Persian defenses.
Darius III
• Alexander’s victory
alarmed the Persian
king, Darius III.
• Vowing to crush the
Macedonians, Darius
raised a huge army of
50,000-75,000 men to
face the Macedonians.
Darius III
• In response, Alexander surprised his
opponents and ordered his men to break
through the weakest points in the Persian
lines.
– His army rushed towards Darius, but to avoid
capture, Darius fled the battlefield with his
panicked army.
• This victory gave Alexander control over
Anatolia, but not the whole of the Persian
empire.
Failed attempts at peace
• Shaken by his defeat, Darius attempted to
negotiate a peace settlement, in which
Alexander would receive the western third of
the Persian empire.
• Alexander- despite the urging of his advisorsdid not accept the peace negotiation and knew
that the declining power of the Persians would
allow him to conquer the entire empire.
– Question: why wouldn’t Alexander accept a peace
negotiation?
Alexander conquering Egypt
• In 332 B.C., Alexander’s
army marched into Egypt,
a Persian territory, and
was welcomed by the
Egyptians as a liberator
from the Persian rule.
• He was crowned Pharaoh
and founded the city of
Alexandria at the mouth
of the Nile.
Conquering the Persian Empire
• After leaving Egypt, Alexander moved east
into Mesopotamia to confront Darius.
• Darius attempted to raise an army of
250,000 men and met with Alexander at
Guagamela (gwa-guh-mee-la), a small
village near the ruins of ancient Nineveh*.
*we will see the map in a few slides
Conquering the Persian Empire (cont.)
• Alexander launched a massive phalanx attack
followed by a cavalry charge against the
Persians and broke their lines.
• Once again, Darius panicked and fled the
battle, leading to unopposed victory by the
Macedonians and ending Persia’s power.
• Without any opposition, Alexander marched
into Persia’s wealthiest provinces.
– Within a short time, his army would occupy the
capitals of Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis (pur-sehpo-lis).
Gaugamela (not on map)
Babylon
Susa
Persepolis
Alexander’s other conquests
• Once Alexander controlled south-west Asia,
he continued to expand (rather than
govern) his empire.
• He left Persepolis to trail Darius, whom he
found dead in a area past the Caspian Sea–
dead by the hand of one of his own men.
– It’s said that in response, Alexander killed
Darius’ killer—one of Darius’ own generals-because he wanted the glory of killing Darius.
Alexander in India
• Instead of returning to
Babylon, Alexander
continued east and, during
the next three years, he
would continue expand his
empire and push towards
the edges of the Asian
continent.
• In 327 B.C., Alexander and
his army crossed into the
Indus Valley and met with
an Indian army that
consisted of 200 war
elephants.
Alexander’s march ends
• After a fierce battle, Alexander continued
east for almost 200 miles, but the soldiers
morale was low.
– They had been fighting for 11 years and
marched over 11,000 miles in horrible
conditions.
– Despite his yearning to continue forward,
Alexander agreed to turn back to Babylon.
Plans for his empire
• In 323 B.C. Alexander returned back to
Babylon.
• Excited to begin his rule, Alexander created
plans to organize and unify his empire, which
included constructing new cities, roads, and
harbors.
• He also planned to conquer Arabia (the area
now known as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, etc).
• However, Alexander would never carry out his
plans.
Death of Alexander the Great
• A year after returning
home, Alexander
became seriously ill
with a fever.
• Within eleven days,
Alexander died of his
illness- just a month
shy of his 33rd
birthday.
Death of Alexander the Great
• Prior to his death, he predicted that his
empire would go to his strongest general.
His Macedonian generals fought amongst
themselves until three took control:
• Antigonus (an-tee-go-nus)
• Ptolemy (toh-leh-me)
• Seleucus (seh-lew-cus)
Write these names down in the next slide
How his empire was separated
• Antigonus took control of Macedonia and
the Greek city-states.
• Ptolemy seized control of Egypt, named
himself Pharaoh, and established a dynasty.
• Seleucus took control of most of the old
Persian Empire.
– Ignoring democratic traditions of the Greeks,
all three established empires that would govern
with complete control over the subjects.
Alexander’s Legacy
• Alexander’s conquest- along with his
fathers- ended the era of independent
Greek city-states.
• As he marched through Persia, many Greek
artisans, merchants, and the like followed
behind, bringing with them Greek culture.
• Overtime, Alexander’s presence would
bring together the cultures of Greece,
Egypt, and Persia (eastern customs).
Break: Review Video
• Please watch the following video (Alexander
the Great and the Situation) and take note
on anything that you recognize from before.
Quick Review—Let’s Talk
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What was the effect of Philip II’s rule over Greece? How
did this affect the democratic society that existed?
Although the Persians had more soldiers, they still lost.
Why do you think they still lost (think about who their
leader was and what he was like)?
What was Sparta’s response to the Macedonian rule?
Why did the Macedonians attack Greece?
What was the effect of Alexander’s death on the unity
of his empire?
Who were the three generals that took control after
Alexander? What territory did each one claim?
Alexander the Great’s Role
• Alexander’s Empire
extended from Greece into
Africa and Asia.
• In doing so, he created
various Greek outposts in
the areas he conquered.
• After his death, trade
would spread Greek
culture throughout the
areas and each region
would soon develop it’s
own traditional ways of
life, religion, and
government.
Recall: Dynasties
• After Alexander’s death, the empire was
split into several dynasties:
Who were the three generals that controlled each Dynasty?
Hellenistic Period
• After Alexander’s death, a vibrant new
culture emerged. Greek culture blended
with the conquered Egyptian, Persian, and
Indian influences. This blending became
known as Hellenistic culture.
• During the Hellenistic period, the dynasties
began to speak a similar language: Koine
Greek (Alexandrian Greek) which became a
trading language for the areas.
Alexandria
• Among the many cities
in the Hellenistic world,
the African city of
Alexandria became the
foremost center of
commerce and
Hellenistic civilization.
• At the western edge of
the Nile Delta,
Alexandria was capable
of keeping a thriving
commerce economy
through sea-trade with
other nations.
Alexandria (cont.)
• By the third century B.C., Alexandria
became a diverse community of Greeks,
Jews, and Egyptians that numbered over a
half million
• Alexandria became a international
community, rich with customs and
traditions from across the region.
Alexandria’s beauty
• Alexandria was admired for it’s beauty. Within
Alexandria, one would find:
– Broad Avenues lined with statues of Greek gods
– Alexander's elaborate glass coffin
– Pharos- the 400 ft. high lighthouse which reflected
a large flame off of a bronze mirror
– Library of Alexandria- a museum dedicated to the
Muses: Greek goddesses of arts and sciences. It
contained:
• Art galleries, a zoo, a botanical garden
• It was a home of advanced study and helped promote
literature and the sciences
Alexandria in review
• Much of Ancient Alexandria has been lost,
however, to both flooding and destruction.
– The Library of Alexandria was burned down
and the Pharos fell to earthquakes.
Alexandria’s Archeological Sites
Alexandria’s Archeological Sites
Science and Technology
• During the Hellenistic period, the center of
scholarship moved away from Athens and
moved to Alexandria, which succeeded in
preserving Greek and Egyptian learning in
the sciences.
• It wouldn’t be until the 16th and 17th
centuries that scientific advances would
move past the discoveries made in
Alexandria.
Astronomy
• Alexandria’s museum
contained a small
observatory for
astronomers.
• One astronomer,
Aristarchus, reached two
scientific conclusions:
– The sun was 300 times larger
than the Earth
– The Earth revolved around
the sun
Aristarchus’s idea of the Sun
• Aristarchus did disprove the idea the sun
was no bigger than Greece, but did greatly
underestimate the size. The sun is 1.3
million times larger than the earth, not 300
times.
Aristarchus and the Earth
• Aristarchus did provide the first known
model for the sun being the center of the
known universe.
• However, other astronomers refused to
support his heliocentric theory and instead
supported Ptolemy’s incorrect geocentric
belief that the earth was the center of the
known universe.
Eratosthenes
• While scholars debated
the earths position, a
scholar named
Eratosthenes closely
calculated the earths
true size.
• He skillfully used
geometry to compute
the earths circumference
at 24,662 miles. Today,
scientists know that the
earth is actually 24,860
miles.
– His estimate was within
1% of our modern
calculations.
Euclid
• Eratosthenes and
Aristarchus used a
geometry text compiled
by Euclid.
• Euclid was a highly
regarded Alexandrian
Greek mathematician
who created the
Elements, a book of 465
carefully presented
geometric positions and
proofs.
• His work became the
basis for most modern
day geometry.
– His geometry is referred
to as Euclidean Geometry
Question
For any of the math whizzes out there: What theorem is being
represented here?
Pythagorean Theorem
• Pythagoras, sometime
around 550-470 B.C.,
founded a theorem
that measures the
three sides of a right
triangle.
– Triangle with one angle
at 90 degrees.
Pythagorean Theorem
• The concept was known long before
Pythagoras in earlier Chinese and Arabic
texts (dating to around 1,100 B.C.) and may
have been used by the Egyptians in the
building of their pyramids.
• However, Pythagoras became famous for his
theorem after his death when his works on
the theorem were spread throughout the
known world by Arabic invaders.
Archimedes
• Arguably the greatest
scientist of the era,
Archimedes
revolutionized
mathematics, the
sciences, and
engineering in
Alexandria.
• He made extreme
advances in physics and
was a great inventor.
Pi
• Archimedes first created the value of Pi by
accurately measuring the circumference of a
circle to it’s diameter. He argued that Pi was
between 3 10/71 or 3 1/7 (both would equal
3.14…)
Other works of Archimedes
Archimedes screw– helped
bring water out from a lowlying body of water when
turned.
Heat Ray: utilizing mirrors, Archimedes
was believed to have set fire to enemy
ships if they came too close by focusing
rays of light onto them.
Archimedes Legacy
• Archimedes developed many other devices
during his life, including improvements on
the catapult, lever, and pulley system.
• Hellenistic scientists would later build on
his knowledge and build force pumps,
pneumatic machines, and a steam engine.
Philosophy and Art
• Like earlier Greek philosophers, Hellenistic
scholars believed the universe followed
rational principles. They felt that
philosophy offered the best way to
understand these principles.
• Although scholars would still follow the
teachings of Plato and Aristotle, new
schools of thought would lead into major
philosophies of the Hellenistic period:
– Stoicism and Epicureanism.
Stoicism
• The Greek philosopher Zeno founded the
school of thought called Stoicism.
• Stoics believed in a divine power who
controlled the universe.
– They proposed that people should live a virtuous
life in harmony with natural law. Stoics also
preached that vices such as human desires, power,
and wealth were dangerous distractions that should
be controlled.
– It promoted the belief that people should focus
their lives on what they can control and promote
social unity.
Epicureanism
• Epicureanism was founded by Epicurus and
they believed that the universe was composed
of atoms and ruled by gods who had no
interest in humans.
– They believed that the only real objects in the
world were those you can perceive with your senses
and that the greatest good and highest pleasure
come from virtuous conduct and the absence of
pain.
• i.e., people should be devoted to pursuing human
pleasures.
– Epicureans proposed that the main goal of humans
was to achieve harmony of body and mind.
Art
• Sculpture flourished during the Hellenistic
Age.
• Rulers, wealthy merchants, and cities all
purchased statues to honor the gods,
commemorate heroes, and portray ordinary
people in everyday situations.
Colossus of Rhodes
• The largest known
Hellenistic statue was
the Colossus of Rhodes,
a bronze statue that
stood over 100 feet high.
– The statue was of the
Greek God Helios and
stood over the harbor of
Rhodes.
– The statue, however, was
destroyed in an
earthquake in 226 B.C.,
but is still remembered as
one of the 7 Wonders of
the Ancient World.
Changes in Sculpture
• Art changed in the
Hellenistic period.
• Hellenistic sculptures
focused more on
realism, emotion,
natural postures, and
even began to create
ordinary people in
sculpture and moved
away from harmonic
balance and idealized
forms.
End of the Hellenistic Period
• By 150 B.C., the Hellenistic world was in
decline.
• A new city, Rome, was growing and
becoming stronger.
• Through Rome, Greek-style drama,
architecture, sculpture, religion, and
philosophy would be preserved and become
the core of Western civilization.
Impact of Greece on the Modern
World
• Greece has had an immense impact on the
modern world in the areas of:
– Architecture
– Sports
– Sciences
– Government
– Arts
Architecture
• Architectural styles that the Greeks utilized
that are still used today include:
– Slanted roofs
– Pillars
– Statues in the architecture
– Sports stadiums
Pillars, Slanted roof
Sports
• The Greeks valued and respected human
strength. The Olympics still continues to this
day and is a long lasting tribute to the Greek
spirit of athleticism and sportsmanship
Sciences
• The Greeks developed and expanded on the
sciences including:
– Astronomy (size of the earth, heliocentric)
– Geometry
– Medicine (Hippocratic Oath)
– Methods of arguing according to logic
– Development of the lever, pulley, and pump
Government
• The Athenians developed one of the first
known democratic governments in which
they directly voted on issues. Although at
the time only male, adult citizens could
vote, this system would slowly grow and
become the foundation of the modern
democratic systems used by many countries
that still exist today.
Arts
• The Greeks valued arts
and left a lasting imprint
on them including:
– Focusing on the human
form and creating a
standard of art that
future artists in history
would be expected to
meet (their art would
greatly affect the
Renaissance artists)
– Creating drama and
building the first theatres
– Inventing both classical
and Hellenistic art
Questions
• If you have any questions, please ask now.
Closure Activity
• Think back to everything that we have
talked about when it comes to Greece.
• On a separate ½ sheet of paper, write 1
question that you feel like didn’t get
answered and 2 new things you learned
about Ancient Greece throughout the last
three lessons– you have three minutes.
• If I call on you, you may throw your paper
ball at me.
Review the Objectives
• Identify the role and legacy of Alexander the Great.
• Discuss the conquest of Alexander the Great and– as
a group– map his path.
• Explain how Alexander’s conquest affected Greek
culture (specifically Classical Greek culture).
• Discuss the achievements made by Hellenistic
scholars in the fields of math, science, astronomy,
and medicine.
• Compare Greek Classical Art to Hellenistic Art
• Define Hellenistic culture– “Hellenistic culture is
______.”
• Discuss the impact of Greece on the modern world
Next lesson
• In the next lesson, we are going to move
into Ancient Rome and discuss their culture
and civilization.
Reflection
In this review, I want you to write a
reflection– that it as least 1 ½ pages long–
that discusses what you learned in this
lesson. In this reflection, you should talk
about some of the following concepts:
• Hellenistic versus classical Greek culture
• The effect of Alexander the Great on the culture of
the region.
• Alexander’s reign.
• The scientific and mathematic contributions of
Hellenistic culture.