Download STUDY GUIDE EXAM I

STUDY GUIDE EXAM III
BIOLOGY 103-001, ( Dr. Kocache)
Exam Date is Wednesday November 15, 2006
section 001: 9:00 am
1. Come on time ( no excuses). No one will be allowed to take the exam
once another person has left the room.
2. Bring a green scantron with you has 100 questions and at least 2 pencils.
3. Bring GMU ID
4. Know your LAB INSTRUCTOR"S NAME to get your exams back
5. Good Luck
6. Exam covers chapters 8, 9 and 10
Here are some terms that you have to understand: This is NOT ENOUGH to
pass the exam, you have to also learn the information.
mitosis, meiosis, diploid, haploid, chromosome, chromatin, centromere,
centrosome, mitotic spindle, gamete, synapsis, crossing over, sister
chromatids, homologous chromosomes, cytokinesis, non-disjunction, somatic
cells, autosomes, allele, phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous,
monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, pedigree.
Chapter 8
MITOSIS
Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction. What is binary
fission? Define mitosis. Which type of cells does mitosis occur in? What are
the functions of mitosis? What is the end product of mitosis? How many
cells/ Is it diploid or haploid? What type of cells undergo mitosis all the
time, what type do not go through mitosis? What is the cell cycle? what are
the stages? what happens in G1, S, and G2? Is interphase part of mitosis?
Understand what happens in each stage prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telophase. What is the difference between cytokinesis in animal and plant
cells? be familiar with the pictures of each stage. Ex: if a mother cell with 8
chromosomes undergoes mitosis, how many daughter cells and how many
chromosomes do they have? are they diploid or haploid?
MEIOSIS
What is meiosis? List and compare mitosis with meiosis. What kind of cells
does it occur in? what is the result of a cell dividing by mitosis? How many
cells are formed? Are they haploid or diploid? What is synapsis, crossing
over? when do they occur? Be familiar with what happens in each stage of
meiosis: prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophaseI, prophase II,
metaphaseII, anaphaseII, telophaseII. Remember that meiosis II is exactly
like mitosis. If a mother cell with 8 chromosomes goes through meiosis, how
many cells with how many chromosomes do you get at the end of the
division? What is 2n cell, 1n cell? What is non-disjunction? When can it
occur? What are the results? What is Trisomy 21? What is Downs
syndrome? what is a karyotype? Can non-disjunction occur with sex
chromosomes? What are some of the results?
Chapter 9
Who is the Father of genetics? Demonstrate a monohybrid cross and
identify P generation, F1, and F2. Make sure you can do a Punnett square. Be
able to determine what gametes are made from each individual genotype.
differentiate between genotype and phenotype. What is the phenotypic ratio
of a monohybrid homozygous cross? genotypic ratio? What is the phenotypic
ratio of a monohybrid heterozygote dominant and homozygous recessive?
RECESSIVE TRAITS ARE ALWAYS HOMOZYGOUS. Demonstrate an
incomplete cross ( Pink flowers). What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio
of this cross? Demonstrate a co dominant cross ( blood types). Demonstrate
a dihybrid cross. Make sure you can get all combinations of gametes. What is
the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross?(9:3:3:1). What is a test cross?
Understand what are the results of a homozygous or heterozygous cross.
What is polygenic inheritance? What are some examples of polygenic traits?
What are sex-linked traits? Give examples. Understand pedigree charts,
squares, circles, shaded. Learn and understand inheritance of recessive and
dominant genetic and sex linked disorders: Cystic fibrosis, Tay Sach's,
achondroplasia, Huntington's, hemophilia, color blindness, etc.. who
determines the sex of a child? Can you solve a sex linked genetic problem?
Can you figure out probability of occurrence of a certain trait in children?
How many children might be affected? Practice on pedigrees where mother
is colorblind, father is color blind, mother is carrier etc..
Practice problems:
1. Give all possible gametes:
SS, TTss, TtGg, AaBb, Bb, Ttgg
2. Both a man and a woman are heterozygous for freckles. freckles are
dominant. What percentage of their children will have freckles? Can they
have a child with no freckles?
3. What are the F1 and F2 genotypes and phenotypes of a black lab (Bb) with
a brown lab (bb)?
4. A father has dimples, mother has no dimples. dimples are dominant (D). All
the children have dimples. what are the genotypes of both parents and all
the children?
5. A child has sickle cell anemia ( recessive, s). His parents are normal. what
are the genotypes of the parents and the child? What is the probability that
they will have a normal child?
6. A person has dimples and freckles reproduces with a person that has no
dimples and no freckles. They have one child with no dimples and no freckles
and one with both dimples and freckles. What are the genotypes of
everybody?
7. A person with blood type A reproduces with a person with blood type B.
they have one child with type AB, and one type O. How is that possible?
Show all genotypes.
8. A person with type AB reproduces with a person with type A. What are
the possible blood types that their children can have?
9. A normal mother and father have a son with hemophilia. What are the
genotypes of the parents? Where did the allele for hemophilia come from?
10. A normal male reproduces with a female that is a carrier for color
blindness. How many of their male and female children will have the disease?
How many of their male and female children will be carriers?
11. Both parents are right handed (R, dominant) and normal vision. Their son
is left handed and color blind. Give the genotypes of mother, father and son.
I encourage you to try as many of the problems as possible. Also try to
have pedigrees of families and trace them back.
CHAPTER 10: DNA
1. Know the names and contributions of Hershey, Chase, Franklin, Wilkins,
Watson and Crick.
2. What is a nucleic acid? What is it made of? ( 3 parts)
3. What is the difference between DNA and RNA? What sugars are found in
each and what bases?
4. What is a double helix? What does it mean that the strands of DNA are
complementary?
5. How does DNA replication occur? What are the enzymes involved? What
is the difference between a leading and a lagging strand? What does it mean
that DNA replication is semi conservative?
6. What is transcription? What are the enzymes called? Where does it start
on the DNA strand? Where does it occur in the cell?
7. Know how to get the sequence of a DNA strand or RNA strand from
another piece of DNA.
8. What is translation? Where does it occur in the cell? What does it need?
what is the function of t-RNA, m-RNA, and ribosome?
9. What is a codon? What is the genetic code? What does it mean that it is
redundant? What are the start and stop codons?
10. What is a mutation? What is the difference between a point mutation
and a frame shift mutation?
11. What is a virus? What is a bacteriophage? How do they replicate? what
do they contain? What kind of virus is HIV? What is unique about this virus?
12. What is cloning? Briefly, understand the mechanism most commonly used.
Who is Dolly? How was she created? What are stem cells? What is the
difference between embryonic and adult stem cells? What are their
characteristics? What can they be used for?