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I. Identification Words
A. Chapter 33
1.
“Brains Trust”
a. Reform-minded intellectuals, wrote many of Roosevelt’s speeches, authored much of the New Deal
legislation
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The 3 R’s
a. Relief, Recovery, Reform, Roosevelt’s New Deal, following the Great Depression
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The 100 Days
a. March 9-June 16, 1933, Congress passed Roosevelt’s New Deal legislations, gave prez much power
4.
CCC
a. Civilian Conservation Corps, 1933, provided millions w/ employment, reforestation, firefighting, flood
control, swamp drainage, etc.
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FERA
a. Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933, run by Hopkins, provided state assistance for the
unemployed, provided jobs
6.
AAA
a. Agricultural Adjustment Act/Admin., 1933, helped farmers meet their mortgages, paid farmers to reduce
crop area, established parity prices for basic commodities
7.
TVA
a. Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933, created to generate electric power + control floods, provided employment
8.
NIRA
a. National Industrial Recovery Act, 1933, established codes of fair competition, created NRA, overturned by
the S. Court in Schechter decision
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PWA
a. Public Works Administration, 1933, headed by Ickes, intended for industrial recovery + unemployment
relief, long-range recovery K, K project included Grand Coulee Dam
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WPA
a. Works Progress Administration, 1935, provided employment on public projects
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SEC
a. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1934, created to enforce Federal securities laws + regulate securities
industry
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Glass-Steagall Act
a. 1933, created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insured individual deposits up to $5k
13.
The Wagner Act
a. 1935, K for labor, created National Labor Relations Board, reasserted the right of labor to self-organize and
bargain collectively
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Father Coughlin
a. Catholic priest, demagogue, broadcasting K, slogan = “Social Justice,” anti-New Deal harangues
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Huey Long
a. Senator, “Kingfish,” demagogue, publicized his “Share Our Wealth” program
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Dr. Francis Townsend
a. Retired physician, demagogue, attracted senior citizens w/ plan to give them $
17.
Harry Hopkins
a. NY social worker, headed FERA, K architect of New Deal, advised Roosevelt
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Mary McLeod Bethune
a. Director of Office of Minority Affairs in National Youth Administration, highest-ranking African American
in Roosevelt administration
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Frances Perkins
a. Secretary of Labor, first woman cabinet member, K in social security
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Ruth Benedict
a. Anthropologist, carried on work of mentor Frank Boas, developed the culture and personality movement,
Patterns of Culture
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Pearl Buck
a. Novelist, introduced American readers to Chinese peasant society, The Good Earth, won Nobel Prize
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The Blue Eagle
a. Symbol of the NRA, codes of fair competition K, placed on merchants’ windows
23.
Schechter v. the U.S.
a. 1935, S. Court overturned NIRA (NRA), “sick chicken” case Congress couldn’t delegate legislative powers
to executive, invalidated regulations of poultry industry via price/wage fixing
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U.S. v. Butler
a. 1936, AAA processing tax held unconstitutional
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Harold Ickes
a. Secretary of Interior, headed the PWA, former bull mooser
Henry Wallace
a. Elected VP of Roosevelt (1940), Sec. of Agriculture, Sec. of Commerce, chairman of BEW + SPAB
John Collier
a. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, sought to reverse the forced-assimilation policies of Dawes Act, promoted
Indian Reorganization Act
Social Security Act
a. 1935, provided for federal-state unemployment insurance, paid retired workers
John L. Lewis
a. Boss of United Mine Workers, formed the CIO, united labor against big business
C.I.O.
a. Committee for Industrial Organization, formed by Lewis, K in automobile industry, later became Congress
of Industrial Organizations
Alfred Landon
a. Republican prez candidate (1936), gov. of Kansas, lost election
The 20th Amendment
a. 1933, swept away postelection lameduck session of Congress + shortened by 6 weeks the period b4
inauguration
The 21st Amendment
a. 1933, repealed 18th amendment (prohibition), alcohol = legal again
John Maynard Keynes
a. British economist, influenced Roosevelt to stimulate economy by planned deficit spending
The Hatch Act
a. 1939, barred most fed. administrative officials from active political campaigning + soliciting, forbade the use
of gov. funds for political purposes, forbade collecting campaign contributions from ppl receiving relief
payments
The Reorganization Act
a. 1939, gave Roosevelt limited powers for administrative reforms, including key new Executive Office in
White House
The New Left
a. Radical left-wing movements from 1960s onwards, social activism K, criticized the New Deal
The Roosevelt Purge
a. 1938 elections, Roosevelt tried to purge members of Congress who would not lockstep w/ him, 3 senators he
opposed were all reelected
B. Chapter 34
1.
London Economic Conference [1933]
a. Delegates wanted to attack the global depression, stabilizing currencies K, exchange-rate stabilization K,
Roosevelt scolded the conference, conference failed, isolationism K
2.
Tydings-McDuffie Act
a. 1934, provided for Philippines’s independence after a 12-year period of economic + political tutelage, army
bases relinquished, naval bases retained
3.
Pan-American Conference [1933]
a. U.S. formally endorsed nonintervention, Good Neighbor policy K, troops out of Haiti, Cuba released from
Platt Amendment
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Good Neighbor Policy
a. Goodwill to Latin America, nonintervention, Pan-American Conference K
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Cordell Hull
a. Sec. of State, Good Neighbor policy K, reciprocal trade agreements K
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Reciprocal Trade Agreements
a. 1934, Good Neighbor policy K, prez authorized to lower tariffs by 50%, lowered tariffs
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Johnson Debt Default Act
a. 1934, prevented debt-dodging nations from borrowing in the US, isolationism K
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The Nye Committee
a. 1934, investigated causes of US entry into WWI, sensationalized evidence about America’s entry into WWI,
shifted blame onto American bankers + arms manufacturers
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Neutrality Laws [1935-37]
a. When the prez proclaimed existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect,
no sailing on belligerent ships, no trading or loaning to belligerents, isolationism K
10.
Francisco Franco
a. Fascistic Spanish general, undertook to overthrow Loyalist regime, Spanish Civil War K
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Marco Polo Bridge Incident
a. 1937, Japanese militarists touched off explosion that led to all-out invasion of China
Quarantine Speech
a. 1937, Roosevelt called for positive endeavors to quarantine aggressors, trial balloon K
The Panay
a. American gunboat, bombed by Japanese aviators (1937), Japan apologized
The Rhineland [1936]
a. Nazi Germany reoccupied it, flouted the Treaty of Versailles, persecuted Jews
Munich [1938]
a. Conference of W. European democracies, betrayed Czechoslovakia to Germany by consenting to the
shearing away of Sudetenland, concessions made to Hitler, appeasement
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact [1939]
a. Hitler-Stalin Pact, non-aggression treaty b/w German Third Reich + Soviet Union
Dunkirk
a. French port, evacuation of British forces (1940), salvaged their army
America First Committee
a. Isolationists, contended that America should concentrate its efforts to defend itself
Committee to Defend America
a. Supporters of aid to Britain, propaganda group, aiding allies K
Destroyer Deal [1940]
a. Roosevelt agreed to transfer 50 destroyers to Great Britain, Britain handed over 8 defensive base sites,
flagrant violation of neutrality
Wendell Willkie
a. Lawyer, former Democrat, Republican prez candidate (1940), lost election
Henry Wallace
a. Roosevelt’s VP (1940), Sec. of Agriculture, Sec. of Commerce, chairman of BEW + SPAB
Lend-Lease Act
a. Send guns not sons, sent limitless supply of arms to victims of aggression, they would finish the job + return
the weapons or their equivalents after the war, economic declaration of war, boosted the economy
The Atlantic Charter [1941]
a. 8 points, promised no territorial changes, affirmed the right of ppl to choose their gov., declared for
disarmament and a peace of security, advocated a system of general security
The Greer; Kearny; Reuben James
a. U.S. destroyer Greer attacked by U-boat (1941); destroyer Kearny attacked by U-boat; destroyer Reuben
James torpedoed and sunk
“Magic”
a. US codename for intelligence derived from cryptanalysis of PURPLE (a Japanese foreign office cipher),
confusion over Pearl Harbor attack K
C. Chapter 35
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Executive Order 9066
a. 1942, Japanese internment K, declared areas as military areas to exclude ppl
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Korematsu v. U.S.
a. 1944, S. Court upheld constitutionality of Japanese relocation
3.
Issei, Nissei
a. Issei = Japanese word for “first,” Japanese immigrants; Nissei = Japanese word for “second,” American-born
children of Japanese
4.
WPB
a. War Production Board, regulated production + allocation of materials + fuel, halted the manufacture of
nonessential items, rationing K
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Donald Nelson
a. Chairman of War Production Board, emissary to China
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Henry Kaiser
a. Shipbuilder, “Sir Launchalot,” fast ship construction K
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OPA
a. Office of Price Administration, regulated inflation, controlled prices
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Smith-Connally Act
a. 1943, anti-strike bill, authorized gov. to seize + operate tied-up industries, strikes against gov-operated
industry = criminal offense
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WAAC
a. Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, women in the army
10.
WAVES
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a. Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service, women in the navy
SPAR
a. Coast guard motto “Semper Paratus – Always Ready,” women in Coast Guard
Bracero
a. Mexican agricultural worker, harvested fruit + grain crops of the West
G.I.
a. Government Issue, nickname for soldiers, government-issued outfits
Philip Randolph
a. Head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, threatened massive Negro March on Washington in 1941 to
demand equal opportunities for blacks in armed forces
FEPC
a. Fair Employment Practices Commission, monitored discrimination in defense industries
CORE
a. Congress of Racial Equality, 1942, civil rights organization, blacks K
“Zoot” Suit
a. Oversized suit, popular among blacks, Filipinos, and Mexicans, Anglo sailors viciously attacked Mexican
zoot-suiters in LA (1943)
Henry Stimson
a. Secretary of War, Stimson Doctrine K, expanded army, atomic bomb K
WLB
a. War Labor Board, prevented work stoppages that might hinder the war effort, administered wage control in
national industries
“The Hump”
a. Himalaya mountains, American aviators flew war supplies to Jiang (Chiang)
Chiang Kai-shek
a. Jiang Jieshi, Chinese generalissimo, resisted Japanese invaders in China, got U.S. aid
Bataan
a. Province of Philippines, US forces surrendered to Japs (1942) + recaptured it (1945), Bataan Death March K,
prisoner-of-war camps K
Battles: Coral Sea; Midway
a. Naval battles, US victories, Coral Sea (1942): American carrier task force inflicted heavy losses on Japanese;
Midway (1942): fighting done by aircraft, Japanese lost 4 carriers
Admiral Nimitz
a. Commander in Chief of Pacific Forces, leading authority on submarines, last surviving fleet admiral
The Aleutians
a. Kiska + Attu captured by Japanese, islands off Alaska, America boosted defense of Alaska
Guadalcanal
a. 1942, American forces gained a toehold on Guadalcanal Island to protect lifeline from America to Australia,
Japanese troops evacuated (1943)
Iwo Jima
a. 1945, volcanic island in Japan, US secured the island, haven for damaged American bombers
Enigma Codes
a. Germans’ codes, cracked by British code-breakers, pinpointed locations of U-boats
“Hellcats”
a. US Navy fighter squadrons, aircrafts, Grumman F6F Hellcat, K against Japanese
The Desert Fox
a. Marshal Erwin Rommel, led Germans to Egypt, close to the Suez Canal
Casablanca Conference
a. 1943, Morocco, Roosevelt + Churchill, agreed to step up Pacific war, invade Sicily, increase pressure on
Italy, and insist upon an “unconditional surrender” of the enemy
Cairo Conference
a. 1943, Roosevelt/Churchill/Chiang Kai-shek, addressed Allied position against Japan + made decisions about
postwar Asia
Anzio
a. Italian city, Allies established a beachhead at Anzio, Operation Shingle K
Darlan
a. French admiral, Vichy France regime K, unpopular w/ Allies, assassinated
Teheran Conference
a. 1943, Roosevelt/Churchill/Stalin, broad plans made to attack Germany from East + West, opening of a
second front in Western Europe K
D-Day
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a. June 6, 1944, invasion of French Normandy, Operation Overlord K, Allied landings
Eisenhower
a. US General, commanded invasion of France, supervised defeat of Germany, 34 th prez
MacArthur
a. US General, commander in Pacific campaign, headed American occupation government of Japan after WWII
Patton
a. US General, “Old Blood and Guts,” commanded lunge across France
Thomas Dewey
a. Republican prez nominee (1944), gov. of NY, lost election
Henry Wallace
a. Roosevelt’s VP (1940), Sec. of Agriculture + Commerce, chairman of BEW + SPAB, ditched in 1944
election
The Elbe River
a. 1945, Eisenhower’s troops reached the river, Germany was caught b/w armies of the Allies advancing from
the west + Soviet Union advancing from the east
Yalta Conference
a. 1945, Roosevelt/Churchill/Stalin, final plans for defeating Germany, assigned occupation zones in Germany
to victorious powers, German demilitarization and denazification, allied reparation council, Poland’s boundaries
revised, Poland/Bulgaria/Romania to have free elections, USSR participation in UN K, Stalin agreed to fight
Japan, concessions made to Stalin
Potsdam Conference
a. 1945, death knell of Japanese, ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed, establishment of post-war
order, peace treaties issues K, countering the effects of war
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