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Civil War: 2010 Beginnings: Secession Creation of Confederacy: President: Jefferson Davis Fort Sumter States choose sides: S: South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Tx, Louisiana Border states: S: Virginia, Arkansas, Tenn, NC N: Missouri, W Virginia, Kentucky, MD, Del Strategies: North: South: Battle/war strategies for BOTH sides: Get a good position (the high ground) and defend it Retreat is a viable option Attack weak points in the lines – or the middle Tight formations Cavalry for reconnaissance and to reinforce weak lines Take key cities to impact o Industry o Supply lines o Morale THE FIGHTING: Eastern Theater: Threats to and defense of capitals: Washington DC and Richmond Overview: South is victorious often, early North has trouble finding a good commander North doesn’t pursue Southern forces when they could have First Battle of Bull Run July 1861: http://www.history.com/videos/first-battle-of-bull-run#first-battle-of-bull-run http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/abrahamlincoln#abraham-lincoln (Lincoln from “The story of us”) General McDowell (N) vs. S. Stonewall Jackson who emerges as key leader Demonstrates S is a formidable opponent, war will not be over quickly N retreats to DC McDowell is replaced by McClellan: good trainer, organizer, but has “the slows” Seven Days Battle: Summer of 1862 (June 25-July 1) McClellan advances Meets S in series of battles North withdraws again to DC after meeting South McClellan replaced by Pope 2nd Battle of Bull Run: Summer, 1862 (August 27-Sept 2) N loses again, Pope’s out Antietam: Sept- Nov 1862 http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-antietam#the-battle-of-antietam (Antietam) McClellan is back as commander Heavy losses on both sides – perceived as a N victory because of Lee’s retreat McClellan fails to pursue Lee in weakened state McClellan is replaced by Ambrose Burnside http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideburns Fredericksburg Dec 1862: Union defeat (Generals: Burnside replaced by Joe Hooker) Chancellorsville: May 1863. Union loses again but S loses Stonewall Jackson On Jackson’s death o Jackson: shot by “friendly fire.” Pneumonia? http://www.fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2002/052002/05 062002/597774 Gettysburg, PA July 1863 http://www.history.com/videos/the-battle-of-gettysburg#the-battle-of-gettysburg http://www.history.com/videos/chamberlain-at-gettysburg#chamberlain-at-gettysburg Turning point in North’s favor Pickett’s charge South loses 1/3: 28,000 casualties of 75,000 23,000 of 88,000 for the N Gettysburg address Grant named commanding General March 1864 Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor: Grant keeps pressure up on Lee’s forces May of 1864 Petersburg: Confederates are besieged for 9 months Battle of the Crater http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS269/Battles/Cra ter.html Lee breaks out of Petersburg April 1865 Richmond and Petersburg are evacuated the fall of Richmond http://www.history.com/videos/lincoln-the-fall-ofrichmond#lincoln-the-fall-of-richmond Appomattox, VA April 9, 1865: Lee Surrenders http://www.history.com/videos/surrender-at-appomattox-courthouse#surrender-atappomattox-courthouse Western Theater: Control of the Mississippi Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Feb 1862: Union successes Shiloh (Tennessee April 1862). 14,000 for North and 11,000 for South (more than all US wars up to now combined) First very high casualties of the war Shows war will be a bloody one. North takes New Orleans in April 1862 Vicksburg: Grant is named commander of West May 1863: Vicksburg put under siege, May 1863 Taken in July 1863 Same time as Gettysburg: turning point Chickamauga (GA): Confed victory, Sept 1863 Chattanooga, Nov 1863: when the Union forces win. Sherman’s March to Atlanta: March 1864. Atlanta captured by Sept 1864 Sherman’s March to the Sea: Scorched earth Savannah: taken Dec, 1864 War at Sea: North’s blockade South attempts to break o Runners o Merrimack (S) vs. Monitor (N) o Submarines Leaders: Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis U.S. Grant Robert E Lee: http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/cwar-pix/lee-1.jpg Political Factors: Taxation, selling bonds abroad, printing more money Suspension of Habeus Corpus/ anti-free press: helped Lincoln control anti-war factions. Emancipation Proclamation: Went into effect in Jan 1, 1863 What did the EP do? Explain the reasons it was a beneficial move for Lincoln and the Union. The Draft: Confed adopted a draft April, 1862; Union: March, 1863. Favoritism for the wealthy. Riots in NYC. Abraham Lincoln: Re-elected in 1864: Who is his opponent? Passing of the 13th Amendment: Abolition of slavery Serving in military: 1.5 mil served in Union; 1 mil in Confed. Both had 10% desertion rate; 150,000 blacks served in Union. Results: 1. HUGE deaths: 620,000 deaths (360,000 Union; 260,000 Confederacy) – or our book says 633,000 1 in 12 men who were eligible to fight were killed. Plus severe injuries. (31 million population; ½ women, so 15 million men; ½ too young or old – so 7.5 million eligible. 620,000/7.5 million = 8.25% or about 1/12. Of 7.5 million eligible, 2.5 million served: 1/3 of eligible served. ¼ died; 1/3 of men who served were killed, wounded or imprisoned. 2. South’s: economy demolished; political weight was lessened significantly, cities destroyed. 3. Political: Republican party, Northerners, Westerners dominating national politics. Republican agenda enacted: Homestead Act 1862 and RR building 4. Economy: Cotton economy suffered – national economy is tied more to N industry, West Ag. 5. Abolition of Slavery: 13th Amendment 6. States rights theories curtailed 7. Increase in power of federal gov’t Why death rate so high in the Civil War? Good links: http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/ Myths and legends of the Civil War: http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS269/myths.html From an online Civil War History course: essays and exhibits: http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS269/Exhibits.html from Instructor David C. Hanson, Virginia Western Com. College ( Lincoln’s final days: http://www.vw.vccs.edu/vwhansd/HIS269/Exhibits/Lincoln _Death.html