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Outline of American History This outline contains almost everything you need to know about American History. European Colonization of the Americas Causes of Exploration: "Demand for spices for food preservation increased after the crusades "Greater world view and broader learning as a result of the Renaissance "Creation of nation-states under strong monarchs "Technological innovation: astrolabe, ship design, guns "Expansion of trade and capital allowed for supply of capital to fund expeditions Columbian Exchange: To Americas: Foods - wheat, rice, sugar cane, coffee, bananas, Animals - horses, pigs, sheep, goats, Disease - smallpox, measles, influenza, Others: the wheel, firearms To Europe: Foods - corn, potatoes, yams, peanuts, pumpkins, beans, tomatoes, Animals - turkeys, llamas, Other - tobacco Mercantilism: "National wealth measured in precious metals (gold and silver) "Achieve a favorable balance of trade "Acquire colonies to provide raw materials and markets "Forbid colonial manufacturing "Prohibit colonies from trading with any other country Political development of the English Colonies "Magna Carta (1215) - noblemen began to limit absolutism "The English Bill of Rights (1689) limited the power of the British monarchy and established the supremacy of Parliament "House of Burgesses (1619) first representative body of the Virginia colony; governed local matters; made laws for the colony (subject to the king of England) "Mayflower Compact (1620) signed by the Pilgrim men aboard the Mayflower; recognized the people as the source of power (in theory) Outline of American History Page 1 of 18 European Enlightenment "Influenced colonial political thought "John Locke - Two Treaties of Government - if the government doesn't meet the needs of the people, the people have the right to over-throw the government "Rousseau - the Social Contract, people give up some of their natural rights to become part of society Events leading to the Revolutions French and Indian War: Victory over the French gave the English a larger empire - The cost of the war and administering the new colonies became a burden to England - Parliament decided that the colonies should pay more of the cost through taxes - Ended years of "salutary neglect" by Great Britain Democratic and undemocratic aspects of Colonial Rule French and Indian War Great Awakening Sugar Act Stamp Act Quartering Act Townshend Act Samuel Adams Patrick Henry The American Revolution Causes of the American Revolution: 1- Proclamation of 1763 stops colonists from moving west 2- Parliament taxes colonies to pay British war debt Effects of the American Revolution: 1- Colonies declare independence 2- British surrender Yorktown Outline of American History Page 2 of 18 3- British recognize American Independence 4- United States borders extend to Florida and Mississippi River 5- United States Constitution is adopted Declaration of Independence Common Sense by Thomas Paine Lexington and Concord Advantages for the Colonists: 1- Knew the land 2- Fighting for their homes 3- Had the motivation Disadvantages for the Colonists: 1- Lack of trained militia 2- Lack of a Navy 3- Volunteers often deserted 4- Lack of supplies Advantages for the British: 1- Had a standing army and navy 2- Had money and supplies from Britain Disadvantages for the British: 1- Were fighting in foreign land 2- Troops lacked motivation 3- Didn't know the land Outline of American History Page 3 of 18 Treaty of Paris (1783) The Constitution Articles of Confederation Weaknesses: 1- Power belonged in the hands of the states 2- No power to tax 3- No power to create an army or navy 4- Had to rely on states to supply local militia if the need arose 5- No power to create a common currency 6- Any amending of the constitution required 9/13 vote United States Constitution Changes from the Article: 1- Stronger central government 2- Congress had the power to tax 3- Power to create a common currency 4- Created a national army and navy Constitutional Convention: Inspired by Enlightenment Thinkers: John Locke - Natural Rights, Social Contract - right to revolt Voltaire - Religious toleration, free speech Montesquieu - separation of powers Rousseau - consent of the governed - anti - divine right of kings Outline of American History Page 4 of 18 Compromises: Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) 3/5 Compromise Slave Trade Presidency Compromise - electoral College Bill of Rights - First 10 Amendments to the Constitution -ensure civil liberties Federalism - Division of Powers between the Federal and state governments -concurrent powers - powers held by the federal and state governments -delegated powers - powers held by the federal government only -reserved powers - powers held by the state government only Americans are citizens under two governments - state and federal Loose constructionists - follow the constitution loosely (reading between the lines) Strict constructionists - follow the constitution strictly "Elastic Clause" - congress shall make laws "necessary and proper" Separation of Powers Article I - Legislative Branch - Congress - the House of Representatives and the Senate Article II - Executive - The President - indirectly elected - Electoral College - winner takes all - Each states has electoral votes (based on the # of representatives and 2 senators) - Majority wins - 270 votes (A candidate can win the popular vote and lose the election - i.e. Al Gore 2000 election) Article III - Judicial Branch - The Supreme Court Judicial Review - Power of the Supreme Court to determine if a local, state or federal law violates the constitution. Can declare a law unconstitutional. Case - Marbury v. Madison - John Marshall overturned part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 - established Judicial review Case - McCulloch v. Maryland - Upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States - Maryland could not tax a federal Outline of American History Page 5 of 18 institution. Case - Gibbons v. Ogden - The Federal government had authority over interstate trade Lobbying - groups and individuals can pressure officials to see their side of an issue. (Early on - would approach the congressmen in the LOBBY of the Capitol Building) National Bank - Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans - Hamilton (a federalist) argued that the establishment of a national bank could be done under the "elastic clause" of the constitution - Implied powers of congress (Aside: The Bank of the United States becomes the Federal Reserve Bank) Foreign Policy Washington's Farewell Address Policy of Neutrality - nation is economically and militarily weak Proclamation of Neutrality 1793 Expansion Louisiana Purchase Jefferson - bought it for $15 million from Napoleon Not written in the constitution Jefferson was a strict constructionist Monroe Doctrine No NEW European colonization in America - if they tried they would have to deal with the U.S. America remained neutral in European affairs The Constitution Tested Political Parties - traditionally there have always been two major political parties - part of the unwritten constitution Outline of American History Page 6 of 18 Federalists (Hamilton and John Adams) loose constructionist, strong central government, central control of the economy, supported a national bank and protective tariffs, supporters - wealthy merchants and manufacturers, Pro- British Democratic- Republicans (Jefferson and Madison) strict constructionists, stronger state governments, less control over the economy, against the national bank, supporters - small farmers, city-laborers and frontiersmen, pro-French Whiskey rebellion - Farmers and distillers refused to pay the tax on whiskey, Said it was unfair - Washington sent federal troops to put down the rebellion Tariff Controversy 1828 - high protective tariff (the South called it the Tariff of Abominations) - protected northern industries - in the south it could ruin their economy Calhoun - V.P. - declared that states could declare a federal tariff "null and void" - nullification President Jackson - all states must obey all federal laws - If they didn't - the federal government could use force Henry Clay - Compromise Tariff - reduce the tariff over time Second Bank of the United States (1st bank - stopped 1811 - 2nd bank - created 1816) Constitutionality of the Bank was declared in McCulloch v. Maryland Jackson hated the bank - believed it created privileges for the rich - he was a man of the people - vetoed the bill to recharter the 2nd Bank Manifest Destiny - right given by God to spread democracy and expand the United States Texas - declared its independence from Mexico - became the Republic of Texas - Sam Houston, 1836 - 48 - becomes the 28th state Oregon - shared with Britain - Latitude 54-40 or fight! - Compromise - 49th parallel Slavery Sectionalism - North - South and West Missouri Compromise - Missouri - Slave , Maine - Free, 36 - 30 banned slavery North or that line Outline of American History Page 7 of 18 Compromise 1850 - California - free, new territories from Mexican Cession - "popular sovereignty" (people decide) Fugitive Slave Law - escaped slaves must be returned to their owners Kansas-Nebraska Act - "popular sovereignty" - 5 years of fighting over the slavery question - pro and anti-slave supporters rushed in (Bleeding Kansas) Dred Scott v. Sanford - slaves were property John Brown's Raid - failed attempt at a slave revolt Civil War Lincoln - seen as an abolitionist, his goal was to preserve the Union, he didn't want to interfere with slavery where it existed South Carolina Secession - occurred after Lincoln was elected Emancipation Proclamation - declared all slaves in the territories that had seceded were free - It didn't free a single slave - It gave a moral cause for the war - end slavery! Reconstruction Lincoln's Plan - South shouldn't be treated harshly - Any southerner that took a loyalty oath would be pardoned - 10 % plan - if 10 % of the voters in the 1860 election took a loyalty oath then the state would be readmitted to the union - High ranking confederates could not vote Lincoln is assassinated by John Booth Wade-Davis Bill - vetoed - Congress attempted to control Reconstruction - temporary military occupation - provisional government in the south Johnson's Plan (Lincoln's V.P. - was a democrat from the south ) - followed Lincoln's plan - granted amnesty to Southerners who took a loyalty oath - new state constitutions must prohibit slavery and ratify the 13th Amendment Johnson was 1 vote away from being impeached by congress. Black Codes - segregationist employment contracts and legal status restrictions Radical Republicans - South should be treated harshly - democracy in the south - voting and civil rights to all African Americans - redistribute land to give some to African Americans - Military control over the South - former slaves could vote in States elections Tenure in Office Act - impeachment of Johnson - Congress - silenced and restricted the President Carpetbaggers - Northerners who came south to help in reconstruction - often took advantage of the opportunity for their own political gain Scalawags - white southerners who took part in the new governments under reconstruction Civil War Amendments: Outline of American History Page 8 of 18 13th amendment - abolished slavery 14th amendment - African Americans were citizens 15th amendment - can't deny the right to vote on account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. Southerner's Response: Violence was used to keep African Americans from voting Poll taxes - pay a tax to vote Literacy tests Grandfather Clauses - exempted whites whose grandfathers had been eligible to vote before the Civil War - exempting them from literacy tests Jim Crow Laws - formalized segregation End of Reconstruction - election of Rutherford B. Hayes - neither candidate won the votes needed in the electoral college Democrats agreed to support Hayes if Republicans removed the troops from the South - they agreed - this ended Reconstruction and reversed the progress made Civil Rights Cases Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - Supreme Court ruling established "separate but equal" - establishments for blacks and whites can be separate but they must be equal Booker T. Washington - African American - believed that African Americans should receive vocational training and become members of common labor - once they get economic and property rights - then political equality will follow William DuBois - African American - Education for African Americans must go beyond vocational - must be militant if necessary to secure immediate equal voting and economic rights - must end segregation Industrialism Boss Tweed - political party boss in New York City - corruption - embezzled close to 200 million dollars - was brought down by political cartoons in newspapers Industrialism - started in Great Britain - plans for factories were smuggled out to America and Germany. Eventually American and Germany will take the lead in Industrialization Positives - production faster, produce more, cost less Negatives - poor working conditions, low wages, long hours, child labor, pollution Immigrants - supply of cheap labor to work in the factories Outline of American History Page 9 of 18 Capitalism - people will invest money to make a profit - a free market economy is based on producers and consumers (supply and demand), laissez-faire - "Let do" or “hands off” - open competition Pools - similar companies in the same industry enter into agreements to break competition Mergers - combination of companies Trusts - form of combination Monopolies - one company controls the market Captains of Industry v. Robber Barons Carnegie - Steel Rockefeller - Oil J.P. Morgan - Banking and Money Henry Ford - Automobiles Interstate Commerce Act - regulate railroad rates and prohibit pools, federal regulation of interstate commerce Unions Formed - Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor Strikes: Homestead Strike - (1892) - protest pay cuts, state militia was called in to put down the violence Pullman Boycott (1894) - workers were protesting wage cuts - the boycott stopped delivery of the mail - Federal government stepped in to end the boycott Gilded Age President Ulysses S. Grant - war hero - administration was mired in corruption - Credit Mobilier, Salary Grab, Whiskey Ring Social Darwinism - wealth goes to the most capable - "survival of the fittest" Carnegie- The Gospel of Wealth - the wealthy should help those who are less fortunate Outline of American History Page 10 of 18 Working class - one paycheck away from poverty Middle Class - had disposable income - purchased books, magazines, appliances etc. "Yellow Journalism" - used sensationalism - increased readership - Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst (newspaper publishers) Progressive Movement Goal - to reform the problems that developed as a result of industrialism Women's Rights Movement - Seneca Falls Convention - Declaration of Sentiments - Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony Women suffrage - Susan B. Anthony and Lucy Stone 19th Amendment - women gain the right to vote Muckrakers - articles and novels to call the government to action Upton Sinclair - The Jungle - reform the meat-packing industry - Results - Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act Jacob Riis - How the Other Half Lives - the horrible life of immigrants living in tenements Lincoln Steffens - The Shame of Cities - corruption in city politics Jane Addams - Hull House - to help immigrants coming into the United States - settlement house Theodore Roosevelt trust-busting , conservation (national parks), Panama Canal (motivated by Capt. Alfred Mahan - naval domination - U.S. needs a fast way to get its navy from one coast to the other) Manifest Destiny - U.S. - "From sea to shining sea" Outline of American History Page 11 of 18 Japan - Matthew Perry (no - he wasn't on Friends)- opened up Japan to the U.S. China - Spheres of influence - Boxer Rebellion (Chinese attempt to get foreigners out) Open Door Policy - Foreigners Forced China to Open its doors Hawaii - Queen Liliuokalani - lost her kingdom to U.S. investors Spanish-American War Causes: harsh treatment of Cubans, American investors lost agricultural trade, yellow journalism - sensationalism (Explosion on the U.S.S. Maine- newspapers blamed Spain - it was actually caused by an explosion in the ship) Results : Spain gave up Cuba, gives Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States and the United States pays $20 million for the Philippines United States Empire - Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines Monroe Doctrine - no more colonization by European countries in the Americas or else, the U.S. will have minimal involvement in European affairs Roosevelt Corollary - United States - international police in Latin America - Roosevelt's "Big Stick" Policy - keep Europe out and keep Latin American countries in-line with the United States Taft's Dollar Diplomacy - use military force to protect U.S. investment in Latin America World War I Causes: imperialism, nationalism, militarism and entangled alliances Events leading to the outbreak of WW I - Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, Austria declares war on Serbia, Russia declares war on Austria (Pan Slavism), Germany declares war on Russia, Germany invade Belgium, France and England declare war on Germany New methods of warfare Sinking of the Lusitania - British Cruise Liner - German U-Boat attacked the ship because it believed that it contained supplies from the U.S. (it did) - 1,000 people were killed - 128 Americans Sussex Pledge - Germany would halt attacking merchant ships; it didn't last long Zimmerman Note - Germany promised land to Mexico if they attacked the United States; the United States intercepted the telegram before it got to Mexico Selective Service Act - military conscription and draft laws Case - Schenck v. the United States - Civil Rights during wartime are limited - freedom of speech is limited if it presents a "clear and present danger" to the United States Red Scare - Russia withdraws from the war - Bolshevik (Russian) Revolution - Whites v. the Reds - Wilson supports the Whites The Reds win and Lenin comes to power Wilson's 14 Points -believed that Germany shouldn't be harshly punished for the war- Creation of a League of Nations; President Outline of American History Page 12 of 18 can create treaties but the Senate must ratify the treaty - the senate rejects this treaty - they fear that the United States would have to be more involved in World Affairs - huge embarrassment for Wilson Treaty of Versailles : Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando - Blame Germany for the war and forced to pay war reparations Kellogg-Briand Pact - attempt to outlaw aggression among nations Roaring 20's Harlem Renaissance - Langston Hughes - African American writer/poet Jazz Age Consumerism - Middle Class - disposable income - buy magazines, newspapers, appliances and cars Warren Harding - passive president - Teapot Dome - bribes were taken to lease government oil reserves to private oil companies Great Depression Stock Market - Bull Market - people were buying stocks on margin (pay only a fraction of what they were worth) - Banks loaned people money to buy stocks - the stocks were overvalued Farms - World War I created a need for food; farmers mortgaged their farms to buy new machinery Stock Market Crash - October, 1929 Dust Bowl - Drought destroyed farms Banks couldn't collect on their loans and had to close down; people lost their jobs and their entire life's savings Hoover believed in laissez-faire - he wanted to give the economy time to recover on its own; he was quoted as saying "success is just around the corner" - Hoovervilles were being created by the homeless Franklin Delano Roosevelt - F.D.R. - The New Deal - Hoover's response didn't do enough 3Rs Relief - stop economic decline Recover - get the economy going Reform - make changes so it doesn't happen again Pump-priming - government should take actions that would make the public secure and optimistic. New Deal Programs/Reforms Outline of American History Page 13 of 18 Social Security Act Tennessee Valley Authority - built dams Civilian Conservation Corp. - natural resources FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation - all savings in banks are insured up to $100,000 S.E.C - Security Exchange Commission - watches over the stock market F.D.R's court-packing plan -name additional federal judges for those over 70 years old who refused retirement; he tried to make the court friendly to his New Deal programs - people saw it as a threat to checks and balances - the plan was rejected. Dust Bowl - drought destroyed farmers - "Okies" and "Arkies" moved west to find work - The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck brought attention to their struggles Problems in Europe World-wide Depression Rise of Nazis in Germany - Adolf Hitler Rise of Fascism in Italy - Benito Mussolini Foreign Policy U.S. remained isolated after W.W.I - returned to the precedent set by Washington in his Farewell Address - Neutrality Act of 1935 - 1939 F.D.R's - Good Neighbor Policy - helped to improve America's relations with Latin America F.D.R - diplomatic recognition of the U.S.S.R. (Communists under Josef Stalin) Spanish Civil War - Italy and Germany backed Franco and established a fascist dictatorship - was an opportunity for Hitler to try out his new weapons WW II - Hitler invades Czechoslovakia, Poland; Italy invades Ethiopia; Japan invades China Lend-Lease Act: U.S. would lend and transfer arms and war supplied to Britain and other "victims of aggression" - ant-isolation - was extended to the U.S.S.R. when Hitler invaded the Soviet Union Pearl Harbor - Japanese launched a "surprise" attack on Pearl Harbor - U.S. declares war on Japan :"December 7, 1941 - a date that will live in infamy" Outline of American History Page 14 of 18 The United States entered WW II Japanese Internment (West Coast) - anti-Japanese feelings - fear of sabotage and espionage - War Relocation Authority relocated 100,000 Japanese-Americans to 10 relocation centers Case - Korematsu v. United States - Supreme Court upheld this government action citing military urgency - 1919 - Schenck v. United States - "clear and present danger" War Time Economy Industry - War Production Board - stop production of non-essential goods - auto manufacturers created tanks, jeeps and planes Draft - 14 million were drafted Women - "Rosie the Riveter" - Patriotic Posters - 17 million entered the workforce Yalta Conference: end of the war - Stalin promised to hold free elections in Soviet controlled territories - they all agreed that a United Nations should be created Germany - Post WW II - divided among the Soviets, British, French and Americans and becomes East Germany - Soviets (Communist) and West Germany - British, French and America (Democratic) Atomic Bomb - Truman decides to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki G.I. Bill of Rights - Servicemen's Readjustment Act United Nations - replaces the League of Nations - FDR proclaims that it needs the support of the United States or it will suffer the same fate as the League of Nations - The Security Council is made up of - Britain, China, France, United States and Russia - they have veto power - Role of the U.N. is humanitarian as well as to keep the peace Cold War Begins After WW II - two nations emerged stronger - the U.S. and the U.S.S.R - they both became superpowers Battle over ideologies - Democracy v. Communism Outline of American History Page 15 of 18 Stalin in Eastern Europe sets up communist governments after a time of military occupation. He wanted a buffer zone to prevent another invasion - these countries are called satellite nations Truman Doctrine - Truman gives aid to Greece and Turkey so they don't fall to communism - sets up the policy of containment Containment - keep communism where it is and not allow it to spread Marshall Plan - U.S. gives $13 million in aid to help rebuild Europe - aid is offered to the satellite countries of the Soviet Union but Stalin doesn't allow them to accept Berlin Blockade - Stalin cuts-off supply lines to West Berlin Berlin Airlift - Truman flies in supplies on airplanes to keep the city alive - Stalin eventually lifts the roadblocks NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Western Europe, Canada and the U.S. (all democracies) - collective security - an attack on one is an attack on all Warsaw Pact - Eastern Europe - Stalin's response to NATO Korean War Korea was divided after WW II - North Korea was controlled by the Soviet Union and became communist. South Korea was controlled by the U.S. and was a democracy. North Korea invaded South Korea. U.N. and U.S. forces pushed back the North McCarthyism - anti-communist - wanted to rid the country and government of all communists - The end for him was when he declared that communists had infiltrated the Army - The hearing was on TV and he couldn't back-up his claims - he was seen as a man on a witch-hunt. Rosenberg Case - Ethel and Julius were accused of arranging to pass atomic secrets to the U.S.S.R - they were found guilty of treason and were sentenced to death Eisenhower - 1953 - 1961 Ended the Korean War Dulles Diplomacy - brinkmanship, massive retaliation Domino Theory Eisenhower Doctrine - containment in the Middle East Warren Court Judicial Activism - not only interpreted the Constitution but changed American Life Case - Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka (segregation), Miranda V. Arizona ("due process") Outline of American History Page 16 of 18 Civil Rights Brown v. the Board of Education - separate but NOT equal - end segregation Rosa Parks Little Rock Arkansas - Eisenhower sent in troops to escort African-American students to school Kennedy "New Frontier" - space, civil rights, workers etc. Foreign Policy - Bay of Pigs invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis, Nuclear test Ban Treaty - can't test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere must be underwater or in outer space Lyndon Johnson "Great Society" - poverty, illiteracy, hunger and racial injustice i.e.. - 24th amendment banned all poll taxes Project Head Start for the disabled and low income Medicare - health insurance for elderly Civil Rights NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - W.E.B. Dubois Martin Luther King Jr. "I have a dream” speech March on Washington Use of "soul force" - civil disobedience Vietnam War North - Communist South - Anti-communist Domino Theory - one nation falls to communism - others will fall Outline of American History Page 17 of 18 Tonkin Gulf Resolution: allows the President to "take all necessary action to protect American interest" in the region- 500,000 troops were sent to the region Tet Offensive - an attack on South Vietnam by the North and the Viet Cong (those in the south that supported the North) Nixon Pentagon Papers: misleading and dishonest statements made by the military during the war - Nixon went to the Supreme Court to stop the publication of the papers (NY Times Corp. v. the United States - Nixon loses) Vietnamization: shift responsibility for the war to the South Vietnamese - United States and the North call a cease fire - South soon falls to communism - Cambodia soon follows War Powers Act: President must tell Congress within 48 hours of sending troops anywhere - Congress has 60 days to vote on whether to continue or not Nixon Doctrine : United States will honor its treaty obligations in Asia - combat troops would be provided by the nation involved China - Nixon becomes the first president to go there Soviet Union - Nixon was the first president to there Détente - easing of tensions Watergate - Nixon resigns Gerald Ford - only man not elected to office to become president - pardons Nixon Jimmy Carter - Oil Crisis in 1973 - Camp David Accord - between Egypt and Israel - ended hostilities between the two countries Ronald Reagan - Iran-Contra Affair - United States sold weapons to Iran - used the money to give aid to the Contras (anticommunists in Nicaragua) Supply-side Economics - "trickle down" economics - Give tax breaks to businesses and the wealthy and prosperity will trickle down to everyone else Cold War Budget Deficits - record deficits - arms race with the Soviets George H.W. Bush Sr. - Persian Gulf War Bill Clinton - NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) - impeachment - Sent troops to the Balkans to deal with the "ethnic cleansing" done by Slobodan Milosevic Outline of American History Page 18 of 18