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Chapter 3 Name:_________________________ Section 2 Pharaoh • ________________________, the title used by the kings of Egypt. • Let’s read the first paragraph on page 74 together. Egyptian Kingship • _________________________ was one of many famous Egyptian pharaohs who ruled Egypt. • Egypt’s fortunes rested on the strength of its pharaohs. From Dynasty to Dynasty • The history of ancient Egypt is the history of each of its dynasties. • A ___________________________ is a series of rulers from the same family or ethnic group. • Egypt had _________ dynasties, from about 3100 B.C. until it was conquered in 332 B.C. Kingdoms • Historians group Egypt’s dynasties into three major time periods, called _____________________. • The earliest major time period is called the ______________ Kingdom. • Next comes the _____________________ Kingdom. • The latest time period is called the _______________________ Kingdom. Egypt is Unified • According to legend, Egypt’s first dynasty began when a king named _______________________ united Upper and Lower Egypt. • ___________________________ built a city named Memphis near the presentday city of Cairo. • From there he ruled over the Two Lands, the name the ancient Egyptians gave to Upper and Lower Egypt. Egypt is Unified Cont… • Carvings from Menes’ time show a pharaoh named ________________________ wearing two crowns – The ___________________________ crown of Upper Egypt – The ___________________________ crown of Lower Egypt • Some historians believe that Menes and ______________________ may have been the same man. • The unification of the most stable civilizations in history. All-Powerful Pharaohs • The pharaohs had __________________________________, or complete control over their people. • For help in making decisions, they could turn to their advisors or appeal to ____________________________________, the goddess of truth. • In the end, whatever the _________________________ decided became law. All-Powerful Pharaohs Cont… • Ancient Egyptians believed that their pharaohs were the earthly form of _______________________, the falcon god. • Over time, pharaohs came to be _____________________________ with other gods. • It was the _____________________, Egyptians believed, who provided his people with the Nile’s yearly floods and the harvests that followed. (read quote on pg. 76) The Old Kingdom • The old Kingdom was noted for its well-run system of _____________________. • The Old Kingdom pharaohs kept the peace and traded with ________________________, with only occasional conflicts. • They sent merchants to the eastern coast of the ____________________________ to find timber, trees used for building. • Merchants may have traveled north across the ____________________________ in search of trade items. The End of The Old Kingdom • Toward the end of the _________________________ Kingdom, governors in the provinces began to challenge the power of the pharaohs’ government. • Egypt’s unity crumbled, and the dynasties grew _______________________. The Middle Kingdom • The early rulers of the _______________________________ Kingdom restored order and reunited the country. • Pharaohs spent the nation’s ________________________________ on public works instead of on wars. • Weaker and less able rulers followed and in time, they lost control of the country to _________________________________ invaders. The New Kingdom • Egyptian ________________________ became strong enough to drive out the foreign invaders. • This event marks the start of the New Kingdom, which began in __________ B.C. • The first ____________________ of the New Kingdom wanted to build an empire. • They created huge armies of _____________ soldiers, ______________ warriors, and charioteers. The New Kingdom • _____________________ swords and body armor made the Egyptians nearly unbeatable. • One New Kingdom pharaoh is of special interest to scholars. – King ________________________________ became ruler of Egypt while he was still a child. – At about age _____________ he died and was buried wit many precious objects. – An archaeologist discovered his tomb in ________________________. – Since then, studies of _______________________________ funeral treasures have taught us a great deal about the ancient Egyptians. Rule During the New Kingdom • In ______________________ B.C., a child named Thutmose III began his reign. • Because of his youth, his _______________________ was appointed regent. A Regent is _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. • His stepmother was __________________________. – Not content to be ________________________, Hatshepsut had herself proclaimed pharaoh. – She was Egypt’s supreme ruler for about ___________ years. The Pharaoh Queen • Hatshepsut’s reign was ______________________ for Egypt. • She was a bold leader who is most known for creating a time of great peace and _________________________ success. • When Thutmose grew up, Hatshepsut refused to yield the throne to him. • After her death, ____________________ became pharaoh and destroyed all her statues. • It is not known weather or not Thutmose played a part n Hatshepsut’s death or not… Thutmose III Rules • Thutmose III became one of the greatest pharaohs of the ___________ Kingdom. • He led his army in wars against _________________ and __________________, in Southwest Asia. • His troops advanced as far east as the Euphrates River and south into _________________________________. • Thutmose was more than a ______________________________, he was an educated man who loved to study plants. – Unlike most rulers of his time, he treated those he defeated with ____________________________. Ancient Egypt After the New Kingdom • Toward the end of the New Kingdom, Egypt ___________________________. • Civil war left Egypt weak and __________________________ defended. • In 332 B.C. Egypt fell to the famous conqueror _________________________ the Great of Macedonia. • The _________________________________ continued to rule Egypt for about 300 years. Ancient Egypt After the New Kingdom Cont… • In 51 B.C., Queen ____________________________ VII became the last Macedonian to rule Egypt. • She shared the throne with other members of her family until Egypt was conquered by the ___________________________. • Egypt became part of the _________________________ Empire in 31 B.C. Ancient Egypt After the New Kingdom Cont… • Cleopatra suspected that the Romans would _________________________ her through Egypt to celebrate their victory. • To avoid this humiliation, she committed suicide. • Egypt would not govern itself again for almost ____________________________ years.