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Transcript
MUSIC QUESTIONS SECTION I 1. What is music? a. Sound organized in time 2. What is Improvisation? a. Simultaneous composition and performance 3. What is pitch? a. Highness or lowness of a sound 4. What is an ethnomusicologist? a. Modern term for scholars who study the music of other cultures, or who study other cultures comparatively 5. Who are the two gentlemen who created the term “ethnomusicologists?” a. Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel 6. Chordophones are instruments……….. a. With vibrating strings that create sound waves 7. Aerophones are instruments with……. a. Vibrating columns of air 8. Membranophones are instruments with……… a. Vibrating membrane stretched across some frame 9. Idiophones are instruments…….. a. The body of the instrument vibrates itself 10. Electrophones? a. Sound waves using mechanical device known as an oscillator and are dependent on electricity {instruments that need electricity to work….} 11. What are the 5 Western instrument families? a. Strings b. Brass c. Woodwind d. Percussion e. And sometimes keyboard 12. From what technologies did electronic instruments become plausible? a. Radios b. Recording tapes c. Etc…. 13. When did these technologies take the next step for electric instruments a. End of WWII 14. What is Music concrete? a. Basic technique of tape music are looping and splicing 15. What were (and still are) the famous postwar centers for electronic music? a. Rome, Italy b. Paris, France c. Cologne, Germany d. NYC, USA 16. The lowest A on any instrument is called…… a. The fundamental – by far the loudest and strongest 17. How many Hz (hertz) is the fundamental? a. 440Hz 18. What happens when you halve the length of the string (220Hz)? a. Naturally vibrates twice as fast 19. What is created from the naturally sped up chord? a. Becomes an octave 20. What is equal temperament? a. Generating the twelve pitches by dividing the octave 21. In what kind of a world do pitches follow mathematical patterns? a. In a world of pure sound waves and overtones 22. When was this dominant in the Western tradition? a. After 1750 23. How many times can an octave be divided equally? a. 12 parts 24. What is a chromatic scale? a. Twelve different pitches in ascending order 25. What is a half-step? a. Distance between two consecutive pitches in the chromatic scale 26. What is a sharp? a. (#) when the half-step is raised 27. What is a flat? a. (b) when the half-step is lowered 28. In Western tradition, most music is based off of how many pitches? a. Seven 29. When arranged in ascending order what do they fall in as? a. Scales 30. How many scales can be formed from the seven pitches? a. Four 31. What are the four scales called? a. Major, melodic minor, harmonic minor, harmonic minor, and natural minor 32. What is the tonic pitch called? a. “resting tone” or “do” 33. What is the seventh scale degree known as? a. LEADING TONE 34. Why? a. To Western ears it begs to resolve upward to the C above 35. What is the fifth scale degree called? a. DOMINANT PITCH 36. What does it function as? a. Second gravitational center that sets melodies in motion by pulling them away from the tonic 37. What is an interval? a. Distance between any two pitches 38. What is a semitone? a. Half-step :D 39. What is harmonic? a. Two pitches occur simultaneously 40. What is melodic? a. Two pitches occurring in succession 41. Can a melodic be ascending or descending or both? a. Both 42. What is a major scale? a. Succession of whole and half steps 43. What are the varieties of a minor scale? a. Natural, harmonic, and melodic 44. What do all minor scales feature? a. Lowered third scale degree 45. Where are half steps located in a minor scale? a. Between 2-3 and 5-6 46. What can represent a HARMONIC MINOR? a. Many pieces of music in the minor mode raise the seventh scale degree by adding a sharp or natural 47. What makes a melodic minor? a. Sense of upward motion to the higher tonic and a pull downward to the fifth scale degree 48. What are relative major and minor? a. Two keys that use the same pitches but different tonics 49. How are they located? a. Typically 4 half steps apart 50. What are major and minor scales that begin and end on the same tonic pitch called? a. Parallel 51. How can you combine elements of both major and minor? a. A scale with blue inflections 52. What makes up a blues scale? a. Scale degrees 3 and 7 can be lowered 53. What is melody? a. A series of successive pitches perceived by the ear to form a coherent whole 54. What is the name of two pitches occurring together? a. HARMONY or COUNTERPOINT 55. How can you TRANSPOSE a melody? a. By beginning the same pattern of intervals on a different note 56. What is a contour? a. A profile 57. What are the different types of a profile a. A conjunct melody, and a disjunct melody 58. What is a conjunct melody? a. Moves smoothly in stepwise motion 59. What is a disjunct melody? a. Contains proportionally more leaps 60. What are the ranges of an instrument? a. High, middle, and low register 61. What does a melody with a high tessitura call for? a. More pitches in the performer’s high register 62. What is rhythm? a. The way music is organized in time 63. What is the beat? a. The steady pulse that underlies most music 64. What is tempo? a. Speed of the beat 65. What are the Italian terms that we use in music? a. ritardando, accelerando, poco a poco, and subito 66. What does subito mean? a. Suddenly 67. What does poco a poco mean? a. Gradually 68. What does accelerando mean? a. Speed up 69. What does ritardando? a. Slow down 70. What does unmetered mean? a. No steady tempo 71. What does rubato mean? a. perceived beat but it speeds up and slows down for expressive effect 72. Are all beats created equal? a. No 73. What is the first beat called? a. The downbeat or strong beat 74. What are normal beats grouped into? a. measures 75. What is a measure? a. Bars (it’s a set of separated bars) 76. What is the first beat called? a. Downbeat or string beat 77. What is a chord? a. Three or more pitches sounding simultaneously 78. What are the most common chords? a. Groups of four 79. Which is the strong beat in this setup? a. The first 80. Which is the secondary beat? a. The third 81. Time signature: What does it consist of? a. Consists of TWO NUMBERS 82. What does the upper # mean? a. Gives the number of beats per measure 83. What does the lower number mean? a. Tells which durational value receives one beat 84. What is a compound meter a. If the beat has a triple subdivision 85. What is syncopation? a. When accented or emphasized notes fall on weak beats 86. What is polyrhythm? a. Occurs when two conflicting rhythmic patterns are present simultaneously 87. What is another name for polyrhythm? a. Cross-rhythm 88. What is harmony? a. Occurs whenever two or more tones are sounding simultaneously 89. What do you call the system of organizing pitch and harmony that we find intuitive today in Western cultures? a. Common-practice tonality 90. When and where was this developed? a. In Europe, beginning in the Middle Ages 91. When did it become official? a. About 1750 92. What is a triad? a. A three note chord consisting of two intervals of a third 93. What are the FOUR qualities of a triad? a. Major, minor, diminished, and augmented 94. What is a Major triad? a. Has a major third on the bottom and a major third on top 95. What is a Minor triad? a. Has a minor third on the bottom and a major third above 96. What is a diminished triad? a. Two minor thirds 97. What is an augmented triad? a. Two major thirds 98. What is the root? a. The lowest of the three notes 99. Which note is the third? a. Middle note 100. What is the highest note called? a. The fifth 101. When is the root in the root position? a. On the bottom of the page 102. What is the third of the triad when it is on the bottom a. First inversion 103. What is the fifth on the bottom? a. Second inversion 104. How is it indicated? a. By a six and a four aligned vertically like a fraction with the line missing 105. What are chromatic pitches? 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. a. Usually decorative or expressive NEVER structural What is another name for sharps or flats? a. Accidentals What is a natural? a. When a sharp or flat is “undone” What happens when the music is notated? a. All three types of minor scales use the same key signature How many scales, major or minor, are there? a. 24 (12 major, 12 minor) Why? a. Have to preserve a certain order of whole and half steps What is harmonic progression? a. A series of chords or intervals that move from tension toward resolution What is dissonance (tension)? a. The quality of a pitch, interval, or chord that makes it seem “unstable” or tense What is consonance? a. The quality of a pitch, interval, or chord that makes it seem a suitable point of rest or resolution What are the most consonant chords? a. Ones that stress the lower pitches of the overtone series What is a triton? a. A musical interval composed of three whole tones What is a diatonic? a. A chord or melody is diatonic if no accidentals are needed other than those already indicated in the key signature What does the quality of a diatonic triad depend on? a. Which scale degree is its root What makes a melody or chord chromatic? a. When they borrow notes from outside the key What is another name for a tonic triad? a. Tonic chord (or tonic) What is a tonic triad? a. Diatonic triad built on the tonic pitch What makes it so special? a. Most stable chord in a key b. Nearly all pieces of music end on the tonic chord When is the tonic triad always major a. In a major key 123. a. 124. a. 125. a. 126. a. 127. a. b. 128. a. 129. a. 130. a. 131. a. 132. a. 133. a. 134. a. 135. a. 136. a. 137. a. 138. a. 139. a. 140. What is counterpoint? The process developed by Western composers after about 1350 to create polyphony What is polyphony? Music with polyphonic texture What qualifies as being polyphonic? Music being written in two different keys What is texture? Describes the number of things that are going on at once in a piece of music How many different types of texture are there? What are they called? 4 Monophony, heterophony, homophony, and polyphony What is monophony? Consists of a single unaccompanied melodic line What is a dynamic? The loudness and softness of a sound What is articulation? Mechanics of starting and ending a sound What is a Staccato? A pitch is attached with force and allowed to die quickly What is a Legato? Multiple pitches are played in smooth, connected, manner What is a Pizzicato? Finger pluck What is qualified as an Accent? More sudden sound than staccato, and unlike staccato, silent space before the next pitch is not required What refers to localized embellishments, which are often not written down? Ornamentations How is music organized on a larger time scale? Form What is a score? Musical notation What are the two key components to the listening experience? Memory and anticipation What is the primary way that tension is created? Through harmonic dissonance What are other ways to create harmonic dissonance 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. a. Increased dynamic level b. Increased tempo c. Increased rhythmic activity (using shorter durations) What is the smallest unit of form? a. Motive What is a Phrase? a. Cohesive musical thought What do you see them in? a. In pairs What is cadence? a. Resting point in a piece of music What do you call a set of phrases that make a complete melody? a. Theme What is repetition? a. Repeating musical material What is variation? a. Repetition with enough alterations that the listener sense What makes up a sonata form of music? a. Three main sections – exposition, development, and recapitulation What is fugue? a. A technique in music What is the Twelve-Bar Blues? a. A variation form